Plurality Of Ideas Research Articles

Retóricas conservadoras contrárias à regulação do ambiente alimentar escolar: a discussão do Projeto de Lei nº 4.198/2021 na Assembleia Legislativa do Rio de Janeiro

Abstract Considering the scientific evidence regarding the harmful effects on health from consuming ultra-processed foods, the regulation on food environments has been prioritized as a way of promoting adequate and healthy eating. In this context, Bill 4198/2021 was proposed in the Legislative assembly of Rio de Janeiro, to ban the sale of ultra-processed foods in the schools in the state. In the second voting session of the proposition conservative rhetoric was widely used by the opposing congressmen. In this essay, these positions were classified, finding common points between them, considering the analysis of the legislative process. In making this categorization, it was possible to identify three argumentative bases that were explored: the defense of freedom of trade; the right to a “family autonomy,” the primacy of the family in children’s education; and individual responsibility for obesity. These rhetorics have been analyzed together with their counterpoint, in the conclusions of the specialized literature. Beyond the plurality of ideas in the legislative debate, it was possible to identify how the discussion of Bill 4198/21 was permeated by the reproduction of disinformation and violence. In this way, the scrutiny of the conservative rhetoric used and the understanding of the context of this discussion are contributions proposed here to consolidate the repertoire of defense of the health of children and adolescents.

Quasi-Experimental Research as An Epistemological-Methodological Approach in Education Research

Pedagogy as a social-humanistic science that deals with upbringing and education expresses its complexity through a plurality of ideas, understandings and opportunities for studying, learning and researching educational practice. The methodology dealt with by experimental and quasi-experimental pedagogy is exact and serves to establish reliable data, i.e., it searches for facts and evidence that can replace research hypotheses. A synonym for quasi-experimental pedagogy is “new pedagogy” because the evaluation of research quality in educational practice can be defined through the methodological basis of research, originality, novelty and significance. The question arises: how many quasi-experiments have been conducted so far that researchers are not even aware of, that is, they have not called this type of research by its real name? The main goal of theoretical research is to analyze the crucial differences between non-experimental, experimental and quasi-experimental research. From the presented goal of the research arises the research task which is reflected in seeking to affirm quasi-experimental research in pedagogy with the aim of bringing closer to the scientific public the characteristics and advantages of quasi-experiments in terms of streamlining implementation and practicality in the natural school environment. The paper uses the theoretical analysis method with the content analysis technique. The authors presented conclusions about the importance of quasi-experimental research as a special epistemological-methodological approach in determining the causality of educational phenomena.

Relato de Experiências do Clube de Simulação Osvaldo Aranha (CSOA – UFU)

Created by International Relations students of the Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU) in 2014, CSOA was born with a mission to promote diplomatic simulations at the university, and, nowadays, diversified it’s areas of action being one of the most relevant pillars of the course. In the presente paper, authors wish to demonstrate the way that the institution dealed with the obstacles emerged by the pandemic of COVID-19 in 2021 and implemented new activities. For that matter, the paper approach to the main area of action of CSOA and the innovations implemented at the simulations beyond the remodelation of the UFUMUN, annual event with national approach that unites students interested in simulations. Furthermore, we display the creation of two new projects created in 2021 which has had positive reception by the organization and participants. The “Colloquium about politics, security and internacional organizations” was organized by semester and involved speakers from different universities of Brasil and outside. The minicourse for high school students received the support of Catedra Sergio Vieira de Mello and was promoted in the second semester of 2021. Finally, the text pretends to expose the diversity of alternatives for outreach projects to keep being useful to the external Community and inspiring people and intitutions to promote the cientific knowledge and the plurality of ideas.

METHODOLOGICAL FACETS OF THE EVALUATION OF SCIENTIFIC THEORIES

The purpose of the study is to consider the main range of issues related to the problem of choice in the framework of the research process. The article deals with the problem of the practice of scientific cognition which involves a continuous process of eliminating or adopting certain theoretical positions, approaches, models. This problem embraces both the need to choose among the already existing approaches one that reflects the studied object more effectively and to the significance of the criteria for evaluating hypotheses formed by the researcher himself. The article is focused on identifying the specifics of plurality of ideas in modern studies. The differences in theoretical approaches to the study of a certain object are indicated. We can talk about various theoretical accents. The same object of real world can be considered from the point of view of its biological, chemical, and physical characteristics (while each of the types of characteristics contains a number of features and properties by which the object is determined). It is difficult to judge what aspect of the object under consideration is essential for cognition and what is unessential. Conclusions. The choice of a priority in direction of research can be determined by utility factors - such as the practical purpose of the study or the initial hypothesis. The individual states (properties) of the object can be determined by a system of scientific measurements or values and, therefore, be predetermined by theoretical and methodological frameworks of various disciplines.

Walter Burley on divine Ideas

This paper focuses on the theory of divine ideas of Walter Burley (1275-1347). The medieval common theory of divine ideas, developed by Augustine, was intended to provide an answer to the question of the order and intelligibility of the world. The world is rationally organized since God created it according to the models existing eternally in his mind. Augustine's theory, however, left open problems such as reconciling the principle of God's unity with the plurality of ideas, the way in which ideas can or cannot be said to be eternal, their ontological status. Medieval authors discussed such questions until at least the late 14th century. By resorting to the semantic tool of connotation, Burley explains both in what way ‘idea' can signify the divine essence as much as the creatures (thereby reconciling the principle of God's unity with the multiplicity of ideas), and in what sense we can say that God has thought them from eternity, without slipping into a necessitarian view that undermines the principle of divine freedom. Moreover, by envisaging the objective mode of being as the only mode of being of ideas, he explains in what way they truly differ from one another on the basis of their different conceptual contents

États-Unis : la montée des politiques identitaires

Dans le prolongement des articles consacrés aux États-Unis publiés dans ce numéro, Michèle Tribalat présente ici les grandes lignes d’un ouvrage paru cet été aux États-Unis, The Plot to Change America , de Mike Gonzalez. L’auteur y alerte sur les risques que la multiplication des politiques identitaires fait courir à la société américaine. Alors que, historiquement, la mise en place de ces politiques avait pour objectif de faire valoir les droits de communautés qui, en raison de leur origine ethnique, ne disposaient pas des mêmes chances que les Blancs au sein de la société, l’élargissement du champ d’action de ces politiques à de multiples groupes via l’instrumentalisation du recensement national, en y multipliant les catégories ethniques, tend à devenir contre-productif. Selon Mike Gonzalez, en effet, la pression de certains intellectuels américains en faveur d’une forme de « victimisation généralisée » des groupes minoritaires et le fait de recourir à cette notion de minorité pour toutes sortes de revendications à l’égard des pouvoirs publics, vont à l’encontre des libertés des citoyens et de la pluralité des idées. Craignant pour la survie de l’idéologie libérale dans son pays, il attend un sursaut ; un ouvrage qui confirme les crispations et les tensions au sein de la société américaine, examinées du point de vue conservateur. S.D.

DIALOGUES ON TRANSLINGUAL RESEARCH AND PRACTICE: WEAVING THREADS WITH SURESH CANAGARAJAH’S VIEWS

The main purpose of this paper is to engage with the ideas of Suresh Canagarajah – a highly acknowledged scholar from Penn State University, in the United States of America – on translingual research and practice. In order to do so, an interview with him was jointly planned by Ruberval Franco Maciel (UEMS) and Cláudia Hilsdorf Rocha (UNICAMP) and carried out in August 2019, during an event held in Brazil. Taking into account the increasing number of studies on translingualism worldwide in the past few years and the leading role played by Canagarajah’s work in this field, the interview aimed at expanding views and contributing to broaden the scholarship in this area. To situate and contextualize the author’s ideas, some considerations on translanguaging as a language theory and educational approach are firstly made. As a result, Canagarajah’s voice and points of view are put in dialogue with a plurality of ideas, highlighting the complex, dynamic and challenging nature of a translingual turn in contemporary times and its possible connections with Brazilian language studies. Translingual work intertwined with affective, multimodal and multisensory approaches is considered a possible and interesting path to be explored in the near future.

A complex network approach to political analysis: Application to the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies

In this paper, we introduce a network-based methodology to study how political entities evolve over time. We constructed networks of voting data from the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies, where deputies are nodes and edges are represented by voting similarity among deputies. The Brazilian Chamber of deputies is characterized by a multi-party political system. Thus, we would expect a broad spectrum of ideas to be represented. Our results, however, revealed that plurality of ideas is not present at all: the effective number of communities representing ideas based on agreement/disagreement in propositions is about 3 over the entire studied time span. The obtained results also revealed different patterns of coalitions between distinct parties. Finally, we also found signs of early party isolation before presidential impeachment proceedings effectively started. We believe that the proposed framework could be used to complement the study of political dynamics and even applied in similar social networks where individuals are organized in a complex manner.

An Unknown Past, an Unequal Present, and an Uncertain Future: Transnational Environmental Law Through Three Research Challenges

This chapter seeks to bring into focus three broad research challenges facing transnational environmental law – an unknown past, an unequal present, and an uncertain future. Transnational law theory invites scholars to stand at a distance from current orthodoxies and to contemplate environmental law and its practice from new vantage points. The study of transnational environmental law thus prompts new ways of thinking about where to look for environmental law and its foundational influences. New research agendas emerge organically from such shifts of gaze. By identifying future research agendas, we can illuminate both the diversity of sites of past and present lawmaking and the plurality of ideas that shape concepts of the ‘environment’ and ‘environmentalisms’. These new imaginative spaces are central to understanding law’s roles in a global context – the roads taken and so far not taken.

Flowers of Resistance:: Citizen science, ecological democracy and the transgressive education paradigm

When democracy can be hijacked, power corrupts and capitalism penetrates deeply into society, including into our schools, what prospects still exist for education for a more sustainable world? Democracy is painfully slow and open to manipulation: the question must be asked whether it is up to the task in the new global environment where action is through agreement of interest-based states. And yet in a post-truth world there are important issues that yoke science as empirical truth with democracy that we might christen ecological democracy which provides the warrant and justification for civil action, and demonstrates the new power of citizen science groups that can act autonomously in the interest of their local communities. In this paper, which is a short version of a more comprehensive chapter published in a book edited by Ariane Konig, titled “Sustainability Science: Key Issues” published by Routledge[1], we seek comfort, inspiration and support from emerging forms of ecological democracy, civic science and transgressive education. The latter invites conflict and disruption as mechanisms to break with stubborn, unsustainable routines, that encourage people to leave their comfort zone. The resulting discomfort can be generative when it invites people to explore other options, to build new alliances or to re-think what they always thought to be normal or true. Learning on the edge of one’s comfort zones amidst a plurality of ideas, can help us interrogate and rethink the way we frame – or are made to frame – our experiences, as well as our cultural narratives and associated encultured and embodied ontological pre-dispositions.

Classical Liberalism and its Limits

It is widely considered that minorities’ rights and dignity are protected in liberal societies particularly in western liberal countries up to a level humanly possible. However, in this article I show that it’s not as much heroic a theory as we conceive specifically when the liberal society is committed to accommodate plurality of ideas and lifestyles. After briefly explaining principal tenets of classical liberalism I claim that some fundamental weakness of the theory makes it untenable in liberal plural society let alone non-western society of diversity.

Agruras dos avaliadores: em busca de qualidade na pesquisa em educação

O objetivo do ensaio é pautar algumas consequências do produtivismo a que a comunidade acadêmica tem sido compelida, nos últimos anos. Mais particularmente, vamos tecer considerações e fazer ponderações em torno de dois episódios de avaliação de trabalhos científicos no campo da educação. Após delinear breve preâmbulo, procedemos a análise, pontuando ideias e dilemas passíveis de debate. Concluímos ponderando a abertura ao outro como exercício em que experimentamos a nossa própria tomada de posição simetricamente à tomada de posição do outro, como prática de negociação. A pluralidade de ideias é pressuposto fundamental e consideramos avaliador e leitor um par agônico que se pauta por argumentos plausíveis: ambos precisam se reconhecer na legitimidade das suas posições e, por isso, não se trata de avançar na direção do aniquilamento mútuo, mas do reconhecimento de que cada um constitui o outro não como adversário, mas como par, legítimo e razoável.

La salud mental en México, una perspectiva, histórica, jurídica y bioética

Mental health in the population is a phenomenon closely determined by social, environmental, biological and psychological factors. In this regard, enabling people to retain their mental health depends largely on the intervention by the government as a paternalistic state, as was implemented in previous years where the state was a system similar to that of Otto von Bismark, responsible for the protection of the population, health care and pensions through a social security system mandated by the State. The intention of this research is to find legal loopholes and create a law on mental health to present it as a human right, with a bioethical essence. Creating a law on mental health at a national level is fundamental, since it would justify many of the actions of the people and their government, which would make clear the essence of their acts and the plurality of ideas regarding the creation of parameters of public policy within a social welfare state. A key proposal would be to rate the mental health of a number of rulers. We dare to consider and advance diagnoses of psychopathy in many of the cases, and hope that specialists can forgive us.

It's not that simple … doubts, responsibility, theatre and war

As an academic exploration that also engages with the idea of performative writing, this article deals with the notion of responsibility when making theatre with/for communities that have known violent conflict. Rooted in an acknowledgment that form is as powerful as content, the form in which this article has been written aims to symbolise the sheer plurality of ideas that underlie the creation of theatre in times and places of war. Making theatre in conflict/post-conflict zones is by no means simple. However, in its lack of simplicity, in the many nuances to its responsibility, there is much for the theatre artist and spectator to learn. There are two texts in this article: one involving a discussion of projects in northern Uganda and Rwanda that use theatre in war-stricken communities; the other is a set of notes on a workshop/performance in Nagaland (a state in north-eastern India). These symbiotic experiences have led to the exploration of a set of performance practices that I call a theatre of doubts. This article introduces the theatre of doubts – albeit as a concept that is still shaping and re-shaping itself in response to ongoing practice as research.

Protecting the vulnerable: legality, harm and theft

The law of theft, as understood in Gomez and Hinks, has been the occasion of almost unanimous academic condemnation and of robust dissenting opinions in the House of Lords. While much of the critical discussion is sophisticated and challenging, it is important that the baby is not to be expelled with the bathwater. We suggest that one argument in favour of the current position is that it offers distinct protection to some of the more vulnerable members of society. This advantage ought nevertheless to be sacrificed if it can be purchased only at the cost of violating the rule of law and the harm principle. But our examination of these ideas reveals that the price need not be paid. The rule of law contains not one idea, but a plurality of ideas, many of which support the current position. As for the harm principle, it is notable that Hinks does not castigate harmless behaviour; rather it attacks the wrong of exploitation. This raises many difficult issues, but we argue that unless such exploitative behaviour is explicitly addressed in Legislation, reforming the current ‘broad’ understanding of the law in favour of a ‘reductive’ account assimilating theft to non-voluntary transfers would be a retrograde step. In principle the new concern for protecting the vulnerable from exploitation is welcome.