PML Nuclear Bodies Research Articles

TSG101 depletion dysregulates mitochondria and PML NBs, triggering MAD2-overexpressing interphase cell death (MOID) through AIFM1-PML-DAXX pathway

Overexpression of mitotic arrest deficiency 2 (MAD2/MAD2L1), a pivotal component of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), resulted in many types of cancer. Here we show that the depletion of tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101), causes synthetic dosage lethality (SDL) in MAD2-overexpressing cells, and we term this cell death MAD2-overexpressing interphase cell death (MOID). The induction of MOID depends on PML and DAXX mediating mitochondrial AIFM1-release. MAD2, TSG101, and AIF-PML-DAXX axis regulate mitochondria, PML nuclear bodies (NBs), and autophagy with close inter-dependent protein stability in survival cells. Loss of C-terminal phosphorylation(s) of TSG101 and closed (C-)MAD2-overexpression contribute to induce MOID. In survival cells, both MAD2 and TSG101 localize at PML NBs in interphase, and TSG101 Y390 phosphorylation is required for localization of TSG101 to PML NBs. PML release from PML NBs through PML deSUMOylation contributes to induce MOID. The post-transcriptional/translational cell death machinery and the non-canonical transcriptional regulation are intricately linked to MOID, and ER-MAM, may serve as a crucial intersection for MOID signaling.

Brain biopsy and pathological diagnosis for drug-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) with inflammatory reactions.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by JC virus (JCV) infection. Although recognized as an AIDS complication in the 1980s, PML has emerged as a serious adverse event of immunosuppressive therapies since 2005, particularly disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) for multiple sclerosis (MS). PML can also occur in patients with collagenous diseases receiving steroid therapy or with age-related immunosuppression. In some cases, the etiology of immunosuppression remains unclear. These cases often present with early manifestations of PML, which, while common, are less well recognized, as PML was identified at more advanced stages in AIDS-related cases. Early diagnosis poses difficulty due to unfamiliar magnetic resonance (MR) images and low viral loads in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain biopsy may be conducted. This review summarizes the PML pathology identified through biopsy. Early cytopathological changes of JCV-infected cells, with the importance of dot-shaped inclusions associated with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), are described. The variability of host immune responses, including PML immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (PML-IRIS), is addressed. The potential role of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as pembrolizumab, is also explored. Understanding the pathology of early PML helps to optimize diagnostic strategies and therapeutic interventions, ultimately improving prognosis.

UBR7 E3 Ligase Suppresses Interferon-β Mediated Immune Signaling by Targeting Sp110 in Hepatitis B Virus-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

A newly discovered E3 ubiquitin ligase, UBR7, plays a crucial role in histone H2BK120 monoubiquitination. Here, we report a novel function of UBR7 in promoting hepatitis B virus (HBV) pathogenesis, which further leads to HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Transcriptomics analysis from HCC patients revealed the deregulation of UBR7 in cancer. Remarkably, targeting UBR7, particularly its catalytic function, led to a significant decrease in viral copy numbers. We also identified the speckled family protein Sp110 as an important substrate of UBR7. Notably, Sp110 has been previously shown to be a resident of promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), where it remains SUMOylated, and during HBV infection, it undergoes deSUMOylation and exits the PML body. We observed that UBR7 ubiquitinates Sp110 at critical residues within its SAND domain. Sp110 ubiquitination downregulates genes in the type I interferon response pathway. Comparative analysis of RNA-Seq from the UBR7/Sp110 knockdown data set confirmed that the IFN-β signaling pathway gets deregulated in HCC cells in the presence of HBV. Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis of patient samples further confirmed the inverse correlation between the expression of Sp110/UBR7 and the inflammation score. Notably, silencing of UBR7 induces IRF7 phosphorylation, thereby augmenting interferon (IFN)-β and the downstream interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Further, wild-type but not the ubiquitination-defective mutant of Sp110 could be recruited to the type I interferon response pathway genes. Our study establishes a new function of UBR7 in non-histone protein ubiquitination, promoting viral persistence, and has important implications for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting HBV-induced HCC.

Nuclear p62 condensates stabilize the promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies by sequestering their ubiquitin ligase RNF4

Liquid-liquid phase separation has emerged as a crucial mechanism driving the formation of membraneless biomolecular condensates, which play important roles in numerous cellular processes. These condensates, found both in the nucleus and cytoplasm, are formed through multivalent, low-affinity interactions between various molecules. P62-containing condensates serve, among other functions, as proteolytic hubs for the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In this study, we investigated the dynamic interplay between nuclear p62 condensates and promyelocytic nuclear bodies (PML-NBs). We show that p62 condensates stabilize PML-NBs under both basal conditions and following exposure to arsenic trioxide which stimulates their degradation. We further show that this effect on the stability of PML-NBs is due to sequestration of their ubiquitin E3 ligase RNF4 in the p62 condensates with subsequent rapid degradation of the ligase. The sequestration of the ligase is made possible by association between the proline-rich domain of the PML protein and the PB1 domain of p62, which results in the formation of a PML-NB shell around the p62 condensates. Importantly, these hybrid structures do not undergo fusion and mixing of their contents which leaves unsolved the mechanism of sequestration of RNF4 in the condensates. These findings suggest an additional possible mechanism of PML-NB as a tumor suppressor which is mediated via interactions between different biomolecular condensates.

Topological stress triggers persistent DNA lesions in ribosomal DNA with ensuing formation of PML-nucleolar compartment.

PML, a multifunctional protein, is crucial for forming PML-nuclear bodies involved in stress responses. Under specific conditions, PML associates with nucleolar caps formed after RNA polymerase I (RNAPI) inhibition, leading to PML-nucleolar associations (PNAs). This study investigates PNAs-inducing stimuli by exposing cells to various genotoxic stresses. We found that the most potent inducers of PNAs introduced topological stress and inhibited RNAPI. Doxorubicin, the most effective compound, induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the rDNA locus. PNAs co-localized with damaged rDNA, segregating it from active nucleoli. Cleaving the rDNA locus with I-PpoI confirmed rDNA damage as a genuine stimulus for PNAs. Inhibition of ATM, ATR kinases, and RAD51 reduced I-PpoI-induced PNAs, highlighting the importance of ATM/ATR-dependent nucleolar cap formation and homologous recombination (HR) in their triggering. I-PpoI-induced PNAs co-localized with rDNA DSBs positive for RPA32-pS33 but deficient in RAD51, indicating resected DNA unable to complete HR repair. Our findings suggest that PNAs form in response to persistent rDNA damage within the nucleolar cap, highlighting the interplay between PML/PNAs and rDNA alterations due to topological stress, RNAPI inhibition, and rDNA DSBs destined for HR. Cells with persistent PNAs undergo senescence, suggesting PNAs help avoid rDNA instability, with implications for tumorigenesis and aging.

The Nucleolus and Its Interactions with Viral Proteins Required for Successful Infection.

Nuclear bodies are structures in eukaryotic cells that lack a plasma membrane and are considered protein condensates, DNA, or RNA molecules. Known nuclear bodies include the nucleolus, Cajal bodies, and promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies. These bodies are involved in the concentration, exclusion, sequestration, assembly, modification, and recycling of specific components involved in the regulation of ribosome biogenesis, RNA transcription, and RNA processing. Additionally, nuclear bodies have been shown to participate in cellular processes such as the regulation of transcription of the cell cycle, mitosis, apoptosis, and the cellular stress response. The dynamics and functions of these bodies depend on the state of the cell. It is now known that both DNA and RNA viruses can direct their proteins to nuclear bodies, causing alterations in their composition, dynamics, and functions. Although many of these mechanisms are still under investigation, it is well known that the interaction between viral and nuclear body proteins is necessary for the success of the viral infection cycle. In this review, we concisely describe the interaction between viral and nuclear body proteins. Furthermore, we focus on the role of the nucleolus in RNA virus infections. Finally, we discuss the possible implications of the interaction of viral proteins on cellular transcription and the formation/degradation of non-coding RNAs.

Transiently formed nucleus-to-cilium microtubule arrays mediate senescence initiation in a KIFC3-dependent manner

Despite the importance of cellular senescence in human health, how damaged cells undergo senescence remains elusive. We have previously shown that promyelocytic leukemia nuclear body (PML-NBs) translocation of the ciliary FBF1 is essential for senescence induction in stressed cells. Here we discover that an early cellular event occurring in stressed cells is the transient assembly of stress-induced nucleus-to-cilium microtubule arrays (sinc-MTs). The sinc-MTs are distinguished by unusual polyglutamylation and unique polarity, with minus-ends nucleating near the nuclear envelope and plus-ends near the ciliary base. KIFC3, a minus-end-directed kinesin, is recruited to plus-ends of sinc-MTs and interacts with the centrosomal protein CENEXIN1. In damaged cells, CENEXIN1 co-translocates with FBF1 to PML-NBs. Deficiency of KIFC3 abolishes PML-NB translocation of FBF1 and CENEXIN1, as well as senescence initiation in damaged cells. Our study reveals that KIFC3-mediated nuclear transport of FBF1 along polyglutamylated sinc-MTs is a prerequisite for senescence induction in mammalian cells.

An Atypical Mechanism of SUMOylation of Neurofibromin SecPH Domain Provides New Insights into SUMOylation Site Selection

Neurofibromin (Nf1) is a giant multidomain protein encoded by the tumour-suppressor gene NF1. NF1 is mutated in a common genetic disease, neurofibromatosis type I (NF1), and in various cancers. The protein has a Ras-GAP (GTPase activating protein) activity but is also connected to diverse signalling pathways through its SecPH domain, which interacts with lipids and different protein partners. We previously showed that Nf1 partially colocalized with the ProMyelocytic Leukemia (PML) protein in PML nuclear bodies, hotspots of SUMOylation, thereby suggesting the potential SUMOylation of Nf1. Here, we demonstrate that the full-length isoform 2 and a SecPH fragment of Nf1 are substrates of the SUMO pathway and identify a well-defined SUMOylation profile of SecPH with two main modified lysines. One of these sites, K1731, is highly conserved and surface-exposed. Despite the presence of an inverted SUMO consensus motif surrounding K1731, and a potential SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) within SecPH, we show that neither of these elements is necessary for K1731 SUMOylation, which is also independent of Ubc9 SUMOylation on K14. A 3D model of an interaction between SecPH and Ubc9 centred on K1731, combined with site-directed mutagenesis, identifies specific structural elements of SecPH required for K1731 SUMOylation, some of which are affected in reported NF1 pathogenic variants. This work provides a new example of SUMOylation dependent on the tertiary rather than primary protein structure surrounding the modified site, expanding our knowledge of mechanisms governing SUMOylation site selection.

Characterization and functional analysis of chicken promyelocytic leukemia protein

In mammals, promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein, also named as TRIM19, is the key component of nuclear membrane-less sub structures PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) or nuclear domains 10 (ND10). PML-NBs are dynamic foci that consist of numerous permanently or transiently associated proteins. The mammalian PMLs are involved in the regulation of various cellular pathways, including apoptosis, intrinsic and innate antiviral immunity, cell cycle, DNA damage, senescence and etc. Nevertheless, little is known about the role of chicken PML (chPML). In this study, chPML gene was cloned, and its several functions were characterized. We found that chPML was widely expressed in different tissues of chickens, and showed different subcellular distribution pattern in DF-1 cells comparing with LMH and HD11 cells. Like human PML, chPML was identified to be SUMOylated. K463 is one critical SUMOylation site and 240RARRG244 is SUMO interaction motif (SIM) of chPML. Moreover, qPCR showed that chPML could not only up-regulate the expression of host innate immune factor IFN-β and its downstream ISGs, but also antigen presentation-related factors including class II transactivator (CIITA) and MHC II DM beta 2 (DMB2). Notably, over-expression of chIFN-β could promote the expression of endogenous chPML. All these provide novel insights into the function of chPML, and pave the way for further studying the roles of chPML in biological process and anti-infection function.

Histone chaperone HIRA, promyelocytic leukemia protein, and p62/SQSTM1 coordinate to regulate inflammation during cell senescence

Cellular senescence, a stress-induced stable proliferation arrest associated with an inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), is a cause of aging. In senescent cells, cytoplasmic chromatin fragments (CCFs) activate SASP via the anti-viral cGAS/STING pathway. Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein organizes PML nuclear bodies (NBs), which are also involved in senescence and anti-viral immunity. The HIRA histone H3.3 chaperone localizes to PML NBs in senescent cells. Here, we show that HIRA and PML are essential for SASP expression, tightly linked to HIRA's localization to PML NBs. Inactivation of HIRA does not directly block expression of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) target genes. Instead, an H3.3-independent HIRA function activates SASP through a CCF-cGAS-STING-TBK1-NF-κB pathway. HIRA physically interacts with p62/SQSTM1, an autophagy regulator and negative SASP regulator. HIRA and p62 co-localize in PML NBs, linked to their antagonistic regulation of SASP, with PML NBs controlling their spatial configuration. These results outline a role for HIRA and PML in the regulation of SASP.

Daxx mediated histone H3.3 deposition on HSV-1 DNA restricts genome decompaction and the progression of immediate-early transcription.

Herpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that cause a wide range of disease. Upon nuclear entry, their genomes associate with histones and chromatin modifying enzymes that regulate the progression of viral transcription and outcome of infection. While the composition and modification of viral chromatin has been extensively studied on bulk populations of infected cells by chromatin immunoprecipitation, this key regulatory process remains poorly defined at single-genome resolution. Here we use high-resolution quantitative imaging to investigate the spatial proximity of canonical and variant histones at individual Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) genomes within the first 90 minutes of infection. We identify significant population heterogeneity in the stable enrichment and spatial proximity of canonical histones (H2A, H2B, H3.1) at viral DNA (vDNA) relative to established promyelocytic leukaemia nuclear body (PML-NB) host factors that are actively recruited to viral genomes upon nuclear entry. We show the replication-independent histone H3.3/H4 chaperone Daxx to cooperate with PML to mediate the enrichment and spatial localization of variant histone H3.3 at vDNA that limits the rate of HSV-1 genome decompaction to restrict the progress of immediate-early (IE) transcription. This host response is counteracted by the viral ubiquitin ligase ICP0, which degrades PML to disperse Daxx and variant histone H3.3 from vDNA to stimulate the progression of viral genome expansion, IE transcription, and onset of HSV-1 replication. Our data support a model of intermediate and sequential histone assembly initiated by Daxx that limits the rate of HSV-1 genome decompaction independently of the stable enrichment of histones H2A and H2B at vDNA required to facilitate canonical nucleosome assembly. We identify HSV-1 genome decompaction upon nuclear infection to play a key role in the initiation and functional outcome of HSV-1 lytic infection, findings pertinent to the transcriptional regulation of many nuclear replicating herpesvirus pathogens.

Phase separation of PML/RARα and BRD4 coassembled microspeckles governs transcriptional dysregulation in acute promyelocytic leukemia

In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), the promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML/RARα) fusion protein destroys PML nuclear bodies (NBs), leading to the formation of microspeckles. However, our understanding, largely learned from morphological observations, lacks insight into the mechanisms behind PML/RARα-mediated microspeckle formation and its role in APL leukemogenesis. This study presents evidence uncovering liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) as a key mechanism in the formation of PML/RARα-mediated microspeckles. This process is facilitated by the intrinsically disordered region containing a large portion of PML and a smaller segment of RARα. We demonstrate the coassembly of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) within PML/RARα-mediated condensates, differing from wild-type PML-formed NBs. In the absence of PML/RARα, PML NBs and BRD4 puncta exist as two independent phases, but the presence of PML/RARα disrupts PML NBs and redistributes PML and BRD4 into a distinct phase, forming PML/RARα-assembled microspeckles. Genome-wide profiling reveals a PML/RARα-induced BRD4 redistribution across the genome, with preferential binding to super-enhancers and broad-promoters (SEBPs). Mechanistically, BRD4 is recruited by PML/RARα into nuclear condensates, facilitating BRD4 chromatin binding to exert transcriptional activation essential for APL survival. Perturbing LLPS through chemical inhibition (1, 6-hexanediol) significantly reduces chromatin co-occupancy of PML/RARα and BRD4, attenuating their target gene activation. Finally, a series of experimental validations in primary APL patient samples confirm that PML/RARα forms microspeckles through condensates, recruits BRD4 to coassemble condensates, and co-occupies SEBP regions. Our findings elucidate the biophysical, pathological, and transcriptional dynamics of PML/RARα-assembled microspeckles, underscoring the importance of BRD4 in mediating transcriptional activation that enables PML/RARα to initiate APL.

Behavior of Assembled Promyelocytic Leukemia Nuclear Bodies upon Asymmetric Division in Mouse Oocytes.

Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) are core-shell-type membrane-less organelles typically found in the nucleus of mammalian somatic cells but are absent in mouse oocytes. Here, we deliberately induced the assembly of PML-NBs by injecting mRNA encoding human PML protein (hPML VI -sfGFP) into oocytes and investigated their impact on fertilization in which oocyte/embryos undergo multiple types of stresses. Following nuclear membrane breakdown, preassembled hPML VI -sfGFP mRNA-derived PML-NBs (hmdPML-NBs) persisted in the cytoplasm of oocytes, forming less-soluble debris, particularly under stress. Parthenogenetic embryos that successfully formed pronuclei were capable of removing preassembled hmdPML-NBs from the cytoplasm while forming new hmdPML-NBs in the pronucleus. These observations highlight the beneficial aspect of the PML-NB-free nucleoplasmic environment and suggest that the ability to eliminate unnecessary materials in the cytoplasm of metaphase oocytes serves as a potential indicator of the oocyte quality.

Histone chaperone HIRA, Promyelocytic Leukemia (PML) protein and p62/SQSTM1 coordinate to regulate inflammation during cell senescence.

Cellular senescence, a stress-induced stable proliferation arrest associated with an inflammatory Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP), is a cause of aging. In senescent cells, Cytoplasmic Chromatin Fragments (CCFs) activate SASP via the anti-viral cGAS/STING pathway. PML protein organizes PML nuclear bodies (NBs), also involved in senescence and anti-viral immunity. The HIRA histone H3.3 chaperone localizes to PML NBs in senescent cells. Here, we show that HIRA and PML are essential for SASP expression, tightly linked to HIRA's localization to PML NBs. Inactivation of HIRA does not directly block expression of NF-κB target genes. Instead, an H3.3-independent HIRA function activates SASP through a CCF-cGAS-STING-TBK1-NF-κB pathway. HIRA physically interacts with p62/SQSTM1, an autophagy regulator and negative SASP regulator. HIRA and p62 co-localize in PML NBs, linked to their antagonistic regulation of SASP, with PML NBs controlling their spatial configuration. These results outline a role for HIRA and PML in regulation of SASP.

Arsenic trioxide impacts hepatitis B virus core nuclear localization and efficiently interferes with HBV infection.

The main challenge for the achievement of a functional cure for hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), the highly stable persistence reservoir of HBV, which is maintained by further rounds of infection with newly generated progeny viruses or by intracellular recycling of mature nucleocapsids. Eradication of the cccDNA is considered to be the holy grail for HBV curative treatment; however, current therapeutic approaches fail to directly tackle this HBV persistence reservoir. The molecular effect of arsenic trioxide (ATO) on HBV infection, protein expression, and cccDNA formation and maintenance, however, has not been characterized and understood until now. In this study, we reveal ATO treatment as a novel and innovative therapeutic approach against HBV infections, repressing viral gene expression and replication as well as the stable cccDNA pool at low micromolar concentrations by affecting the cellular function of promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies.

Conserved long noncoding RNA TILAM promotes liver fibrosis through interaction with PML in HSCs.

Fibrosis is the common end point for all forms of chronic liver injury, and the progression of fibrosis leads to the development of end-stage liver disease. Activation of HSCs and their transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts results in the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins that form the fibrotic scar. Long noncoding RNAs regulate the activity of HSCs and provide targets for fibrotic therapies. We identified long noncoding RNA TILAM located near COL1A1 , expressed in HSCs, and induced with liver fibrosis in humans and mice. Loss-of-function studies in human HSCs and human liver organoids revealed that TILAM regulates the expression of COL1A1 and other extracellular matrix genes. To determine the role of TILAM in vivo, we annotated the mouse ortholog ( Tilam ), generated Tilam- deficient green fluorescent protein-reporter mice, and challenged these mice in 2 different models of liver fibrosis. Single-cell data and analysis of single-data and analysis of Tilam-deficient reporter mice revealed that Tilam is induced in murine HSCs with the development of fibrosis in vivo. Tilam -deficient reporter mice revealed that Tilam is induced in murine HSCs with the development of fibrosis in vivo. Furthermore, loss of Tilam expression attenuated the development of fibrosis in the setting of in vivo liver injury. Finally, we found that TILAM interacts with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear body scaffold protein to regulate a feedback loop by which TGF-β2 reinforces TILAM expression and nuclear localization of promyelocytic leukemia nuclear body scaffold protein to promote the fibrotic activity of HSCs. TILAM is activated in HSCs with liver injury and interacts with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear body scaffold protein to drive the development of fibrosis. Depletion of TILAM may serve as a therapeutic approach to combat the development of end-stage liver disease.

History of Developing Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Treatment and Role of Promyelocytic Leukemia Bodies.

The story of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) discovery, physiopathology, and treatment is a unique journey, transforming the most aggressive form of leukemia to the most curable. It followed an empirical route fueled by clinical breakthroughs driving major advances in biochemistry and cell biology, including the discovery of PML nuclear bodies (PML NBs) and their central role in APL physiopathology. Beyond APL, PML NBs have emerged as key players in a wide variety of biological functions, including tumor-suppression and SUMO-initiated protein degradation, underscoring their broad importance. The APL story is an example of how clinical observations led to the incremental development of the first targeted leukemia therapy. The understanding of APL pathogenesis and the basis for cure now opens new insights in the treatment of other diseases, especially other acute myeloid leukemias.

Single-genome analysis reveals a heterogeneous association of the herpes simplex virus genome with H3K27me2 and the reader PHF20L1 following infection of human fibroblasts.

Investigating the potential mechanisms of gene silencing for DNA viruses in different cell types is important to understand the differential outcomes of infection, particularly for viruses like herpesviruses that can undergo distinct types of infection in different cell types. In addition, investigating chromatin association with viral genomes informs on the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation of DNA processes. However, there is a growing appreciation for heterogeneity in the outcome of infection at the single cell, and even single viral genome, level. Here we describe a novel assay for quantifying viral genome foci with chromatin proteins and show that a portion of genomes are targeted for silencing by H3K27me2 and associate with the reader protein PHF20L1. This study raises important questions regarding the mechanism of H3K27me2-specific targeting to viral genomes, the contribution of epigenetic heterogeneity to herpesvirus infection, and the role of PHF20L1 in regulating the outcome of DNA virus infection.

Nuclear Phosphoproteome Reveals Prolyl Isomerase PIN1 as a Modulator of Oncogene-Induced Senescence

Mammalian cells possess intrinsic mechanisms to prevent tumorigenesis upon deleterious mutations, including oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). The molecular mechanisms underlying OIS are, however, complex and remain to be fully characterized. In this study, we analyzed the changes in the nuclear proteome and phosphoproteome of human lung fibroblast IMR90 cells during the progression of OIS induced by oncogenic RASG12V activation. We found that most of the differentially regulated phosphosites during OIS contained prolyl isomerase PIN1 target motifs, suggesting PIN1 is a key regulator of several promyelocytic leukemia nuclear body proteins, specifically regulating several proteins upon oncogenic Ras activation. We showed that PIN1 knockdown promotes cell proliferation, while diminishing the senescence phenotype and hallmarks of senescence, including p21, p16, and p53 with concomitant accumulation of the protein PML and the dysregulation of promyelocytic leukemia nuclear body formation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that PIN1 plays an important role as a tumor suppressor in response to oncogenic ER:RasG12V activation.

Role of Influenza A virus protein NS1 in regulating host nuclear body ND10 complex formation and its involvement in establishment of viral pathogenesis.

Influenza viral infection is a seasonal infection which causes widespread acute respiratory issues among humans globally. This virus changes its surface receptor composition to escape the recognition process by the host's immune cells. Therefore, the present study focussed to identify some other important viral proteins which have a significant role in establishment of infection and having apparent conserved structural composition. This could facilitate the permanent vaccine development process or help in designing a drug against IAV (influenza A virus) infection which will eliminate the seasonal flu shot vaccination process. The NS1 (Non-structural protein 1) protein of IAV maintains a conserved structural motif. Earlier studies have shown its significant role in infection establishment. However, the mechanism by which viruses escape the host's ND10 antiviral action remains elusive. The present study clearly showed that IAV infection and NS1 transfection in A549 cells degraded the main component of the ND10 anti-viral complex, PML and therefore, inhibited the formation of Daxx-sp100-p53-PML complex (ND10) at the mid phase of infection/transfection. PML degradation activated the stress axis which increased cellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, IAV/NS1 increased cellular stress and p53 accumulation at the late phase of infection. These collectively activated apoptotic pathway in the host cells. Along with the inactivation of several interferon proteins, IAV was found to decrease p-IKKε. A549 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-NS1 showed a similar effect in the interferon axis and IKKε. Moreover, NS1 induced the disintegration of the host's ND10 complex through the changes in the SUMOylation pattern of the PML nuclear body. These findings suggest the possible mechanism of how NS1 helps IAV to establish infection in the host cells. However, it demands further detailed study before targeting NS1 to develop permanent vaccines or novel drugs against IAV in future.