Plyometric Research Articles

Study on the Development of Explosive Force in Athletic Jumping through Plyometrics Exercises at the Level of Junior Athletes

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the importance of implementing plyometric exercises especially in the case of students in vocational mainstream education for improving relaxation and implicitly sports performance. The present paper highlights a study based on a theoretical and practical approach to the notion of plyometrics by applying a specific program based on plyometric exercises for the development of explosive force in advanced groups, compared to subjects carrying out a regular training program. By implementing this type of exercise at the level of all students, regardless of the way in which they practice athletics, benefits are brought both in terms of sports performance and health.

Impact of Exercise on the Course of Dermatomyositis: A Narrative Review of Recent Studies

Introduction and Purpose: Dermatomyositis (DM) is a rare autoimmune inflammatory myopathy characterized by muscle weakness and distinctive skin manifestations, impacting both children and adults. This narrative review aims to examine the latest studies assessing the impact of physical activity on the course of dermatomyositis and determine which forms of exercise are beneficial for DM patients. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, focusing on articles published between 2018 and 2024. State of Knowledge: The review identified consistent evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of exercise in DM patients. Exercise regimens, including resistance, aerobic, and stretching exercises, were found to improve muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and metabolic functions without increasing disease activity. Novel exercise approaches, such as blood flow restriction training and aquatic plyometric exercises, also showed promising results. However, the heterogeneity of the trials and small sample sizes highlight the need for larger, more diverse cohorts and long-term studies Summary: The findings underscore the potential of structured exercise programs to enhance muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and overall physical function in DM patients. These improvements are achieved without exacerbating disease activity, highlighting the safety of exercise interventions. The review emphasizes the importance of incorporating physical activity into treatment plans for DM, advocating for personalized exercise prescriptions tailored to the unique inflammatory nature of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM).

EFFECTIVENESS OF PLYOMETRIC EXERCISE ON LOWER EXTREMITY FUNCTION AMONG CLASSICAL BHARATANATYAM DANCERS.

Background: Aramandi is the most basic position in Bharatanatyam which is like Demiplie position of ballet dancers in which both the legs were internally rotated. Gaining proficiency in Bharatanatyam requires rigorous training for prolonged periods of time while maintaining specific postures which begin at a very young age during the adolescent growth spurt. Objective. To find out the effectiveness of plyometric exercise on lower extremity function among classical Bharatanatyam dancers Methods. Totally 20 classical dancers were recruited in accordance with inclusion criteria. Classical dancers were given plyometric exercise. Post-test taken for 20 participants with regular follow up. The LEFS questionnaire is an outcome measure that is used before and after the treatment. Result. The obtained data were analyzed by using paired ‘t’ test comparison of pre and post-test value for LEFS questionnaire the p value is 0.001. Hence, it is concluded that the LEFS questionnaire has highly significant. Conclusion. This study concluded that plyometric exercise had beneficial effect to shows that there is an improvement on lower extremity function among classical Bharatanatyam dancers.

No Post-Activation Performance Enhancement Following a Single Set of Plyometric or Flywheel Exercises in National Team Rugby Players

Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is a key objective following regular warm-up routines, especially in sports that rely heavily on sprinting speed and power. Rugby is a team sport characterized by a range of repeated high-intensity efforts, irrespective of positional roles or match demands. In this study, we examined and compared the effects of two different conditioning activities (CAs) on the power- and speed-related abilities of National Team rugby players. Thirteen male rugby union players sequentially performed countermovement jump (CMJ), 30 m sprint, and change-of-direction (COD) tests (pre-testing session) 5 min before executing either one set of six repetitions of 45 cm drop jumps or one set of six repetitions of flywheel eccentric-overload squats. In addition to the sport-specific tests, the muscle mechanical properties of the athletes were also assessed through the use of tensiomyography (TMG). At post-testing sessions conducted 5 and 10 min after the PAPE protocols, no significant changes were observed in any of the assessed variables, either in positions as backs or forwards. However, some meaningful variations were detected at the individual level when using the “true-changes” analysis. Despite some positive individual changes, it can be concluded that these specific protocols did not elicit the expected responses typically observed in other team-sport athletes. Practitioners are encouraged to implement more comprehensive (but not exhaustive) and tailored PAPE interventions prior to training sessions and competitions.

Plyometric Training Enhances Proprioception: A Systematic Review

Context: This systematic review investigated the effects of plyometric exercise interventions on proprioception. Methods: An electronic search was conducted in October 2022 across eight databases: PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Science Direct, Google Scholar, DOAJ, IEEE Xplore, and Cochrane. To be included in the review, studies had to meet all the established inclusion criteria. Twelve studies were included in the final analysis, and their quality was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. Results: The review found that the included studies considered various plyometric training protocols and methods for assessing proprioception. Despite differences in training regimens and assessment metrics, the data consistently showed a positive effect of plyometric training on proprioception. Conclusions: The review concluded that plyometric exercises improve proprioception, regardless of the specific type of training or assessment method used. A primary limitation identified was the scarcity of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that focus on plyometric exercises and their impact on proprioception.

The Effect of Circuit Training and Plyometric Exercise on Agility and Core Strength in Karate Players

Since karate is one of the most well-known martial arts and the word "karate" means "empty hand" (kara = empty, te = hand), it refers to the practice of punches, kicks, and blocking moves without the use of weapons. So the purpose of the study to find dose agility and core strength can can change by after undergoing the certain exercise which are plyometric exercise and circuit training in the male and female plyers

A narrative review of velocity-based training best practice: The importance of contraction intent vs. movement speed.

Explosive movements requiring high force and power outputs are integral to many sports, posing distinct challenges for the neuromuscular system. Traditional resistance training can improve muscle strength, power, endurance, and range of motion; however, evidence regarding its effects on athletic performance, such as sprint speed, agility, and jump height, remains conflicting. The specificity of resistance training movements, including velocity, contraction type, and joint angles affects performance outcomes, demonstrates advantages when matching training modalities with targeted sports activities. However, independent of movement speed, the intent to contract explosively (ballistic) has also demonstrated high velocity-specific training adaptations. The purpose of this narrative review was to assess the impact of explosive or ballistic contraction intent on velocity-specific training adaptations. Such movement intent may predominantly elicit motor efferent neural adaptations, including motor unit recruitment and rate coding enhancements. Plyometrics, which utilize rapid stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) movements may augment high-speed movement efficiency and muscle activation, possibly leading to improved motor control through adaptations like faster eccentric force absorption, reduced amortization periods, and quicker transitions to explosive concentric contractions. An optimal training paradigm for power and performance enhancement might involve a combination of maximal explosive intent training with heavier loads and plyometric exercises with lighter loads at high velocities. This narrative review synthesizes key literature to answer whether contraction intent or movement speed is more critical for athletic performance enhancement, ultimately advocating for an integrative approach to resistance training tailored for sports-specific explosive action.

The Effects Of Isometric Vs. Plyometric Exercises On Throwing Velocity In Handball Players

The Effects Of Isometric Vs. Plyometric Exercises On Throwing Velocity In Handball Players

506 Implementation and Evaluation of Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension Protocol Training Course in Kuwait: A Pilot Study

506 Implementation and Evaluation of Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension Protocol Training Course in Kuwait: A Pilot Study

The Effect of a 12-week Plyometric Training on Growth Hormone, IGF-1 and Bone Health Indexes in Adolescent Boys

Background: During adolescence, physical activity influences bone mass, which is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. Objectives: This study examines the effect of plyometric exercises on serum markers in male adolescents, including growth hormone, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, phosphate, and calcium. Methods: The study involved a sample of 30 male adolescents aged 15 years ± 6 months. The participants were divided into two groups: the first group, named the plyometric group (PG), included 15 adolescents who underwent plyometric training sessions three times a week for a duration of 12 weeks. The second group, called the control group (CG), consisted of 15 adolescents who only attended their normal school lessons without any physical training. Resting levels of GH, IGF-1, vitamin D, calcium, phosphate, and PTH were measured before and 48 hours after the last training session, along with bone mass density (BMD) measurements of the femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total body. To evaluate power, the vertical Sargent jump test was used. Results: The results indicate that the PG demonstrated significant improvements in BMD, explosive strength, GH, IGF-1, and vitamin D levels compared to the CG group (P < 0.05). Changes in phosphate, calcium, and PTH were not significant in the PG compared to the CG after 12 weeks of plyometric training (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The 12-week plyometric program resulted in notable enhancements in bone health, explosive strength, and anabolic hormones such as GH and IGF-1, as well as 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels.

Effect of Stretch-shortening Exercise on skill-based physical performance among elite players: A Narrative Review

Background: The Stretch-shortening exercise (SSE), a combination of eccentric and concentric muscle actions, is integral in many sports. Its effect on skill-based physical performance among elite players is of particular interest due to the high demands of their competitive activities. Objective: To conduct a thorough literature review on the effect of SSE on elite players' skillbased physical performance. Methods: Numerous databases were thoroughly searched, including SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. Studies were chosen based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Out of 50 articles identified, 25 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that SSE plyometric exercise enhanced shoulder strength, explosive power, throwing accuracy, stability, and power output in sports like rugby, archery, and medicine ball throw, with a positive correlation between arm length and Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST)scores. Conclusions:Elite athletes can improve their skill-based physical performance with the help of SSE.

The Effects of Combined Contrast Heat Cold Pressure Therapy on Post-Exercise Muscle Recovery in MMA Fighters: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of contrast heat and cold pressure therapy (CHCP) on muscle tone, elasticity, stiffness, perfusion unit, and muscle fatigue indices after plyometric training consisting of five sets of jumping on a 50-cm high box until exhaustion. A prospective, randomized, controlled single-blind study design was used. Twenty professional MMA fighters were included in the study. The experimental group (n = 10) was subjected to the CHCP protocol (eGR), while the control group (cGR) (n = 10) was subjected to sham therapy. Both protocols consisted of three CHCP sessions performed immediately after plyometric exercise, 24 and 48 h afterwards. Measurements were taken at the following time points: 1) at rest; 2) 1 min post-exercise; 3) 1 min post-CHCP therapy; 4) 24 h post-CHCP therapy; 5) 48 h post-CHCP therapy. The results of the eGR compared to the cGR showed significantly higher perfusion at time point 5 (p < 0.001), higher muscle tone at time points 1, and 3–5 (p < 0.001 for all), higher stiffness at time points 1, 3–5 (p < 0.001 for all) and a higher pain threshold at time points 1 and 5 (p < 0.001 for all). This study suggests a positive effect of CHCP therapy on muscle biomechanics, the pain threshold, and tissue perfusion, which may contribute to increasing the effectiveness of post-exercise muscle recovery in MMA athletes.

Improving lower body muscle power indicators for non-athlete university students through plyometric exercise

Muscle power (FxV, explosive strength or explosive power) is an element of fitness level that influences the quality and efficiency of movements. Most of the studies that address plyometrics identify the effectiveness of this method at the level of performance athletes with different specializations and muscle power requirements. We considered that we can also study the possibility of using plyometrics in physical education lessons. The research identifies the benefits of implementing plyometric exercises for non-athlete university students on lower body muscle power indicators in curricular physical activities. The group of analyzed students (327 subjects/undergraduate level, of which 143 female and 184 male) participated in physical education lessons during one academic year (1 activity per week). The plyometric exercises used were jumping variants, diversified and adapted in dosage to the motor possibilities of the non-athlete students (on one or both legs, lateral, on ladder rungs or boxes, over hurdles, over cones, vertical and horizontal jumps). Their usefulness and effectiveness were verified by 3 successive tests: at the beginning, middle, and end of the academic year, through a battery of 7 lower body muscle power tests. The statistical calculation identifies significant increases in performance for both genders for all tests applied, both between the initial and final tests (T1-T3) and over the shorter time intervals/T1-T2 and T2-T3 (p <0.05). For males, we found greater progress in the second semester of the year (T2-T3) for 5 of the 7 tests, so their adaptation is better and they respond to plyometric training better in the second part of the academic year. For females better progress in semester 2 (T2-T3) for 3 of the tests, respectively greater differences at the end of semester 1 (T1-T2) for 3 tests, especially for endurance power and 10 m acceleration. The research results confirm the effectiveness of plyometric exercises in increasing muscle power indicators for the studied student groups and are a useful option for improving fitness levels. The attractiveness and diversity of the used exercises ensured good student engagement in the lessons. Although the improvements are statistically significant, the results do not indicate spectacular increases and are still weaker than the values recorded in most other research. This is because the students involved in our study are not at all concerned about engaging in leisure time physical activities, except for curricular physical education activities, sedentarism being a major problem among young people.

Comparison of the effects of cold water immersion and percussive massage on the recovery after exhausting eccentric exercise: A three-armed randomized controlled trial.

Athletic training requires both challenging stimuli for adaptation and sufficient recovery for improved performance. While cold water immersion (CWI) is already a popular recovery method, handheld percussive massage (PM) devices have also gained popularity in recent years. This study aims to assess the effects of CWI and PM on performance recovery after strenuous eccentric exercises compared to a passive rest (PR) control condition. Thirty-four healthy physically active participants (9 females, 25 males) were randomly divided into three groups: CWI (n = 11), PM (n = 11), and passive rest (PR) (n = 12). They underwent an exhausting eccentric exercise protocol and different measurements at six time points (baseline, POST1, POST2, POST24, POST48, and POST72) over the time course of 72h. These included subjective assessments of muscle soreness and perceived stiffness as well as measures of skin temperature, leg volume, creatine kinase activity, and three different jump tests. The eccentric exercise protocol consisted of 15min downhill running (slope: 12%, speed: 10km/h) and 3 sets of successive depth jumps (dropping height: 0.5m) until individual exhaustion. After POST1 measurements, participants received 12min of either CWI (11 ± 0.5°C), PM (40Hz) or PR (supine posture). No significant group effects were found for the number of depth jumps performed during the exhaustion protocol. All jump tests displayed a significant group × time interaction effect. Post-hoc analysis indicated significant lower jump heights in ΔPOST2 between CWI and both PM and PR. No other significant group effects were observed at any time point. No significant group × time interaction effects were noted for CK, leg volume, and soreness. The perceived stiffness showed a significant group × time interaction effect. Post-hoc analysis revealed a significant decrease in stiffness for PM compared to PR at ΔPOST2. Neither CWI nor PM showed any significant improvement in performance recovery over the 72-h period following strenuous eccentric exercise compared to PR. CWI showed an immediate performance decline which may be attributed to a cold-related reduction in motor nerve conduction velocity.

Effect of 4 Weeks Upper Extremity Plyometric Versus Free Weight Exercise On Shoulder Power and Strength in Cricket Players: An Experimental Study

Effect of 4 Weeks Upper Extremity Plyometric Versus Free Weight Exercise On Shoulder Power and Strength in Cricket Players: An Experimental Study

High-intensity resistance training and collagen supplementation improve patellar tendon adaptations in professional female soccer athletes.

We investigated whether 10 weeks of pre-season soccer training (including high-intensity resistance exercise) with hydrolysed collagen (COL) supplementation would confer greater changes in patellar tendon (PT) mechanical and material properties compared with placebo (PLA) in professional female soccer athletes. Eleven athletes from the first team squad of a Football Association Women's Championship soccer club volunteered to participate in this study (age, 25.7±4.2 years; height, 1.68±0.04m; mass, 64.0±4.6kg). Participants were pair-matched for baseline knee extensor maximum isometric voluntary contraction torque, age, height and mass and were randomly assigned to the COL group (n=6) or PLA group (n=5). Participants were given 30g COL or energy-matched (36.5g maltodextrin and 8.4g fructose) PLA, plus 500mg vitamin C before each training session, which consisted of high-intensity lower-limb resistance exercise, plyometric or pitch-based exercise 3 days/week for 10weeks during the pre-season period. We assessed knee extensor maximum isometric voluntary contraction torque and PT properties using isokinetic dynamometry and ultrasonography before and after the intervention. The PT stiffness [COL, +15.4%±3.1% (d=0.81) vs. PLA, +4.6%±3.0% (d=0.32), P=0.002] and Young's modulus [COL, +14.2%±4.0% (d=0.65) vs. PLA, +3.4%±2.8% (d=0.15), P=0.004] increased more in COL than in PLA. There was a main effect of training on PT cross-sectional area (P=0.027), but no interaction effect (P=0.934). To conclude, 10 weeks of pre-season soccer training (incorporating high-intensity resistance exercise) with 30g COL increased PT stiffness and Young's modulus more than training alone in professional female soccer athletes. This has positive implications for improving athletic performance and mitigating injury risk.

Effects of Plyometric Exercise of Adolescent Male Volleyball Athletes: A Systemic Review

By looking at previous literature, this study aimed to analyze the construct of plyometric exercise variation. Comprehensive methods are used for these articles, such as searching for articles in database research journals. Semantic, Scopus, Scholar, and Crossref are the data sources for this database. The variety of plyometric exercises and vertical jump skills are the main themes. Fifty-one articles were verified, and then 12 articles were evaluated based on objectives, topics, sample size, research protocols, and results. Plyometric exercises are exercises in which the movements are explosive and, besides being practical, also train muscle strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and agility. The purpose of volleyball training is so that players can acquire good basic techniques, strengthen physical strength, and develop interests and talents. To improve jumping ability, various exercises are performed from the beginner level. Therefore, the ability to jump and jump is essential for the volleyball game. The novelty in this study is the using a form of plyometric exercise that is varied according to the characteristics of athletes aged 14-17 years that have never previously been applied in volleyball clubs, which is the focus in this study of plyometric exercise variation methods, namely plyometric squat jump, skipping and hurdle hopping. The intensity of the exercise will be adjusted to the characteristics, and physiological development of male athletes aged 14-17 years.

Meningkatkan Kekuatan Tendangan T Atlet Pencak Silat Lampung Utara Melalui Latihan Plyometric

The plyometric training method is in the spotlight in efforts to improve the performance of Pencak silat athletes, especially in increasing the strength of T kicks. Through measurable strength tests and careful statistical analysis, this research aims to identify the effectiveness of plyometric training in increasing the strength of athletes' T kicks. The implementation of plyometric exercises in an athlete's training program must be carried out taking into account the strength level and physical condition of each athlete. Regular monitoring and evaluation is needed to adjust the intensity and type of training to suit the athlete's development. In addition, collaboration between coaches, nutritionists and physiotherapists will ensure comprehensive support for athletes in achieving their best performance. With proper implementation and careful monitoring, these exercises not only increase the power and speed of T kicks, but also contribute to the athlete's overall development. Further research with larger and more diverse samples will help confirm these findings and guide the implementation of more effective plyometric training for Pencak silat athletes.

Effects of Mental Visualization on Plyometric Performance and Self-Confidence of Football Players.

Plyometric training in football is essential for enhancing athletic performance, as it allows for increasing strength and speed in gameplay. Meanwhile, mental visualization improves players' technical play and motor performance during both training and competitions, thereby contributing to an overall sports performance enhancement. Collectively, physical and technical training is thought to boost athletes' confidence in facing competitive demands. Our aim in the present study was to analyze the effectiveness of mental visualization during a plyometric training program for improving strength speed, and competitive self-confidence in young adult football (soccer) players. Our sample consisted of 40 male players aged between 19 and 25 years (M = 20.82; SD = 1.26). We used a quasi-experimental design with a control group and pretest/posttest measurements. The experimental group participated in an 8-week plyometric training program that incorporated visualization tasks, while the control group underwent the same program but without visualization exercises. We found significant improvements for the experimental group on vertical jump (p = .047) and speed (50-m sprints) (p < .034) tests, as well as in their perceived competitive self-confidence (p < .017). These findings suggest that combining plyometric exercises with visualization tasks may contribute to better motor learning, increased lower limb muscle speed and strength, and self-confidence to face competition.

Neuromuscular response of young athletes during plyometric and sprint exercises

The objective was to analyse the neuromuscular response during jumping and sprint exercises in young athletes and adults. Young athletes were divided into 2 groups: indoor soccer (SOC, n = 12) and rugby (RUG, n = 12) and adults were physical education students (PE, n = 12). Sport groups were trained systematically for their sport for 5 years and performed resistance training at least for 2 years. Neuromuscular response was evaluated using a vertical jump test (CMJA), 15-meter sprint test (SPRI) and a rebound test at 3HZ (REB). Force and electromyography were measured during all tests. Leg stiffness (Kvert), rate of force development (RFD) and muscle activation were calculated and analysed. Pre activation and contact EMG were measured for all tests. EMG signal was normalized by CMJA. There were no differences in maturation level between young sport groups as shown by Mirwald’s formula (p = .897). Significant differences were found in favour of RUG vs SOC during CMJA (p = .029). For SPRI and REB, there were no statistical differences between groups for RFD (p = .585) and (p = .056). Kvert showed no group differences among CMJA (p = .396), SPRI (p = .329) and REB (p = .429). It is concluded that a systematic training in young athletes allows the accelerated development of neuromuscular performance.