PMO Treatment Research Articles

Mn3O4 Nanoenzyme Seed Soaking Enhanced Salt Tolerance in Soybean Through Modulating Homeostasis of Reactive Oxygen Species and ATPase Activities.

Soybean, an important cash crop, is often affected by soil salinity, which is one of the important types of abiotic stress that affects its growth. Poly (acrylic) acid coated Mn3O4 (PMO) has been reported to play a vital role in defending against a variety of abiotic stresses in plants. To date, the effects of PMOs on soybean have not been reported; this study explored the mechanism of PMO-enhanced soybean germination under salt stress. In this experiment, 100 mg/L PMO was used as an immersion agent with a salt treatment of 150 mM NaCl. The results showed that when compared with the PMO treatment, salt stress significantly decreased the germination rate, fresh weight, carbohydrate content, and antioxidant enzyme activity of soybean and significantly increased the contents of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and osmoregulatory substances. However, PMO treatment enhanced the antioxidant defense system and significantly reduced the malondialdehyde content of soybean. Moreover, the activities of H+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase were significantly higher in treated soybean than in the control, and the content of ATP was also higher in treated soybean than in the control. Generally, PMO regulates the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species and reduces ATP consumption, thereby improving the ability of soybeans to germinate under salt stress. This study provides new insights into how nanomaterials improve plant salt tolerance.

Antisense Oligonucleotide Induction of the hnRNPA1b Isoform Affects Pre-mRNA Splicing of SMN2 in SMA Type I Fibroblasts.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a severe, debilitating neuromuscular condition characterised by loss of motor neurons and progressive muscle wasting. SMA is caused by a loss of expression of SMN1 that encodes the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein necessary for the survival of motor neurons. Restoration of SMN expression through increased inclusion of SMN2 exon 7 is known to ameliorate symptoms in SMA patients. As a consequence, regulation of pre-mRNA splicing of SMN2 could provide a potential molecular therapy for SMA. In this study, we explored if splice switching antisense oligonucleotides could redirect the splicing repressor hnRNPA1 to the hnRNPA1b isoform and restore SMN expression in fibroblasts from a type I SMA patient. Antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) were designed to promote exon 7b retention in the mature mRNA and induce the hnRNPA1b isoform. RT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to assess and monitor the efficiency of different AO combinations. A combination of AOs targeting multiple silencing motifs in hnRNPA1 pre-mRNA led to robust hnRNPA1b induction, which, in turn, significantly increased expression of full-length SMN (FL-SMN) protein. A combination of PMOs targeting the same motifs also strongly induced hnRNPA1b isoform, but surprisingly SMN2 exon 5 skipping was detected, and the PMO cocktail did not lead to a significant increase in expression of FL-SMN protein. We further performed RNA sequencing to assess the genome-wide effects of hnRNPA1b induction. Some 3244 genes were differentially expressed between the hnRNPA1b-induced and untreated SMA fibroblasts, which are functionally enriched in cell cycle and chromosome segregation processes. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that expression of the master regulator of these enrichment pathways, MYBL2 and FOXM1B, were reduced in response to PMO treatment. These findings suggested that induction of hnRNPA1b can promote SMN protein expression, but not at sufficient levels to be clinically relevant.

DMD TREATMENT: ANIMAL MODELS: P.197Antisense PMO treatment improves muscle recovery from fatigue after a novel in situ dynamic muscle contraction protocol in mdx mice

DMD TREATMENT: ANIMAL MODELS: P.197Antisense PMO treatment improves muscle recovery from fatigue after a novel in situ dynamic muscle contraction protocol in mdx mice

Effect of different struvite crystallization methods on gaseous emission and the comprehensive comparison during the composting

This study compared 4 different struvite crystallization process (SCP) during the composting of pig feces. Four combinations of magnesium and phosphate salts (H3PO4+MgO (PMO), KH2PO4+MgSO4 (KPM), Ca(H2PO4)2+MgSO4 (CaPM), H3PO4+MgSO4 (PMS)) were assessed and were also compared to a control group (CK) without additives. The magnesium and phosphate salts were all supplemented at a level equivalent to 15% of the initial nitrogen content on a molar basis. The SCP significantly reduced NH3 emission by 50.7–81.8%, but not the N2O. Although PMS group had the lowest NH3 emission rate, the PMO treatment had the highest struvite content in the end product. The addition of sulphate decreased CH4 emission by 60.8–74.6%. The CaPM treatment significantly decreased NH3 (59.2%) and CH4 (64.9%) emission and yielded compost that was completely matured. Due to its effective performance and low cost, the CaPM was suggested to be used in practice.

Electronically asymmetric triphenylmethane dyes. Half-methoxy analogues of Malachite Green

A series of derivatives of 4-dimethylamino-4′-methoxytriphenylmethanol has been prepared and the electronic absorption spectra and lightfastness properties of the derived cationic dyes determined. The introduction of one terminal methoxy group results in an electronically unsymmetrical system, to which PMO treatment appears inapplicable. The effects of substitution on the values of λ max x and λ max y are accounted for in terms of bond rotation about essential double or single bonds in an unsymmetrical cyanine chromophoric system and by restoration of electronic symmetry.

An account of regioselectivity in [2 + 3] cycloaddition of benzonitrile N-oxides with nitroethene by PMO theory

The application of PMO treatment to [2 + 3] cycloaddition of nitroethene to benzonitrile N-oxides is described. It was found that the reaction is under charge transfer control and PMO considerations based on MNDO calculations allow for the elucidation of the observed regioselectivity.

Fragment interaction analysis in the framework of ab-initio UHF-MO computations: Part 5. Analysis of the conformational preferences in β-substituted ethyl radicals in terms of orbital interaction

The conformational preference in XCH2CH2 is analysed by a quantitative PMO treatment [2], as repulsive contributions; donor and acceptor conjug

ChemInform Abstract: Free Radical Additions. Part 11. Kinetics of Free Radical Additions of Bromomalononitrile to Alkenes and PMO Treatment of the Reactivity and Regioselectivity.

ChemInformVolume 18, Issue 32 Preparative Organic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: Free Radical Additions. Part 11. Kinetics of Free Radical Additions of Bromomalononitrile to Alkenes and PMO Treatment of the Reactivity and Regioselectivity. K. RIEMENSCHNEIDER, K. RIEMENSCHNEIDER Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this authorH. M. BARTELS, H. M. BARTELS Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this authorR. DORNOW, R. DORNOW Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this authorE. DRECHSEL-GRAU, E. DRECHSEL-GRAU Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this authorW. EICHEL, W. EICHEL Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this authorH. LUTHE, H. LUTHE Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this authorY. M. MATTER, Y. M. MATTER Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this authorW. MICHAELIS, W. MICHAELIS Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this authorP. BOLDT, P. BOLDT Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this author K. RIEMENSCHNEIDER, K. RIEMENSCHNEIDER Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this authorH. M. BARTELS, H. M. BARTELS Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this authorR. DORNOW, R. DORNOW Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this authorE. DRECHSEL-GRAU, E. DRECHSEL-GRAU Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this authorW. EICHEL, W. EICHEL Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this authorH. LUTHE, H. LUTHE Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this authorY. M. MATTER, Y. M. MATTER Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this authorW. MICHAELIS, W. MICHAELIS Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this authorP. BOLDT, P. BOLDT Dep. Chem., Univ. Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finl.Search for more papers by this author First published: August 11, 1987 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198732075AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume18, Issue32August 11, 1987 RelatedInformation

Free radical additions. Part II. Kinetics of free radical additions of bromomalononitrile to alkenes and PMO treatment of the reactivity and regioselectivity

Les effets steriques n'influencent pas la vitesse d'addition du radical dicyanomethyle (DCM) sur les onze alcenes etudies

PMO treatment of structure-reactivity relationships. Polar effects in the free radical addition reactions

The electronic nature of free radicals in the addition to substituted styrenes was studied by a simple perturbation approach utilizing delocalisability Dr as a static index of reactivity. In agreement with experimental results, the calculations reproduce correctly the change in the sign of the Hammett ρ constants in going from electronegative to electropositive radicals.

The regiospecific cycloaddition of 8,8-dimethylisobenzofulvene with isobenzofuran, 1-methylisobenzofuran and 1,3-dimethylisobenzofuran

The mixed 1 : 1 adduct formed upon reaction of isobenzofuran with 8,8-dimethylisobenzofulvene is shown to have structure (5) resulting from a [10 + 8] cycloaddition in which the isobenzofulvene serves as the 10 π reagent and the isobenzofuran as the 8 π reagent. The reaction occurs stereospecifically and forms exclusively the endo adduct. Lanthanide-induced shift spectroscopy, 13C n.m.r. and 1H n.m.r. spectroscopy, and deuterium-labelling techniques have been used to establish this structure. The structure of the adducts (24) and (26) derived from 1-methylisobenzofuran and 1,3-dimethylisobenzofuran, respectively, have also been established. A PMO treatment of this reaction correctly predicts the structure of these products including the regiochemistry of the product (24) formed from 1-methylisobenzofuran.

ChemInform Abstract: ISOBENZOFULVENES. VIII. THE STRUCTURE OF THE DIMERS DERIVED FROM 8,8‐DIMETHYLISOBENZOFULVENE. A PMO TREATMENT OF THE PERISPECIFICITY IN THIS DIMERIZATION AND RELATED CYCLOADDITIONS INVOLVING ISOBENZOFULVENES

Abstract8,8‐Dimethyl‐isobenzofulven (III) ‐ erzeugt durch Behandlung des Isopropylidentricycloundecatetraens (I) mit dem Dipyridyltetrazin (II) ‐ geht in dem Reaktionsmedium spontane [77105 + 1,85]‐ Cyclodimerisierung ein unter Bildung der endo‐ (IV) und exo‐Pentacyclononadecaheptaen (V), deren Struktur und Stereochemie anhand chemischer und physikalischer Methoden gesichert werden.

Correlation of kinetic data of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of C-benzoyl-N-phenylnitrones with the homo energies of furan derivatives

Application of PMO treatment to 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of C-benzoyl-N-phenylnitrone with furan derivatives is described. Ionization potentials of 2-R-substituted furan derivatives (R = H, CH3, C2H5, CH2OH, CH2OCOCH3, C6H5, CHO) and 2,5-dimethylfurane representing experimental values of the HOMO energies have been determined from energies of the respective charge-transfer complexes with TCNE. Good correlation between IP and k2 rate constants indicates that the reaction is controlled by the LUMO(nitrone)/HOMO(furan deriv.) interaction. Electron affinities of the furan derivatives were determined from IP and energies of π-π* transitions using empirical equation ΔE(π-π*) = IP-EA-450.58 kJ mol-1.

Isobenzofulvenes. VIII. The structure of the dimers derived from 8,8-dimethylisobenzofulvene. A PMO treatment of the perispecificity in this dimerization and related cycloadditions involving isobenzofulvenes

8,8-Dimethylisobenzofulvene, generated from the reaction of ll-isopropylidenetricyclo[6,2,1,02.7]- undeca-2,4,6,9-tetraene (23) and 3,6-di(pyridin-2-yl)-s-tetrazine, undergoes spontaneous dimerization to form a mixture of two isomers. This is shown to be a mixture of endo (33) and exo isomers (37) resulting from [π10s+π8s] cyclodimerization, with the former isomer predominating. 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy, in conjunction with lanthanide shift reagents and spin decoupling, was used, together with chemical degradation, to determine the structure and stereochemistry of these products. Chemical interconversion has placed these structures on a firm basis since the structure of the minor isomer has been determined by X-ray structure analysis. The constancy of this dimer ratio in solvents of widely differing polarity, and in the absence of solvent, supports an isopolar transition state which is typical of many concerted electrocyclic processes. A complete PMO treatment of all possible modes of isobenzofulvene dimerization is presented and the results of these calculations are discussed in terms of the observed peri- and stereospecificities. In a similar way, the PMO model is successfully employed to explain the relative efficiencies of various polyenophiles in trapping the isobenzofulvene nucleus.

Reactivity sequences of dipolarophiles towards diazocarbonyl compounds - MO perturbation treatment

Whereas diazomethane cycloadditions are only accelerated by electron-attracting substituents in the olefinic or acetylenic dipolarophile, the cycloadditions of diazoacetic, diazomalonic and diazo(phenylsulfonyl)acetic ester show in accordance with the PMO treatment U-shaped activity functions when log k2 is plotted versus the lowest IP of the dipolarophiles.

Cycloaddition reaction of methyl 2-pyronecarboxylates with 1,3-dienes

The experimental results of thermal cycloaddition reactions of methyl 2-pyrone-3-, 4-, 5- and 6-carboxylates with 1,3-dienes and the theoretical approach by a second order perturbation MO method are described. The sequential introduction of a methoxycarbonyl group onto a 2-pyrone ring caused a variety of selectivities in the cycloaddition reactions with 1,3-butadienes. PMO treatment based only on the frontier molecular orbitals failed to account adequately for this selectivity phenomena because the relative magnitudes of the coefficients in the HO and LU orbitals of 2-pyrones were little affected by the introduction of a substituent. PMO treatment including superjacent and subjacent orbitais along with frontier orbitais rationalized excellently the observed selectivity phenomena.

ChemInform Abstract: GEMINAL INTERACTIONS AT THE TERMINI OF POLYENES

AbstractDurch eine Fülle von Berechnungen nach der "Frontier"‐M0‐Methode an z.B. Methylen, Äthylen, Cyclopropan, Butadien, Hexatrien, Allyl‐, Pentadienyl‐, Heptat?enyl‐Anion und ‐Kation wird die geminale Wechselwirkung inter‐ und intramolekularer Art untersucht.

Contribution of the Walsh Orbitals to the Excited States of Conjugated Cyclopropyl Molecules (A PMO Treatment)

Abstract The molecular orbital energies of some conjugated cyclopropyl derivatives are evaluated using 2nd order perturbation. The basis includes the Hückel MOs of the conjugated segment and the Walsh MOs of cyclopropane. The obtained MO sequence is used to discuss the UV absorption spectra of the molecules. It is found that the absorption bands of most of these molecules correspond to Δ-π* or Δ-Δ* excitations and not to π-π* transitions as had been assumed.

MINDO-SCF-MO-berechnung der cis- trans-isomerisierung von N-methyl- und N-phenylazomethin

MINDO/2-SCF-MO calculations for the ground state properties of N-methyl- and N-phenyl-azomethin have been carried out. The calculated rotation barrier for the methyl group in N-methyl-azomethin was 0·8 kcal/mol, the eclipsed conformation being most stable. The calculated rotation barrier about the CN bond in the protonated methylazomethin was 27·9 kcal/mol. MINDO/1-SCF-MO treatment for the N-inversion barrier of the unprotonated species yielded 13·00 kcal/mol. Similar MINDO/2 calculations for N-phenylazomethin yielded 4·0 kcal/mol for the rotation barrier of the phenyl ring around the CN= bond, the perpendicular conformation of the ring to the CNC plane being most stable. For the corresponding N protonated derivative the value 27·3 kcal/mol was calculated for the rotation barrier around the CN bond. MINDO/1 treatment yielded an inversion barrier of 14·0 kcal/mol for N-phenylazomethin. It was found that, the cis-trans isomerization of such azomethin compounds proceeds via an inversion mechanism rather than a CN bond rotation, in agreement with the experimental evidence. A PMO treatment of the phenyl ring's conformation in N-phenylazomethin showed that its perpendicular conformation is within 6·6 kcal/mol more stable than the coplanar structure.

Theoretical study of cyclazines

Calculations are reported for cycl[3,3,3]azine (I), the perinaphthenium anion(II), and cycl[3,2,2]azine (III), using a recently developed semiempirical SCF MO method. These indicate that (I) should be antiaromatic, with alternating bond lengths, unlike (II) or (III), and that it should have a low ionization-potential. The calculated charge-densities for (I) and (II) account well for the proton n.m.r. spectrum. A simple PMO treatment of (I) also indicates that it should be antiaromatic.