Plural Words Research Articles

O‘ZBEK TILIDA ARABCHA KO‘PLIK SHAKLLARINING QO‘LLANILISHI

This article is devoted to issues such as the use of Arabic plural words in Uzbek linguistics terms, issues of relationship between terms, specific features of linguistic terms.

What the Schwartzes Told Me about Allomorph Priority

In Standard Yiddish, -s and -ən are used as default allomorphs for plural word formation. It is argued here that the choice is left to the phonology, with -s acting as a default within a default. This status is used to explain the exclusive use of -s in the pluralization of proper names, which are claimed to be formed with no sensitivity to the phonological form of the base.

Is cats one word or two? L2 learners’ processing of number marking in English from the viewpoints of form–meaning mapping

This study examined number marking comprehension among Japanese learners of second language (L2) English, whose first language (L1) does not have an obligatory number marking system. The study conducted an online sentence comprehension experiment with 96 L1-Japanese learners and 32 native speakers of English, wherein participants engaged in a self-paced reading with Stroop-like number judgment tasks. Participants were required to determine the number of single words in stimuli (e.g. cat/ cats, one word; the cats/ the cat, two-word sets), and their judgment time was measured for singular and plural words. The results indicated that both groups took more time to judge single plural nouns, suggesting that Japanese L2 learners of English automatically activate plurality in online sentence comprehension as native speakers do. In contrast, neither group showed an interference effect of singularity in judging singular two-word noun sets ( the cat), unless the singularity is explicitly marked by indefinite article ( a cat). The lack of interference may be because of unmarkedness of singularity.

Analyzing text message linguistic features: Do people with depression communicate differently with their close and non-close contacts?

BackgroundRelatively little is known about how communication changes as a function of depression severity and interpersonal closeness. We examined the linguistic features of outgoing text messages among individuals with depression and their close- and non-close contacts. Methods419 participants were included in this 16-week-long observational study. Participants regularly completed the PHQ-8 and rated subjective closeness to their contacts. Text messages were processed to count frequencies of word usage in the LIWC 2015 libraries. A linear mixed modeling approach was used to estimate linguistic feature scores of outgoing text messages. ResultsRegardless of closeness, people with higher PHQ-8 scores tended to use more differentiation words. When texting with close contacts, individuals with higher PHQ-8 scores used more first-person singular, filler, sexual, anger, and negative emotion words. When texting with non-close contacts these participants used more conjunctions, tentative, and sadness-related words and fewer first-person plural words. ConclusionWord classes used in text messages, when combined with symptom severity and subjective social closeness data, may be indicative of underlying interpersonal processes. These data may hold promise as potential treatment targets to address interpersonal drivers of depression.

The Derivational and Inflectional Morpheme in Dwayne Johnson’s Speech: Morphology Perspective

This research aims to discover the category of words that are taken from an object of speech. The researcher focuses on occurrence frequency and the process of words that have been used in the speech. This research applied a descriptive qualitative method. The researcher collected some words through the speech, and then continued to classify them into morphological analysis, specifically derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme. The researcher employed the Victoria Fromkin theory to analyze the words and filter them into the derivational morpheme category and inflectional morpheme category. The results reveal the 48 words with 10 of them (21%) represent derivational morphemes. In the derivational morphemes, there are 2 words whose parts of speech do not change and 8 words that do. There are 38 inflectional morphemes (79%) that are divided into 8 categories. These 8 categories consist of 14 plural words, 9 progressive words, 8 past tense words, 2 superlative words, 2 possessive words, 2 third person singular words, and 1 past participle word.

Analysis of Figurative Language and Imagery in Songs Lyric of Sam Smith’s Album ‘The Lonely Hour’

This research aims to discover the category of words that are taken from an object of speech. The researcher focuses on occurrence frequency and the process of words that have been used in the speech. This research applied a descriptive qualitative method. The researcher collected some words through the speech, and then continued to classify them into morphological analysis, specifically derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme. The researcher employed the Victoria Fromkin theory to analyze the words and filter them into the derivational morpheme category and inflectional morpheme category. The results reveal the 48 words with 10 of them (21%) represent derivational morphemes. In the derivational morphemes, there are 2 words whose parts of speech do not change and 8 words that do. There are 38 inflectional morphemes (79%) that are divided into 8 categories. These 8 categories consist of 14 plural words, 9 progressive words, 8 past tense words, 2 superlative words, 2 possessive words, 2 third person singular words, and 1 past participle word

Plural Words in Austronesian Languages: Typology and History

This paper investigates the typology and history of plural words in the Austronesian family, by using a sample of 128 languages representing both genealogical and geographical diversity. I first consider the definition of plural words, which are grammatical words indicating nominal plurality at the phrasal level. I then present the distribution of plural words in the sample and examine their history. Several findings can be drawn from the data. First, plural words are the most common type of plural markers in the Austronesian family, attested in more than half of the sample languages. Second, languages with plural words exhibit an uneven distribution: they are typically found in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, and across the Pacific islands, particularly in New Ireland and Vanuatu, but virtually absent in western Indonesia. This uneven geographical distribution also correlates with a skewed genealogical distribution. Third, as for the diachronic developments of plural words, the previously reconstructed proto plural word *maŋa is only reflected to a limited extent, almost exclusively in the Philippine languages. More commonly, plural words reflect the grammaticalization of third-person plural pronouns, a path found for nearly half of the plural words.

Produced, but not 'productive': Mandarin-speaking pre-schoolers' challenges acquiring L2 English plural morphology.

It is often assumed that pre-schoolers learn a second language (L2) with ease, even for structures that are absent in their L1, such as Mandarin-speaking pre-schoolers learning L2 English grammatical inflections (e.g., ducks, horses). However, while the results from Study 1 showed that such learners can imitate plural words (age = 3;5, N = 20), Studies 2 and 3 showed that they cannot yet generate or comprehend plural morphology (Study 2: age = 4;8, N = 20; Study 3: age = 4;1, N = 20), raising questions about when this is achieved. These findings have important implications for school readiness, as well as for identifying those at risk of developmental language disorders.

BPR algorithm: New broken plural rules for an Arabic stemmer

One of the most important phases in text processing is stemming, whose aim is to aggregate all variations in a word into one group to aid natural language processing. The morphological structure of the Arabic language is more challenging than that of the English language; thus, it requires superior stemming algorithms for Arabic stemmers to be effective. One of the challenges is the irregular broken plural, which has been a problematic issue in Arabic natural language processing that affects the performance of Arabic information retrieval and other Arabic language engineering applications. Several studies have attempted to develop solutions to irregular plural problems, but the challenge remains, especially in extracting correct Arabic root words. In this paper, the broken plural rule (BPR) algorithm introduces new solutions to solve the problem in which an existing root-based method cannot extract correct roots by using their proposed rules. The BPR algorithm introduces several rules (main rules and subrules) to extract the correct roots of the Arabic irregular broken plural words. To evaluate the effectiveness of the BPR algorithm, we extracted roots from an Arabic standard dataset and applied the BPR algorithm as an enhancement to a root-based Arabic stemmer, ISRI. The obtained results from both evaluations showed encouraging results: (i) Only a few numbers of incorrect roots were stemmed on the large-sized Arabic word dataset. (ii) The enhanced root-based Arabic stemmer, ISRI + BPR, exhibited the best performance compared with the original ISRI stemmer and a well-known Arabic stemmer, ARLS 2. Thus, the proposed BPR algorithm has solved some of the irregular broken plural problems that eventually increase the performance of a root-based Arabic stemmer.

الريح في القرآن الكريم


 
 الريح في القرآن الكريم
 Wind, in Arabic language is the running of the air, it is a feminine word.
 Wind has eight kinds, four are blessing and four are punishment.
 Wind, the singular word means punishment and wind, the plural word means blessing.
 Since human was born on the surface of the earth he thought about the changes of daily weather.
 Arabs took care of geography since pre-Islam period .
 Wind is told during Holy Qura’n as an evidence of deity, abenefit that leads to worship God, as the same as meaning of power, a force under the domination of prophet Suliman-peace be upon him, an evidence to prophet Yaagoab-peace be upon him-that the prophet Yousif- peace be upon him - was still living during that period, as exam that leads to faith and Allah frightened non-muslims by sending wind as a punishment, as an example to explain the wrong way that non-Muslims are going on and the useless of their gifts .
 And wind was told also during the Holy Qura’n as an evidence for returning of the life ٠ Al baath".
 
 
 
 
 
 

Sign Language to Sentence Formation: A Real Time Solution for Deaf People

Communication is a basic need of every human being to exchange thoughts and interact with the society. Acute peoples usually confab through different spoken languages, whereas deaf people cannot do so. Therefore, the Sign Language (SL) is the communication medium of such people for their conversation and interaction with the society. The SL is expressed in terms of specific gesture for every word and a gesture is consisted in a sequence of performed signs. The acute people normally observe these signs to understand the difference between single and multiple gestures for singular and plural words respectively. The signs for singular words such as I, eat, drink, home are unalike the plural words as school, cars, players. A special training is required to gain the sufficient knowledge and practice so that people can differentiate and understand every gesture/sign appropriately. Innumerable researches have been performed to articulate the computer-based solution to understand the single gesture with the help of a single hand enumeration. The complete understanding of such communications are possible only with the help of this differentiation of gestures in computer-based solution of SL to cope with the real world environment. Hence, there is still a demand for specific environment to automate such a communication solution to interact with such type of special people. This research focuses on facilitating the deaf community by capturing the gestures in video format and then mapping and differentiating as single or multiple gestures used in words. Finally, these are converted into the respective words/sentences within a reasonable time. This provide a real time solution for the deaf people to communicate and interact with the society.

ZHÂHIRAH AL-MAZJI AL-LUGHAWÎ FÎ MUJTAMA’ DZAWÎ AL-USHÛL AL-‘ARABIYAH FÎ INDONESIA: KUNHAHÂ WA MABNÂHÂ WA DALÂLATUHÂ

This article aims to discuss the phenomenon of code blending in society of Arab descent in Indonesia. By using ethnographic research methods, samples of data collected through direct personal interviews was analyzed. The results of the data analysis show that the phenomenon of code blending is rife in their conversations, something that is clearly visible in the mixing of Arabic with Indonesian. So that, they replace nouns with verbs, plural words with singular words, standard words with non-standard, and use the inflection Arabic for Indonesian and vice versa, so that the form and structure of the two languages are changed. This study also shows that this phenomenon is caused by a lack of mastery of Arabic and Indonesian by speakers, continuous communication in this way between families, because parents pass on Arabic and Indonesian vocabulary to their children and do not pass on their forms and structure of the sentence, or there is always the occurrence language contact in various situations such as schools and workplaces.

AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON STUDENTS’ TRANSLATION

The research is conducted to find out what types of errors the students do most in translating English into Indonesian and Indonesian into English in order to improve the quality of the teaching for Private University Students. The description of the data is made by the writer based on the errors the students made in translation. The errors are articles, plural words, pronoun, noun phrases, gerund, participles, tenses, and word choices. The methodology used in this research is a qualitative research using the students’ translation from English into Indonesian and Indonesian into English. The research found the most error made by the students in translation is word choices 33.18 % or 154 errors in translating English into Indonesian and tenses 48.73% or 135 errors in translating Indonesian into English. The least error found in the students’ translation was gerund 0.64% or 3 errors in English into Indonesian and 0.72% or 2 errors Indonesian into English

المثنى والجمع بین البناء والإعراب (دراسة نحویة)

يتناول هذا البحث دراسة المثنى والجمع في مباحث النحو العربي، من ناحيتي البناء والإعراب، فاستعرض البحث دراسة هذين الموضوعين في أربعةأبواب نحوية، وهي أسماء الإشارة، والأسماء الموصولة، وجملة (لا) النافية للجنس، وجملة النداء. استعرض البحث أيضا کتابات النحويين في عصور النحو المختلفة، واستکشف آراءهم وأدلتهم، وشواهدهم، موافقا لهم أحيانا، ومحاولا مقابلة بعض آرائهم برأي جديد معتمدا على شواهد العربية. وجاءت نتائج البحث مواتية، حققت هدف البحث، وفيها أوجزت ما انتهى إليه البحث من نتائج، وکان أبرز ما جاء بها تبني البحث نظرية الازدواج الإعرابي وسيلة لتفسير مواضع وقوع المثنى والجمع بين ظاهرتي البناء والإعراب. The Dual and Plural in between Inflection and Parsing A Syntactic Study By: Reem Bint Khalaf Bin Meften Alj'aed Department of Language, Syntax and Morphology Faculty of Arabic Language Um Al- Qura University Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Abstract This research studies the dual and Plural Words between inflection and Parsing in Arabic Syntax. The research displays this topic in four chapters: demonstrative Pronouns, relative Pronouns, La no negation of gender, and the vocative style. The research has also examined Arabic references along the history of Arabic Syntax to detect their reviews and evidence. The thesis sometimes follows and sometimes denounces the inherited views. The thesis tries to show evidence seeking proof of its attitude. The conclusion agreed with the scope of the thesis and the most important result was that the inflection duplication was a good means of illustration in many places regarding the dual and plural words between inflection and Parsing. Keywords: Muthanna dual, plural, inflection, syntax, sign, relative, inflectional pairing.

The Comparison of the Formation of Indonesian and Arabic Plural Meanings (Contrastive Analysis)

This study compares the process of forming plural words in Indonesian and Arabic to determine the similarities and differences in the markers of the two languages’ plural meaning through contrastive analysis studies. The data in this study are fragments of speech that are thought to contain plural meaning. They are taken from the source of data in the form of speech that contains plural meanings in the two languages’ books. The data are analyzed using the split method with the Direct Element Dividing technique and the equivalent method using the Determination Element Determination technique. This study indicates that the formation of plural languages in Indonesian and Arabic has similarities and differences in rules. The equation includes the addition of affixes, numeral, plural lexical meanings, and changes in pronouns. The differences in the rules of the formation of plural words of Indonesian and Arabic include reduplication, internal modification, the existence of dualistic forms, gender differences in words, case differences, and subject-predicate relationships.

Qillah: A Morphological Extension for Identifying Plural-of-Paucity Arabic Words

Plural of paucity is one type of broken plural used in the classical Arabic. It is used when the number of people or objects ranges from three to 10. Based on our evaluation of four current state-of-the-art Arabic morphological analyzers, there is a lack of identification of broken plural words, specifically the plural of paucity. Therefore, this paper presents Qillah (paucity), a morphological extension that is built on top of other morphological analyzers and uses a hybrid rule-based and lexicon-based approach to enhance the identification of plural of paucity. Two versions of the Qillah were developed, one is based on FARASA morphological analyzer and the other is based on CALIMA Star analyzer, as these are some of the best-performing morphological analyzers. We designed two experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed solution based on a collection of 402 different Arabic words. The version based on CALIMA Star achieved a maximum accuracy of 93% in identifying the plural-of-paucity words compared to the baselines. It also achieved a maximum accuracy of 98% compared to the baselines in identifying the plurality of the words.

THE DIFFICULTIES OF INDONESIAN STUDENTS IN LEARNING ENGLISH PLURAL FORM: CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS

A comparative analysis is needed between the two languages or known as contrastive analysis to identify their structural similarities and differences so that the material and methods of teaching will be appropriate. Further than that, this paper is aimed to give a clear understanding about how Indonesian differs from English in the sense of its language features, especially in plural form. It is known that the structure of the plural between English and Indonesian is different although some similarities were found. Indonesian learners will find it difficult to learn plural words because in terms of word formation, English and Indonesian are very different. The formation of plural words in English is through the process of affixation, while in Indonesian, the formation of plural is through reduplication and addition of quantifier and number. It is necessary to give more explanations and exercises to learn the plural of English because with a lot of practice, it is hoped that Indonesian learners will start to get used to the formation of the plurals.

GRAMMATICAL ERROR IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT AT SEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL IN CIMAHI

The purpose of this research is to find the type of grammatical error in students’ writing descriptive text made by the seventh graders of junior high school in Cimahi.The population consists of five classes, and we took 20 students to be sample. The study found out that the types of grammatical error are: Omission, Addition,Misformation and Misordering. The total of each type of error are: Omission 39.34%, Misordering 28.68%, Addition 18.03%, and Misformation 13.93%. Based on the research, it can be assumed that students usually miss to put a word like to be must appear in a well-formed sentence. And the lowest frequently of error is misformation, it is because in descriptive text there are rarely use plural words.

Love Stories: How Language Use Patterns Vary by Relationship Quality

ABSTRACTRomantic relationships vary in quality, and the purpose of the present investigation was to examine a wide scope of linguistic variables as possible markers of this variability. Ninety-six undergraduate students within committed romantic relationships were asked to write freely about their partnership, following which they reported on relationship qualities such as trust, love, and satisfaction. In addition, 87 partners reported on their perceptions of relationship closeness, and 88 participants completed at least 8 days of a daily diary protocol. The occurrence of positive emotion words predicted relationship satisfaction, and the use of first-person plural words predicted partner perceptions of closeness. Beyond such findings, relationship quality varied positively with linguistic certainty, inclusiveness, and expressiveness. Conversely, several findings point to linguistic variables, such as anxiety, that suggest inhibitory processes within the relationship. Altogether, the research extends our knowledge concerning the linguistic factors that differentiate high-quality relationships from less functional ones.

Preschoolers’ developing comprehension of the plural: The effects of number and allomorphic variation

Previous intermodal preferential looking (IPL) studies have found that children learning English acquire knowledge of plural allomorphs incrementally. The segmental plural /-s/ (e.g., cats) is understood at 24 months of age, whereas the syllabic plural /-əz/ (e.g., buses) is not comprehended until 36 months. Production studies also show ongoing challenges with the syllabic plural /-əz/, suggesting a prolonged weaker representation for this allomorph. IPL studies also suggest that children do not understand the singular, which has no overt marking, until 36 months of age. However, the status of children’s developing representations of the singular has been largely unstudied. The current study, therefore explored 116 3- and 4-year-olds’ developing comprehension of novel singular and plural words, where the plurals were inflected with segmental and syllabic plural allomorphs. Results found that children were equally proficient at identifying novel plurals of both allomorph types, increasing accuracy with age. However, children’s accuracy with novel singulars did not increase with age, raising questions about the representation of null morphology. Children’s equal accuracy across plural allomorphs is more consistent with rule-based models of morphological representation than those proposing morphology as an emergent property of the lexicon. However, neither model completely accounts for the developmental differences found between singular and plural.