Pneumonia-like Symptoms Research Articles

Relation between apolipoprotein e in alzheimer's disease and sars-cov-2 and their treatment strategy: A review.

COVID-19, which primarily affects the pulmonary system, turned out to be a global pandemic, whereas the effects on other systems are still unknown. SARS-CoV-2, binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the lungs, causing pneumonia-like symptoms. The same ACE receptors are also present in organs other than the lungs. Therefore, there is a need to study the impact of coronavirus on other human body organs. Recently, UK Biobank reports on the genetic risk factor of the virus attack. A double mutation in the apolipoprotein E (APOE4) allele has shown a significant role in COVID-19. The same APOE4 mutation has already been proven to hold a key role in developing early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). Despite this data, Alzheimer's disease is believed to be a comorbidity of COVID-19. Previous virus attacks on the same viral family, Coronaviridae, produced neurological effects like neurodegeneration, neuronal inflammation, and other central nervous system-related dysfunctions. Since the long-term implications of COVID-19 are unknown, more research into the impact of the virus on the central nervous system is needed. Both COVID-19 and AD share a common genetic factor, so that AD patients may have a greater risk of SARS-CoV-2. Here, in this review, we have briefly discussed the role of APOE4 in the pathogenesis of AD and SARS-CoV-2, along with their treatment strategy, current scenario, and possible future directions.

A case with community-acquired pneumonia caused by nocardia

Nocardiosis is a disease affecting different organs of the body and pulmonary forms of nocardiosis are induced via aerosolized inoculation of the bacterium into the airways. The infection causes pneumonia-like symptoms. Pulmonary nocardiosis clinically appears similar to many other viral, bacterial, or fungal infections as well as several types of malignancy and tuberculosis.

Prevalence of Covid-19 and Associated Co-Morbidities at a Tertiary Hospital in Eastern Nepal

Introduction: COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) manifests as asymptomatic, mild, or severe pneumonia-like symptoms. COVID-19 patients with diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, malignancies, HIV, and other comorbidities could develop a life-threatening condition.
 Objectives: To identify the various comorbid illnesses in COVID-19-positive patients along with its baseline characteristics in a tertiary hospital in eastern Nepal.
 Methodology: A one-month observational study carried out in RT-PCR positive COVID-19 patients in Birat Medical College and Hospital (BMCTH) Molecular Laboratory from June to July 2021. All the data was entered in a pre-structured proforma. The data was then further entered and analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2014.
 Result: There were 354 (22.77%) RT-PCR positive COVID-19 cases and 1200 (77.22%) RT-PCR negative COVID-19 cases. More than half of the COVID-19 positive patients were males 211(59.60%). The most common symptoms were fever (92.3%), cough (83.5%) and tiredness (81.23%). Psycho-social stress such as anxiety, depression and insomnia 123 (34.74%) were common comorbidities followed by diabetes 91(25.70%) and hypertension 72(20.33%).
 Conclusion: COVID-19 patients were mostly between the 20-30 years of age group. Fever, cough, and throat pain were the commonest presenting symptoms.

A comparative NMR-based metabolomics study of lung parenchyma of severe COVID-19 patients.

COVID-19 was the most significant infectious-agent-related cause of death in the 2020-2021 period. On average, over 60% of those admitted to ICU facilities with this disease died across the globe. In severe cases, COVID-19 leads to respiratory and systemic compromise, including pneumonia-like symptoms, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiorgan failure. While the upper respiratory tract and lungs are the principal sites of infection and injury, most studies on the metabolic signatures in COVID-19 patients have been carried out on serum and plasma samples. In this report we attempt to characterize the metabolome of lung parenchyma extracts from fatal COVID-19 cases and compare them with that from other respiratory diseases. Our findings indicate that the metabolomic profiles from fatal COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 cases are markedly different, with the former being the result of increased lactate and amino acid metabolism, altered energy pathways, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response. Overall, these findings provide additional insights into the pathophysiology of COVID-19 that could lead to the development of targeted therapies for the treatment of severe cases of the disease, and further highlight the potential of metabolomic approaches in COVID-19 research.

Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a morbid syndrome that occurs after autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in children and adults. DAH manifests most often in the first few weeks following transplantation. It presents with pneumonia-like symptoms and acute respiratory failure, often requiring high levels of oxygen supplementation or mechanical ventilatory support. Hemoptysis is variably present. Chest radiographs typically feature widespread alveolar filling, sometimes with peripheral sparing and pleural effusions. The diagnosis is suspected when serial bronchoalveolar lavages return increasingly bloody fluid. DAH is differentiated from infectious causes of alveolar hemorrhage when extensive microbiological testing reveals no pulmonary pathogens. The cause is poorly understood, though preclinical and clinical studies implicate pretransplant conditioning regimens, particularly those using high doses of total-body-irradiation, acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), medications used to prevent GVHD, and other factors. Treatment consists of supportive care, systemic corticosteroids, platelet transfusions, and sometimes includes antifibrinolytic drugs and topical procoagulant factors. Therapeutic blockade of tumor necrosis factor-α showed promise in observational studies, but its benefit for DAH remains uncertain after small clinical trials. Even with these treatments, mortality from progression and relapse is high. Future investigational therapies could target the vascular endothelial cell biology theorized to contribute to alveolar bleeding and pathways that contribute to susceptibility, inflammation, cellular resilience, and tissue repair. This review will help clinicians navigate through the limited evidence to diagnose and treat DAH, counsel patients and families, and plan for future research.

Delayed Bochdalek Diaphragmatic Hernia Appearance and Coincidence with Pneumonia in One-Year-Old Baby: A Case Report

Background: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a developmental defect in the diaphragm leading to protrusion of abdominal contents into the thoracic cavity. The incidence rates showed that this disease happened to one in 2,200-3,000 births. This study aimed to describe a case of delayed Boschdalek diaphragmatic hernia and coincidence with pneumonia in a one-year-old baby. 
 Case Presentation: A 12-month-old girl came to the emergency room of Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital with a chief complaint of breathlessness for 2 days before admission to the hospital. She had difficulty gaining weight, only about 200 grams per month. The symptoms are breathlessness, cyanosis, asymmetry of lung sounds, change in the position of the heart sound, and scaphoid abdomen. The chest X-ray showed the opacity loops, which are fluid-filled, suggestive left diaphragmatic hernia. 
 Conclusion: Pneumonia-like symptoms and signs could be an initial or coincidence with delayed presentation of Bochdalek hernia diaphragmatic.

Comparison of the methods for isolation and detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in municipal wastewater.

Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a causative agent responsible for the current global pandemic situation known as COVID-19. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 include a wide range of symptoms from mild (i.e., cough, fever, dyspnea) to severe pneumonia-like respiratory symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated to be detectable in the stool of COVID-19 patients. Waste-based epidemiology (WBE) has been shown as a promising approach for early detection and monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in the local population performed via collection, isolation, and detection of viral pathogens from environmental sources. In order to select the optimal protocol for monitoring the COVID-19 epidemiological situation in region Turiec, Slovakia, we (1) compared methods for SARS-CoV-2 separation and isolation, including virus precipitation by polyethylene glycol (PEG), virus purification via ultrafiltration (Vivaspin®) and subsequent isolation by NucleoSpin RNA Virus kit (Macherey-Nagel), and direct isolation from wastewater (Zymo Environ Water RNA Kit); (2) evaluated the impact of water freezing on SARS- CoV-2 separation, isolation, and detection; (3) evaluated the role of wastewater filtration on virus stability; and (4) determined appropriate methods including reverse transcription-droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) (targeting the same genes, i.e., RdRp and gene E) for quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples. (1) Usage of Zymo Environ Water RNA Kit provided superior quality of isolated RNA in comparison with both ultracentrifugation and PEG precipitation. (2) Freezing of wastewater samples significantly reduces the RNA yield. (3) Filtering is counterproductive when Zymo Environ Water RNA Kit is used. (4) According to the specificity and sensitivity, the RT-ddPCR outperforms RT-qPCR. The results of our study suggest that WBE is a valuable early warning alert and represents a non-invasive approach to monitor viral pathogens, thus protects public health on a regional and national level. In addition, we have shown that the sensitivity of testing the samples with a nearer detection limit can be improved by selecting the appropriate combination of enrichment, isolation, and detection methods.

Rare Manifestation of Diabetes Mellitus in COVID-19 Patient: A Case Report

Introduction: Diabetes is an endocrinopathy and rare in the case of SARS-CoV-2, the virus primarily involves the lungs by its affinity to Angiotensin Converting enzyme(ACE-2) receptors, associated symptoms include Nausea, Vomiting, and Breathlessness. Case Presentation: We present the case of a 41-year-old male with pneumonia-like symptoms and a positive nasal swab RT-PCR test with Imaging studies highly suggestive of CO RADS-5 Progressive stage, the patient was immediately admitted to the Intensive care unit (ICU), and the treatment was started with Medical Oxygen, Intravenous Normal Saline Tablet Doxycycline, and Tablet Ivermectin as per the guidelines, he was admitted for 21 days. After 3 weeks the patient comes for a routine checkup and was found to have an elevated Fasting glucose level of 121 mg/dl (normal reference range 80-100mg/dl) further workup for diabetes revealed that he was a non-diabetic on the previous visit 2 months ago, he also had an increase in weight during this time. With the Body Mass Index(BMI) now being 30.2 from the previous 28.4 (Reference range >30 is obese), the pro-inflammatory cytokines like C-reactive protein were 111.6 (normal 0-6), and elevation in D-Dimer which is a fibrin degradation product was elevated to 1048ng/dl ( normal range 0-500 ng/dl) other measures for the increase in blood sugar also showed elevation as seen in table 1. Discussion: There have been many hypotheses to find a causalrelationship between both Diabetes and COVID-19 like the use of Dexamethasone or that the virus produces proinflammatory cytokines like Interleukin-6(IL-6) that lead to impaired signaling and decreased lipolysis or that there is a direct action on the ACE 2 found in the pancreas by the virus and maybe the least looked upon factor being lockdown leading to sedentary life, no exercises and increase in consumption of fatty foods, whichever may be the case it could very well be a multifactorial cause with many of these ideas involved. Conclusion: In this case, the association may be with decreased physical activity and an increase in Lipolysis or the proinflammatory states as seen by the increase in the C-reactive protein and Interleukin-6 levels.

Multi-Techniques for Analyzing X-ray Images for Early Detection and Differentiation of Pneumonia and Tuberculosis Based on Hybrid Features.

An infectious disease called tuberculosis (TB) exhibits pneumonia-like symptoms and traits. One of the most important methods for identifying and diagnosing pneumonia and tuberculosis is X-ray imaging. However, early discrimination is difficult for radiologists and doctors because of the similarities between pneumonia and tuberculosis. As a result, patients do not receive the proper care, which in turn does not prevent the disease from spreading. The goal of this study is to extract hybrid features using a variety of techniques in order to achieve promising results in differentiating between pneumonia and tuberculosis. In this study, several approaches for early identification and distinguishing tuberculosis from pneumonia were suggested. The first proposed system for differentiating between pneumonia and tuberculosis uses hybrid techniques, VGG16 + support vector machine (SVM) and ResNet18 + SVM. The second proposed system for distinguishing between pneumonia and tuberculosis uses an artificial neural network (ANN) based on integrating features of VGG16 and ResNet18, before and after reducing the high dimensions using the principal component analysis (PCA) method. The third proposed system for distinguishing between pneumonia and tuberculosis uses ANN based on integrating features of VGG16 and ResNet18 separately with handcrafted features extracted by local binary pattern (LBP), discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) algorithms. All the proposed systems have achieved superior results in the early differentiation between pneumonia and tuberculosis. An ANN based on the features of VGG16 with LBP, DWT and GLCM (LDG) reached an accuracy of 99.6%, sensitivity of 99.17%, specificity of 99.42%, precision of 99.63%, and an AUC of 99.58%.

Clinical Impact of Hydrocortisone Uses on Patient with COVID-19: A Case Report

COVID-19 can cause anything from no symptoms at all to severe breathing problems, organ failure, and even death. Currently, there is no cure for COVID-19, thus treatment focuses on providing the patient with as much comfort as possible. Hydrocortisone are utilized for patients with acute respiratory disease syndrome and septic shock because they shorten the need for mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, and perhaps mortality. This prospective case report study showed the intravenously administered Hydrocortisone response on a patient admitted to the Elekahia COVID-19 treatment centre, located in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The patient was a 47-year-old man of Asian descent; he presented with pneumonia-like symptoms and developed severe breathlessness. Treatment started on 6th June 2020 and ended on 16th June 2020. 
 There was a marked improvement in peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) after hydrocortisone intervention; respiratory rate reduced from 40 cycles per minute to 18 cycles per minute, and the patient could complete sentences without developing breathlessness, three hours after receiving the first dose of intravenous hydrocortisone.
 The use of Hydrocortisone therapy could be of tremendous benefit in the treatment of COVID-19 patients who present with severe respiratory distress. Controlled randomized clinical trials are required to assess steroid use in COVID-19 treatment properly. And to assess its use as a prophylactic in the early management of severe COVID-19 cases.

CovidExpert: A Triplet Siamese Neural Network framework for the detection of COVID-19

Patients with the COVID-19 infection may have pneumonia-like symptoms as well as respiratory problems which may harm the lungs. From medical images, coronavirus illness may be accurately identified and predicted using a variety of machine learning methods. Most of the published machine learning methods may need extensive hyperparameter adjustment and are unsuitable for small datasets. By leveraging the data in a comparatively small dataset, few-shot learning algorithms aim to reduce the requirement of large datasets. This inspired us to develop a few-shot learning model for early detection of COVID-19 to reduce the post-effect of this dangerous disease. The proposed architecture combines few-shot learning with an ensemble of pre-trained convolutional neural networks to extract feature vectors from CT scan images for similarity learning. The proposed Triplet Siamese Network as the few-shot learning model classified CT scan images into Normal, COVID-19, and Community-Acquired Pneumonia. The suggested model achieved an overall accuracy of 98.719%, a specificity of 99.36%, a sensitivity of 98.72%, and a ROC score of 99.9% with only 200 CT scans per category for training data.

Oral Manifestations of Sinonasal Mucormycosis in Post-COVID Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Three Case Reports

ABSTRACT Sinonasal mucormycosis is a debilitating disease known to affect the nose, paranasal sinuses, orbit, and brain parenchyma caused by a group of opportunistic fungal organisms called mucormycetes. The incidence of mucormycosis cases had increased during the pandemic. Mucormycosis commonly involves the rhinomaxillary region in patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, hematological malignancies, prolonged corticosteroid therapy, or immunodeficiency state but has lately been reported as one of the post-COVID-19 complications. For more than a century, diabetic patients have been considered as immunosuppressed due to defects in phagocytosis and microbial killing. Post-COVID-19 patients with mucormycosis often report to the dentist at an early stage with tooth pain usually radiating or later with facial swelling and periodontally weakened teeth. Early diagnosis of this potentially life-threatening disease and prompt treatment are of prime importance in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. This article presents three cases of sinonasal mucormycosis in post-COVID-19/non-COVID-19 pneumonia-like symptoms recovered diabetic patients. This paper stresses the importance of identifying oral signs and symptoms that will help in the management of disease at an early stage and about the oral rehabilitation options in maxillectomy cases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE TO INTERDISCIPLINARY DENTISTRY As healthcare providers, we play a vital role in the early detection of mucormycosis cases.

A cross-sectional study on COVID-19-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices among undergraduate medical students in an Indian setting

Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a severe acute respiratory disease that emerged with viral pneumonia-like symptoms in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. As the main strategies for dealing with COVID are prevention of transmission rather than medical intervention, the role of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the population and medical faculty are of paramount importance in reducing risk and mortality due to COVID-19, especially in Indian setting where population density is very high. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of the study are to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices among undergraduate medical students regarding COVID-19 in a South Indian teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire-based study was conducted among 150 2nd-year undergraduate students from Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, from January 2022 to March 2022. A validated questionnaire consisting of 23 questions divided under 3 sections, knowledge, attitude, and practice, was used. Statistical analysis of data was done using MS-Excel spreadsheet. Results: 98.6% of the respondents had good knowledge regarding COVID-19. With respect to attitude, majority of the students (92%) felt that the COVID pandemic will come under control eventually and 20.7% wanted it to remain private if someone in their family were to get infected with COVID. With regard to their practices, 71.3% changed their daily routines in response to the pandemic. Conclusion: The study shows good knowledge and practices among medical students but lacks in certain social aspects regarding attitude toward COVID-19 such as keeping COVID-19 infections in the family private, which shows scope for improvement.

Rare Case of Colonic Perforation From Disseminated Fungal Infection in Immunocompetent Patient

Introduction Fungal infection is a serious complication seen in immunosuppressed patients. Fungal dissemination and infection of the intestine is a rare complication noted in the literature. We report an extremely rare case of colonic perforation from dissemination fungal infection in an immunocompetent patient. Case presentation A 76-year-old man presented with a 1-week history of pneumonia-like symptoms of fever, lethargy, productive cough, and night sweats. On examination he was hypotensive and hypoxic. Chest X-ray showed bilateral diffuse consolidation. Peripheral blood showed raised white cell count and inflammatory markers. His background history included chronic lymphocytic leukemia for which he has been in remission for over 7 years. Preliminary diagnosis of pneumonia was made and the patient was started on intravenous antibiotics. His condition deteriorated over the course of 3 weeks, culminating in multi-organ failure, including acute renal failure requiring dialysis, respiratory failure requiring intubation, and hypotension requiring inotropic support. Culture of bronchial washing revealed growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida glabrata. On the 19th day of admission, the patient's condition further deteriorated with colonic perforation and feculent peritonitis. Emergency laparotomy with removal of involved colon and end colostomies were performed. Histopathology of the involved colon showed 1.5 cm perforation with inflammatory infiltration. Histopathologic staining showed angioinvasive fungal infection with Aspergillus. Discussion/conclusion Aspergillus usually spreads hematogenously from the lungs. Gastrointestinal involvement is difficult to diagnose as the symptoms are often vague and masked by other systemic symptoms. Computed tomography scan can show bowel wall thickening. However, often the diagnosis is only made postoperatively.

Prediksi Pasien Covid-19 yang Meninggal di Jawa Timur Menggunakan Metode Regresi Spline Truncated

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first discovered at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China. The virus attacks the respiratory system with pneumonia-like symptoms. This virus is classified as a new virus so it does not have an antidote and has spread throughout the world until it is out of control. There are more than 200 countries reporting covid-19 cases including Indonesia. Because the biggest effect of COVID-19 is death, so researchers need to predict whether the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients. One method for predicting covid-19 patients who died in East Java is using the spline truncated regression method. Spline regression is a regression analysis that is able to estimate data that does not have a specific pattern and has a tendency to seek data estimates fro, the formed pattern on its own, while truncated is a function that can be interpreted as a function of slice. And produces a GCV value of 51.0167, a MAPE value 47.0096, MSE 32.9825, and R-Sq 0.9998. Based on the MAPE value, the prediction model is said to be still reasonable.

In-silico investigation of systematic missense mutations of middle east respiratory coronavirus spike protein.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe pneumonia-like symptoms and is still pose a significant threat to global public health. A key component in the virulence of MERS-CoV is the Spike (S) protein, which binds with the host membrane receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4). The goal of the present investigation is to examine the effects of missense mutations in the MERS-CoV S protein on protein stability and binding affinity with DPP4 to provide insight that is useful in developing vaccines to prevent coronavirus infection. We utilized a saturation mutagenesis approach to simulate all possible mutations in the MERS-CoV full-length S, S Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) and DPP4. We found the mutations in MERS-CoV S protein residues, G552, C503, C526, N468, G570, S532, S451, S419, S465, and S435, affect protein stability. We identified key residues, G538, E513, V555, S557, L506, L507, R511, M452, D537, and S454 in the S protein RBD region are important in the binding of MERS-CoV S protein to the DPP4 receptor. We investigated the effects of MERS-CoV S protein viral mutations on protein stability and binding affinity. In addition, we studied all DPP4 mutations and found the functional substitution R336T weakens both DPP4 protein stability and S-DPP4 binding affinity. We compared the S protein structures of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 viruses and identified the residues like C526, C383, and N468 located in equivalent positions of these viruses have effects on S protein structure. These findings provide further information on how mutations in coronavirus S proteins effect protein function.

COVID-19 Pandemic: Assessment of Current Strategies and Socio-economic Impact

The coronavirus disease is a respiratory tract disorder which causes pneumonia-like symptoms in severe patients and mild flu-like symptoms in mild symptomatic cases first noticed in Wuhan, China. DNA sequencing and further analysis shows it to be 79% like the 2002 SARS-CoV and 50% like the 2012 MERS-CoV. It was also observed that the novel coronavirus’s spike protein was larger and very different from its previously known strains. For diagnosis, multiple strategies were developed and real time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique was determined to be the best technique. The CT scan was also found effective majorly for the continuous assessment of the disease. Treatment strategies used in previous outbreaks were looked into and put to trial like convalescent plasma therapy. Vaccine development using various genetic engineering strategies are going on across the world. To contain the spread of the disease, countries with positive cases were put under lockdown to break the chain of spread. These lockdowns forced industries, offices, schools, religious places, stadiums, travel, and many more to close which impacted the economies of all the major countries. Lesser human interaction and more use of social media has impacted the social aspects of human life. Cases of domestic violence and mental stress increased among households. Economic stimulus package was announced by various countries to curb the socio-economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Clinical progress note: Noncardiac complications in adults with congenital heart disease.

Clinical progress note: Noncardiac complications in adults with congenital heart disease.

SARS-CoV-2 and Therapeutic Approaches

In 2019, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China, affecting the population all over the globe. This ongoing pandemic is creating major havoc and has already taken the lives of many people. It has become really difficult to control the spread of the virus because of its high rate of multiplication in the host and transmission. The virus spreads by the means of droplets or direct contact with the infected person, causing pneumonia-like symptoms, such as fever, dry cough, throat pain, and breathlessness. This review presents the indications, mechanism of action, administration, and adverse effects of some antiviral, antibiotic, and immunomodulatory drugs, that are currently employed in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. It also presents the effects and benefits of drugs on an infected person, when co-administered together.

Potentials of Breast Milk Antibodies as a Therapeutic for COVID-19

Since the explosion of pneumonia-like symptoms in the province of Hubei, Wuhan in December 2019 over 200 countries have gotten a share of this disease caused by the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Till date, there exists no modest therapeutic agent to combat this virus. Antibodies in the breast milk of convalescent lactating mothers could be the silver bullet that would deflate the ballooning morbidity and mortality rate caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Coupled with the fact that breast milk contains a very high amount of Immunoglobulin A which has a desirable higher in vivo stability than other antibodies. This novel approach of purifying antibodies from the breast milk of convalescent lactating mothers is a non-invasive technique relative to the conventional method of using convalescent plasma which had proven effective for generating passive immunity against the seasonal flu. Purified Immunoglobulins would be obtained by adding an equal volume of ammonium sulphate solution to the breast milk sample to induce a lyotropic effect and thereafter passing the partially purified solution through a column chromatographic system impregnated with a Jaclin –lectin, Protein A, L and G. Neutralizing antibodies would by assayed using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay technique. Various statistical tools will be used to analyze a double-blinded randomized clinical trials to ascertain the efficacy of the purified antibodies as it is expected to have clear cut effectiveness over the control and potentially become the invaluable in containing the pandemic.