Pod Shattering Resistance Research Articles

Evaluation of Early Maturing Soya Bean (Glycine max.) Genotypes for Pod Shattering Resistance and High Yielder at Western Tigray, Ethiopia

Pod shattering is occurring after the pods reached maturity which can cause considerable yield loss in soya bean crop. The aims of this study were to evaluate the pod shattering resistance and the performance of the agronomic traits of several soybean genotypes. Field experiment was conducted at Humera district during 2018 cropping season using sixteen soya bean genotypes. Treatments were evaluated with RCBD and replicated three times. Pod shattering, number of branches, seed per pod, pod per plant, hundred seed weight and seed yield was shows a significant (P<0.01) variation among genotypes. While; there was not a significant variation among genotypes in terms of the number of days from planting to flowering and maturity. The mean pod shattering was ranged from scale1.25 to 4. Maximum amount of pod shattering was measured in the genotypes PI423959 (4), PI506764 (3.75) and PI417085 (3.25). However, minimum amount of pod shattering was measured in the genotypes of PI417116 (1.25), Desha (1.75) and PI417132 (2). Highest yield was obtained from the genotypes PI714116 (19.29kg/ha) and PI417132 (16.54kg/ha). However, lowest yield was obtained from the genotypes Williams (check) (6.7kg/ha) followed by PI223963 (8.53 kg/ha) and Nova (check) (9.86 kg/ha).

Identification of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes for pod shatter resistance in Brassica carinata

BackgroundUnderstanding the genetic control of pod shatter resistance and its association with pod length is crucial for breeding improved pod shatter resistance and reducing pre-harvest yield losses due to extensive shattering in cultivars of Brassica species. In this study, we evaluated a doubled haploid (DH) mapping population derived from an F1 cross between two Brassica carinata parental lines Y-BcDH64 and W-BcDH76 (YWDH), originating from Ethiopia and determined genetic bases of variation in pod length and pod shatter resistance, measured as rupture energy. The YWDH population, its parental lines and 11 controls were grown across three years for genetic analysis.ResultsBy using three quantitative trait loci (QTL) analytic approaches, we identified nine genomic regions on B02, B03, B04, B06, B07 and C01 chromosomes for rupture energy that were repeatedly detected across three growing environments. One of the QTL on chromosome B07, flanked with DArTseq markers 100,046,735 and 100,022,658, accounted for up to 27.6% of genetic variance in rupture energy. We observed no relationship between pod length and rupture energy, suggesting that pod length does not contribute to variation in pod shatter resistance. Comparative mapping identified six candidate genes; SHP1 on B6, FUL and MAN on chromosomes B07, IND and NST2 on B08, and MAN7 on C07 that mapped within 0.2 Mb from the QTL for rupture energy.ConclusionThe results suggest that favourable alleles of stable QTL on B06, B07, B08 and C01 for pod shatter resistance can be incorporated into the shatter-prone B. carinata and its related species to improve final seed yield at harvest.

Developing genomic tools to assist turnip rape [Brassica rapa (L.) subsp.oleifera (DC.) Metzg.] breeding

IntroductionTurnip rape is recognized as an oilseed crop contributing to environmentally sustainable agriculture via integration into crop rotation systems. Despite its various advantages, the crop’s cultivation has declined globally due to a relatively low productivity, giving way to other crops. The use of genomic tools could enhance the breeding process and accelerate genetic gains. Therefore, the present research investigated 170 turnip rape accessions representing its global gene pool to identify SNP markers associated nine phenological and agro-morphological traits and estimate the genomic breeding values (GEBVs) of the germplasm through GWAS and genomic prediction analyses, respectively.MethodsField trials were conducted at two sites in northern and southern Sweden to obtain the phenotypic data while genotyping was conducted via the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) method. The traits studied include days to flowering (DTF) and maturity (DTM), plant height (PH), seed yield (YLD), thousand seed weight (TSW), silique length (SL), number of siliques (NS), number of seeds per silique (SS), and pod shattering resistance (PSHR).Results and conclusionAnalysis of variance revealed substantial variation among accessions, with significant genotype-by-environment interaction for most traits. A total of 25, 17, 16, 14, 7, 5, 3, and 3 MTAs were identified for TSW, DTF, PH, PSHR, SL, YLD, SS and DTM, respectively. An 80%–20% training-test set genomic prediction analysis was conducted using the ridge regression – BLUP (RR-BLUP) model. The accuracy of genomic prediction for most traits was high, indicating that these tools may assist turnip rape breeders in accelerating genetic gains. The study highlights the potential of genomic tools to significantly advance breeding programs for turnip rape by identifying pivotal SNP markers and effectively estimating genomic breeding values. Future breeding perspectives should focus on leveraging these genomic insights to enhance agronomic traits and productivity, thereby reinstating turnip rape as a competitive and sustainable crop in Sweden and broader global agriculture.

Soybean pod shattering resistance allele pdh1 and marker-assisted selection.

Pod shattering is a major production constraint of soybean [Glycine max (L.)]. The objectives of this study were to (i) estimate heritability for pod shattering resistance, (ii) determine the frequency of the pod shattering resistance allele pdh1 in the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) soybean germplasm and Zambian commercial varieties, and (iii) determine the effectiveness of the DNA marker for the pod shattering resistance allele pdh1. A total of 59 genotypes were evaluated for pod shattering in field trials conducted in Malawi and Zambia and genotyped with a marker for pdh1. TGx2002-8FM and TGx2002-9FM were the most resistant among genotypes in early and medium maturity classes and can be used for genetic enhancement of pod shattering resistance in these specific maturity classes. Narrow sense heritability estimates for pod shattering ranged from 0.27 to 0.80. Of the 59 genotypes, 57 (96.6%) carried the resistance allele pdh1 while only two genotypes (3.6%) carried the susceptible allele, suggesting near-fixation of the resistance allele pdh1 in the IITA germplasm. The marker for pdh1 was highly effective in selecting resistant genotypes.

Genome-wide identification of GH28 family and insight into its contributions to pod shattering resistance in Brassica napus L.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), accounts for nearly 16% of vegetable oil, is the world's second produced oilseed. However, pod shattering has caused significant yield loses in rapeseed production, particularly during mechanical harvesting. The GH28 genes can promote pod shattering by changing the structure of the pod cell wall in Arabidopsis. However, the role of the GH28 gene family in rapeseed was largely unknown. Therefore, a genome-wide comprehensive analysis was conducted to classify the role ofGH28 gene family on rapeseed pod shattering. A total of 37 BnaGH28 genes in the rapeseed genome were identified. These BnaGH28s can be divided into five groups (Group A-E), based on phylogenetic and synteny analysis. Protein property, gene structure, conserved motif, cis-acting element, and gene expression profile of BnaGH28 genes in the same group were similar. Specially, the expression level of genes in group A-D was gradually decreased, but increased in group E with the development of silique. Among eleven higher expressed genes in group E, two BnaGH28 genes (BnaA07T0199500ZS and BnaC06T0206500ZS) were significantly regulated by IAA or GA treatment. And the significant effects of BnaA07T0199500ZS variation on pod shattering resistance were also demonstrated in present study. These results could open a new window for insight into the role of BnaGH28 genes on pod shattering resistance in rapeseed.

Differential selection of yield and quality traits has shaped genomic signatures of cowpea domestication and improvement.

Cowpeas (tropical legumes) are important in ensuring food and nutritional security in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Herein, we report two high-quality genome assemblies of grain and vegetable cowpeas and we re-sequenced 344 accessions to characterize the genomic variations landscape. We identified 39 loci for ten important agronomic traits and more than 541 potential loci that underwent selection during cowpea domestication and improvement. In particular, the synchronous selections of the pod-shattering loci and their neighboring stress-relevant loci probably led to the enhancement of pod-shattering resistance and the compromise of stress resistance during the domestication from grain to vegetable cowpeas. Moreover, differential selections on multiple loci associated with pod length, grain number per pod, seed weight, pod and seed soluble sugars, and seed crude proteins shaped the yield and quality diversity in cowpeas. Our findings provide genomic insights into cowpea domestication and improvement footprints, enabling further genome-informed cultivar improvement of cowpeas.

Cultivar variability and stability of vegetable-type soybean for seed yield and pod shattering

Vegetable-type soybean, also known as “edamame”, was introduced to South Africa in 2009 to serve as an alternative high-protein cash crop for production by small-scale growers. Since their introduction, cultivars have been evaluated and morphologically characterised to identify suitable cultivars for production in specific environments and also to gather data for future breeding programmes. The objective of this study was to investigate genotype by environment interaction and cultivar stability through additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) as well as genotype plus genotype by environment biplot analysis across seven environments and two growing seasons in 15 vegetable-type soybean cultivars for seed yield and pod shattering. Based on AMMI stability values and genotype stability index scores, cultivars AGS418, AGS457 and AGS458 were the most desirable in terms of stability and performance for both seed yield and pod shattering resistance and could be considered for commercial release. Of all vegetable-type soybean cultivars studied, cultivar AGS354 had the best pod shattering resistance and it showed specific adaptation to the Winterton, and Mariannhill October and Mariannhill November planting dates mega-environment in terms of seed yield. This cultivar should be considered for production in these environments. Ladysmith was identified as the most suitable environment for selecting and breeding cultivars with wider adaptability.

Research progress and mitigation strategies for pod shattering resistance in rapeseed.

Mature rapeseed pods typically shatter when harvested, resulting in approximately 8-12% yield loss. Adverse weather conditions and mechanized harvesting can diminish pod yield by up to 50%, primarily owing to delays in harvesting and mechanical collisions. The pod shatter resistance index (PSRI) assesses pod damage. Recent research focused on comparing pod shatter resistance among varieties, evaluating methods, and studying gene knockout mechanisms. However, there remains a pressing need to broaden the scope of research. In particular, it is essential to recognize that pod shatter, a complex trait, influenced by genetics, environment, agronomic practices, and harvest techniques. Future studies should integrate these factors to develop comprehensive strategies to mitigate pod shatter, enhancing rapeseed yields and agricultural mechanization. This review explores factors affecting pod shatter resistance and strategies to improve it. Scoping literature review that adhered to the methodological framework for systematic reviews was performed using search engines such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure. This review aimed to identify pertinent articles, which were subsequently subjected to thorough screening and evaluation. The protocol for this literature review involved the following key steps: definition of research questions, development of a search strategy, development of data extraction strategy, synthesis of the extracted data, and organization and analysis of the extracted data. The review presents strategies for enhancing rapeseed yield during mechanized harvesting, focusing on four key areas: (i) selecting and breeding shatter-resistant varieties using DNA markers to establish a robust germplasm resource; (ii) optimizing cultivation technologies and agronomic measures to elicit favorable interactions between compact plant-type genotypes and the environment, thereby facilitating nutrient-related regulatory mechanisms of rapeseed pods to improve pod dry weight and resistance; (iii) innovating combine header design and structure to better suit rapeseed harvesting; and (iv) providing training for operators to enhance their harvesting skills. These comprehensive measures aim to minimize yield loss, increase production efficiency. To effectively reduce yield loss during mechanized harvesting of rapeseed, it is crucial to enhance resistance to pod shattering by addressing both internal physiological factors and external environmental conditions. This requires a holistic approach that includes genetic improvements, optimization of ecological conditions, careful cultivation management, and precise harvesting timing, along with ongoing research into traits related to machine harvesting to boost production efficiency and sustainability.

Downregulation of the INDEHISCENT Gene by RNAi Resulted in Desired Pod Shatter Reduction of Lepidium campestre in Subsequent Generations.

Wild species field cress (Lepidium campestre) has favorable agronomic traits, making it a good candidate for future development as an oil and catch crop. However, the species is very prone to pod shatter, resulting in severe yield losses. This is one of the important agronomic traits that needs to be improved in order to make this species economically viable. In this study, we cloned the L. campestre INDEHISCENT (LcIND) gene and prepared two LcIND-RNAi constructs with the IND promoter (long 400 bp and short 200 bp) from Arabidopsis. A number of stable transgenic lines were developed and evaluated in terms of pod shatter resistance. The majority of the transgenic lines showed increased resistance to pod shatter compared to the wild type, and this resistance was maintained in four subsequent generations. The downregulation of the LcIND gene by RNAi in the transgenic lines was confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis on T3 lines. Southern blot analysis showed that most of the analyzed lines had a single-copy integration of the transgene, which is desirable for further use. Our results show that it is possible to generate stable transgenic lines with desirable pod shatter resistance by downregulating the LcIND gene using RNAi in field cress, and thus speeding up the domestication process of this wild species.

Novel quantitative trait loci from an interspecific Brassica rapa derivative improve pod shatter resistance in Brassica napus.

Pod shatter is a trait of agricultural relevance that ensures plants dehisce seeds in their native environment and has been subjected to domestication and selection for non-shattering types in several broadacre crops. However, pod shattering causes a significant yield reduction in canola (Brassica napus L.) crops. An interspecific breeding line BC95042 derived from a B. rapa/B. napus cross showed improved pod shatter resistance (up to 12-fold than a shatter-prone B. napus variety). To uncover the genetic basis and improve pod shatter resistance in new varieties, we analysed F2 and F2:3 derived populations from the cross between BC95042 and an advanced breeding line, BC95041, and genotyped with 15,498 DArTseq markers. Through genome scan, interval and inclusive composite interval mapping analyses, we identified seven quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with pod rupture energy, a measure for pod shatter resistance or pod strength, and they locate on A02, A03, A05, A09 and C01 chromosomes. Both parental lines contributed alleles for pod shatter resistance. We identified five pairs of significant epistatic QTLs for additive x additive, additive dominance and dominance x dominance interactions between A01/C01, A03/A07, A07/C03, A03/C03, and C01/C02 chromosomes for rupture energy. QTL effects on A03/A07 and A01/C01 were in the repulsion phase. Comparative mapping identified several candidate genes (AG, ABI3, ARF3, BP1, CEL6, FIL, FUL, GA2OX2, IND, LATE, LEUNIG, MAGL15, RPL, QRT2, RGA, SPT and TCP10) underlying main QTL and epistatic QTL interactions for pod shatter resistance. Three QTLs detected on A02, A03, and A09 were near the FUL (FRUITFULL) homologues BnaA03g39820D and BnaA09g05500D. Focusing on the FUL, we investigated putative motifs, sequence variants and the evolutionary rate of its homologues in 373 resequenced B. napus accessions of interest. BnaA09g05500D is subjected to purifying selection as it had a low Ka/Ks ratio compared to other FUL homologues in B. napus. This study provides a valuable resource for genetic improvement for yield through an understanding of the genetic mechanism controlling pod shatter resistance in Brassica species.

Demographic history and distinct selection signatures of two domestication genes in mungbean.

Domestication is the long and complex process underlying the evolution of crops, in which artificial directional selection transformed wild progenitors into the desired form, affecting genomic variation and leaving traces of selection at targeted loci. However, whether genes controlling important domestication traits follow the same evolutionary pattern expected under the standard selective sweep model remains unclear. With whole-genome re-sequencing of mungbean (Vigna radiata), we investigated this issue by resolving its global demographic history and targeted dissection of the molecular footprints of genes underlying two key traits representing different stages of domestication. Mungbean originated in Asia, and the Southeast Asian wild population migrated to Australia about 50 thousand generations ago (kga). Later in Asia, the cultivated form diverged from the wild progenitor. We identified the gene associated with the pod shattering resistance trait, VrMYB26a, with lower expression across cultivars and reduced polymorphism in the promoter region, reflecting a hard selective sweep. On the other hand, the stem determinacy trait was associated with VrDet1. We found two ancient haplotypes of this gene have lower gene expression and exhibited intermediate frequencies in cultivars, consistent with selection favoring independent haplotypes in a soft selective sweep. In mungbean, contrasting signatures of selection were identified from the detailed dissection of two important domestication traits. The results suggest complex genetic architecture underlying the seemingly simple process of directional artificial selection and highlight the limitations of genome-scan methods relying on hard selective sweeps.

Impact of Genotype × Environment Interaction on Seed Yield and Pod Shattering of Soybean Genotypes in Nigeria

Yield instability and pod shattering are the major problems associated with soybean production in Nigeria. To study Genotype × Environment interaction effects on seed yield and pod shattering behaviour of some soybean genotypes in Nigeria, an experiment was conducted in three (3) environments within the country. In each environment, the experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. During the harvest, pod shattering evaluation was conducted using the sun-dry method. Data were collected on seed yield and pod shattering percentage and analyzed using Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and Genotype plus Genotype × Environment Interaction (GGE) bi-plot analyses. Genotypes NCRI SOYAC18, NCRI SOYAC78, NCRI SOYAC9, NCRI SOYAC20, NCRI SOYAC61, NCRI SOYAC22, NCRI SOYAC28 and NCRI SOYAC76, with yields above 1.23 ton/ha recorded high and stable yield across environments. For pod shattering resistance, nine genotypes (NCRI SOYAC3, NCRI SOYAC69, NCRI SOYAC77, NCRI SOYAC29, NCRI SOYAC9, NCRI SOYAC7, NCRI SOYAC67, NCRI SOYAC76 and NCRI SOYAC22) had stable pod shattering resistance across environments. Therefore, only three genotypes (NCRI SOYAC9, NCRI SOYAC22, and NCRI SOYAC76) were stable in both high yield and resistance to pod shattering. Consequently, any soybean breeding programme that involves high yield and pod shattering resistance could consider these three genotypes.

Development and dissemination of soybean cultivars with pod shattering resistance

Development and dissemination of soybean cultivars with pod shattering resistance

Pod shattering incidence in relation to seed dispersal and maximum harvest delay in soybean genotypes

The efforts to minimize the pod shattering incidence in soybean can be done by the use of resistant variety and the determination on the limit of harvest delay. The study aims to evaluate the pod shattering resistance and to determine the maximum limit for harvest delay in soybean. Sixteen soybean genotypes were planted during the dry season 2019. After plants reached the F8 phase, ten randomly sample plants were taken from each plot. The examination for the effect of the harvest delay on the pod shattering incidence was based on the simulation on the pot. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. Pod shattering on each fertile node and seed dispersal were observed for twenty days. The number of fertile nodes, number of pods per fertile node, and pod shattering on the fertile node varied between genotypes. The highest number of pods where found at the third node (7.50a ± 4.26) and fourth node (7.44a ± 4.23) from the lower part of the stem. Pod shattering in the nodes at the lower part of the stem (17 % ± 4.96 %) was higher than in the nodes at the middle (8% ± 6.86%), and upper part of the stem (3% ± 3.79%). The evaluation for pod shattering resistance resulted in two very resistant genotypes, ten resistant, two moderately resistant, one susceptible, and one very susceptible genotype. The seed dispersal of very resistant and resistant genotypes ranged from 0 - 8.55%, the moderately resistant genotypes were 12 – 15%, and the susceptible and very susceptible genotypes were between 23.72 – 48.65%. The harvest delay in resistant or very resistant genotypes could be done 20 days after maturity, meanwhile in susceptible and very susceptible genotypes, the harvest delay should not exceed three days after maturity

From domestication syndrome to breeding objective: insights into unwanted breakup in common beans to improve shattering

Context Agronomical traits like loss of seed dispersal targeted by ancient human selection are an important milestone of crop domestication. Evolution in plant species is a result of natural and human selection at the time of domestication. Evolution leads to continued improvement of adaptive traits in almost all plant species. Aims Pod shattering, one of the examples of convergent evolution, is defined as breaking up of the pod shell enabling the successful dispersal of seeds mainly in wild species. Since the available climate change models predict an increase in aridity, it is expected that the losses on account of shattering will be aggravated, especially in dry areas. Methods Histological studies and biochemical parameters are increasingly used as surrogates for pod shattering response as they provide key inputs for selecting contrasting genotypes based on differential lignification, role of pectin, fibre, cellulose and total carbohydrate content as well as enzymes such as endopolygalacturonase and β-glucanase and hormones. Key results There is diversity for level of shattering, with race Nueva Granada showing higher rates of pod shattering as compared to the Durango and Jalisco races. Genomics has helped identify several genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL) such as PDH-1, St-1, SHAT-1, WRKY1 and MYB26 that are implicated in various traits related to pod shattering. Conclusions Plant breeders need to introgress shattering resistance into commercial varieties to mitigate the imminent yield losses. Implications This requires an in-depth knowledge of mechanistic, physiological, biochemical and the underlying genetic basis of pod shattering resistance.

Identification and validation of stable and novel quantitative trait loci for pod shattering in soybean [Glycinemax (L.) Merr.

Pod shattering is an important domesticated trait which can cause great economic loss of crop yield in cultivated soybean. In this study, we utilized two recombinant inbred line populations (RILs, CY, Huachun 2×Wayao; GB, Guizao 1× B13) to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with pod shattering in soybean across multiple environments. A total of 14 QTLs for pod shattering were identified in the two RIL populations, which had LOD scores ranging from 2.64 to 44.33 with phenotypic variance explanation (PVE) ranging from 1.33 to 50.85%. One QTL qPS16-1, located on chromosome 16, included a well-known functional gene Poddehiscence1 (Pdh1) that was reported previously. Ten new putative QTLs were validated in two RIL populations, and their LOD scores were between 2.55 and 4.24, explaining 1.33 to 2.60% of the phenotypic variation. Of which four novel QTLs (qPS01-1, qPS03-2, qPS05-1, and qPS07-1) could be detected in two environments where nine genes had specific changes in gene expression. Although the nine genes may have significant effects on pod shattering of soybean, their detailed functions still need to be further explored in the future. The results of this study will facilitate a better understanding of the genetic basis of the pod shattering-resistant trait and benefit soybean molecular breeding for improving pod shattering resistance.

Influence of the different pod positions and screening methods on soybean pod shattering

Pod shattering is one of the major soybean constraints in the soybean production centers, particularly in the tropics. The screening for pod shattering resistance of 16 genotypes was carried out using detached and undetached pod methods on the three different pod positions on the stem. The field research was arranged in a randomized block design, during the dry season in Banyuwangi, Indonesia. The shattering evaluation was conducted in the laboratory using the ovendry method. The screening methods to investigate the pod shattering resistance of each genotype consisted of the detached pod (DP), undetached pod (UDP), and undetached whole-stem method (UWS). The result showed that the detached pod method (DP) resulted in a higher average podshattering percentage (15%) than the undetached pod methods (UDP and UWS, 13% and 11%, respectively). Nevertheless, the detached pod and undetached pod methods provide a consistent result for the evaluation of pod shattering resistance, showed by their correlation coefficients (DP and UDP, r = 0.98**; DP and UWS, r = 0.98**, UDP and UWS, r = 0.99**). The detached pod with the oven-dry method was suggested to be used for screening of pod shattering resistance. This method enables to screen genotypes in greater numbers, provides a homogeneous selection pressure and environmental condition. Pods at the upper part of the stem were more resistant to shattering than those pods in the middle part and lower part. The pod length, seed length, seed weight, pod wall weight to the pod weight ratio, and weight of 25 seeds appeared to be the significant indicators for pod shattering resistance. The shattering evaluation resulted in five soybean genotypes (Anj/G100H-28, Anj/G100H-44, Anj/Rjbs-304, Anj/Rjbs-30, and Detap 1) with consistent resistance to pod shattering based on the three methods. These genotypes can be used as donor parents in the breeding program for pod shattering resistance.

A lignified-layer bridge controlled by a single recessive gene is associated with high pod-shatter resistance in Brassica napus L.

Pod shattering causes severe yield loss in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under modern agricultural practice. Identification of highly shatter-resistant germplasm is desirable for the development of rapeseed cultivars for mechanical harvesting. In the present study, an elite line OR88 with strong shatter resistance and a lignified-layer bridge (LLB) structure was identified. The LLB structure was unique to OR88 and co-segregated with high pod-shatter resistance. The LLB structure is differentiated at stage 12 of gynoecium development without any gynoecium defects. Genetic analysis showed that LLB is controlled by a single recessive gene. By BSA-Seq and map-based cloning, the resistance gene location was delimited to a 0.688 Mb region on chromosome C09. Transcriptome analysis suggested BnTCP8.C09 as the gene responsible for LLB. The expression of BnTCP.C09 was strongly downregulated in OR88, suppressing cell proliferation in the pod valve margin. KASP markers linked to the candidate gene were developed. This pod shatter-resistant line could be used in rapeseed breeding programs by direct transfer of the gene with the assistance of the DNA markers.

Identification and grouping of pod shattering resistance and agronomic characters performance from several soybean advanced lines

The use of pod-shatter resistant variety is considered effective in reducing yield loss in soybeans. This study aimed to identify and grouping of pod shattering resistance and agronomic characters performance from several advanced soybean lines. The field experiment was conducted in Blitar (Indonesia) from January to April 2021, using 20 soybean advanced lines and two check cultivars. The laboratory study to identify the pod shattering resistance based on the oven-dry method was conducted in the Breeding Laboratory of ILETRI, Malang. The pod shattering resistance of 20 advanced lines was classified into five very resistant genotypes, three resistant genotypes, two moderate genotypes, nine susceptible genotypes, and a very susceptible genotype. The pod shattering resistance has a significant negative correlation with the pod width (r = -0.472*). A wider pod resulted in a low percentage of shattering. The agronomic performance varied among all genotypes. Selection for pod shattering resistance and agronomic performance obtained two lines (G511H/Anjas//Anjas///Anjas-3-1 and Dega/Degra-2-105) as high yielding and very resistant to pod shattering. Those lines were suggested to be tested across diverse environments to determine their yield potential and stability.

Identification of Pod Shattering Resistance and Associations between Agronomic Characters in Soybean using Genotype by Trait Biplot

Background: Pod shattering has become the major problem in soybean production. The research aims to identify the pod shattering resistance and to assess the agronomic performances of 50 soybean genotypes and the association among agronomic characters. Methods: The research materials were 50 soybean genotypes which consisted of 47 lines derived from routine crossing programs and three check cultivars. The field experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with two replications. The data were observed for yield and its component traits. The oven-dry method was performed in the laboratory to assess the pod shattering resistance. Result: Variation among genotypes was found in the pod shattering resistance and agronomic characters. The genotype by trait biplot graph showed that pod shattering was negatively correlated with the days to maturity and plant height, but positively correlated with the seed size. Soybean genotypes of Grob/G100H-1-588 and G100H/Mhmr-4-993 were resistant to pod shattering and have a high seed weight per plant. These genotypes were potential for further varietal development or could be used as gene sources in the soybean improvement program for pod shattering resistance.