Plural Research Articles

Narrating the past on fairer terms: approaches to building multicultural public memory

ABSTRACT Public memory serves as a foundation for national identity, so struggles to balance respect for difference with the need for common ground emerge repeatedly in struggles over how to remember the public past. Cultural pluralism and multiculturalism tend to articulate a politics of difference in which inequities are identified but common ground proves elusive. Yet, documentaries by African American filmmakers commemorating the 25th anniversary of the 1992 Los Angeles riots suggest ways of narrating the public past on fairer terms that accept difference while recognizing mutuality. Produced by the dominant white culture, LA92 uses an omniscient perspective and simple characterizations to label and denounce incompetence and villainy, suggesting a form of cultural pluralism in which identity groups live side by side, barely tolerating their inherent differences. In contrast, LA Burning and Let It Fall, films grounded in African American cultural traditions of intersectionality and double consciousness, address the tensions of cultural pluralism by integrating diverse perspectives without marginalizing any of them. Rather than distinguishing good from bad people, they distinguish just from unjust social relationships, establishing the possibility of multicultural public memory.

Light Verb Constructions as Means of Expressing Semelfactive/Multiplicative Meanings in J.K. Rowling’s Discourse (on the basis of novels ‘Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone’ and ‘Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets’)

The article discusses the problem of light verb constructions in contemporary English on the basis of novels ‘Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone’ and ‘Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets’ by J.K. Rowling. We (the authors) state that most of light verb constructions denote either semelfactive or multiplicative meanings within the framework of Smith’s (1997) theory of aspect in which five situation types, namely states, activities, achievements, accomplishments, and semelfactives are distinguished. The aspectual meaning of a light verb construction is concentrated in its nominal component which can be proved by the existence of for, with-phrases like for a better look, where the verbal component is omitted. The singular of the deverbal noun indicates a semelfactive meaning, whereas the plural form expresses a multiplicative one. The verbal component in such constructions may be represented by ‘light’ verbs such as take, have, make, do, give or ‘heavy’ verbs like cast, draw, shoot etc. The qualitative characteristics of light verb constructions can be intensified by prepositive and postpositive modifiers such as quick, short, sharp etc. On the basis of novels ‘Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone’ and ‘Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets’ by J.K. Rowling 97 and 115 light verb constructions have been singled out and analyzed respectively. The results of the research contribute to the study of verbal plurality in English.

“Negotiated Coexistence”: Indian and Chinese Engagement in the Global Governance of Peacebuilding

Abstract A much-discussed theme in international relations is how emerging powers will engage with the declining liberal world order and its various governance regimes. This article examines the engagement of emergent powers with the regime of “peacebuilding.” Empirically, it examines the interaction between India and China, with liberal peacebuilding projects in the peace processes of Nepal and Myanmar respectively. Departing from the theory that emergent powers either displace, or converge with, the liberal world order, this article argues that emergent powers have a “negotiated coexistence” with liberal peacebuilders. Despite competing motivations, this “coexistence” of liberal peacebuilders and emergent powers is negotiated, first, by the agency of conflict-affected states, who invoke plural forms of international engagement, to gain strategic advantage, and secondly, by limited interaction between the two, given the differences in their priorities and modalities of engagement. The differences ensure that emergent powers operate in parallel, yet distinctly, from peacebuilders, rarely crossing each other's path. This limited interaction not only prevents this coexistence from degenerating into instances of potential contestation but also inhibits cooperation. Yet, when emergent powers view their economic and strategic interests being threatened by norms and practices of liberal peacebuilding projects, few instances of contestation emerge.

Practical Prosody: New Hope for Teaching German Plurals

AbstractGerman plural formation appears unsystematic and largely arbitrary to many second language (L2) learners. While some approaches have attempted to identify patterns and rules to help L2 learners (e.g., Anton et al., 2017; Di Donato & Clyde, 2020; Kraiss, 2014), one central observation from linguistic analysis has been absent from pedagogical advances: German plurals show a strong tendency to end in a syllabic trochee (e.g., Wegener, 1999; Wiese, 2000, 2001, 2009). This article seeks to bridge the gap between linguistic insights and L2 pedagogy by presenting an instructional approach integrating the trochee. We provide support for this approach based on an exploratory study comparing two groups of L2 speakers that both received several suffix‐predicting rules for specific word endings and completed controlled practice exercises on plurals. Crucially, only one group received additional instruction on the prosodic pattern of German plurals. While both groups made gains, the prosodic training group showed a greater increase in confidence and accuracy in plural formation, particularly among lower‐proficiency speakers. The prosodic training group also produced more trochaic plurals for nonce words, thus responding more like native speakers. Overall, we suggest that this linguistically‐informed strategy might help students learn plurals more effectively by delimiting suffix options based on prosody.

The Charism of the Christian Left

Through ethnography of recent peaceful dissent by Catholic and Protestant activists, life histories, and a reading of a postcolonial archive of contextually grounded liberation theology, I explore the theopolitics of grace that fuels the habits and habitus of Sri Lanka’s ecumenical left. Pluralistic and indigenised forms of Christianity emerged in the era of decolonisation and nationalisation and were emboldened by Vatican II. Distinguishing ecumenical Christian pluralism from evangelical Christian expansion in the region, this article historicises Cold War religiosity, drawing out ‘bi-polar’ contrasts of politically left and right forms of Christian grace. In doing so, I situate religious pluralism within the convulsive era of class and ethnic-based insurrections in Sri Lanka. Analysing the ‘catholicity’, civic nationalism, and post-nationalist self-conceptions held by Sri Lanka’s Christian left, I argue that the ‘something extra’ of grace can be fruitfully understood as the cultural accretions and theo-political formations that accrue through localised emplacements of global Christianity.

Historical development of the category of the number of nouns in Armenian-Kypchak written monuments

The question of the category of number belongs to the category of topical and controversial issues of the theoretical grammar of the Turkic languages, as evidenced by the abundance of works on this problem that have accumulated over many decades. The study of this grammatical category is closely related to the history of the study of the Turkic languages. Moreover, it has ancient traditions. Each of the ancient plural forms had its own characteristics, origin, features of use, periods of use. Assuming that some outdated suffixes served productively in the ancient Turkic period, it can be noted that these forms existed even before the existence of the Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions. That is, the plural is formed from one word at a time unknown to history. The affixes of the category of the number of nouns are considered at the level of the Turkic proto-language, as well as affixes in the monuments of the Middle Ages, the Armenian-Kypchak monuments in the given article. Aspects of the historical development of the noun category in the language of monuments are also considered in comparison with the ancient Türkic medieval monuments, in particular the Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions – Kultegin (Big inscription, Small inscription), Tonikok monuments written during the Karakhanid period (X-XII) in the language of M.Kashgari works «Divani lugat-it Turk», one of the ancient Uyghur inscriptions in the language of the Yugineka epic «Hibat-ul Hakik» («Gift of Truth») (XI-XII), the monument «Codex Kumanikus» (XIII-XIV), written in the language of the Kuman Kipchaks, the monument «Kitab at-tuhfat uz-zakiyat fil-lugat-atturkiya» written in the language of the Mamluk Kipchaks (XIV). In addition, the ancient Turkic, medieval categories of nouns are studied in comparison with modern Turkic languages, identifying established forms and development. Key words: category of number, noun, history, development, written monuments.

The Status of the Derivative Adjective Forms in the Lexicon: Evidence on Pseudo Default Patterns

This paper investigates the applicability of the plural masculine suffix /-i:n/ as a default inflection marker to nouns having an irregular inflection plural form with /-i:n/ suffix marker. The data taken from Jordanian Arabic (JA) derivatives show that the notion canonical root has a substantial role in the emergence of such a default inflection. The findings also show that there is a tendency for the suffix /-i:n/ to be the marking default as an apparent form among other possible forms in JA despite the fact that they fall outside the ubiquitous regularity domain. These results provide strong evidence on the existence of multiple default systems in JA in addition to the Sound Feminine Plural marker with /a:t/. Finally, these findings conform to the symbolic accounts that rely upon computational mechanisms for the emergence of the default patterns. The findings also draw attention to the systematic suffixes that the derivative forms have /-a:n/ and thus motivate more predictions to the status of the inflected form bearing pseudo default features. Keywords: Pseudo default, Default Patterns, JA, Canonical Root, Symbolic Mechanism, Single Mechanism.

Plural forms and dual distribution: the “external” party’s perspective and the role of path dependency

Plural forms and dual distribution: the “external” party’s perspective and the role of path dependency

A study on the Nominal Plural forms in early middle English

Nominal plural forms were not common in old English. Old English noun usually inflected as a strong neuter, the plural form being win. The s – form in the text is perhaps one of the earliest instances of transfer to –s and comes straight down to later periods, seeing that the s – form is the only accepted plural. The second point is s – ending extends to historically unexpected classes of nouns. Examples are burgas, degles, feondas, Rondas, hoses etc. The number of nouns that transferred to – s may not be very large, but the examples show that this is a preliminary stage to the further development in early Middle English. The present nominal plural forms describe how the old English changed into early Middle English.

Predicting the Use of Land Resources and Planning Issues

Prognostication and planning of proper using of soil resources is essential for any country especially for developing country like Georgia. Economic development of the country totally depends on rational and effective organization and use of soil resources potential. It significantly determines the role and functions of prognostication and planning of land ownership and pluralistic forms conditions. The author on basis of her scientific research suggests her own proposals for prognostication and planning of soil resources of Georgia. Forecasting and planning process is complex and includes various types of forecasting, such as: social, economic, environmental, demographic, etc. Predicting the use of land resources is based on scientific calculations on the possibility of using the resources. As for planning, it reflects the prospects for the use of land resources. Land is a national treasure and its rational and efficient use is of strategic importance. Predicting and planning the use of land resources during the transition to market relations in the country was not given due attention. Accounting and registration of land resources is still unregulated. Production of the State Land Fund balance has been suspended since 2005. Therefore, changes in the structure of the land fund, including structural transformational changes in agricultural land, are not specified. During the period of economic reforms, the tendency of misuse of land was revealed. The severe social background in the country has contributed to the deteriorating demographic situation. In fact, the system of training qualified personnel has collapsed. The socio-economic situation of the country should be taken into account when planning the use of land resources. In particular, the reasons that led to the existing acute socio-economic problems, including the sharp reduction of agricultural land areas, should be studied. Rational and efficient use of agricultural lands should always be a priority for the development of the country. It depends not only on the food security of the population of the country, but also on the formation of the sectoral structure of the national economy (development of adjacent sectors of agricultural production, etc.). The article offers suggestions (recommendations) on improving the forecasting and planning of land use in Georgia. Keywords: Prognosis; Planning; Complexity; Consolidation; General scheme; State soil fund.

Some observations on the language of Linear A

Abstract Examination of the Linear A texts confirms that - the language of Linear A is probably only one (§ 1); - the alternation a-/ja- in a-sa-sa-ra-me/ja-sa-sa-ra-me etc. is likely due to the presence of a prefix i/j- and not to a laryngeal or a graphic variant (§ 2); - the sequence -i-*301- of a-ta-i-*301-wa-ja and variants is probably a verbal root (§§ 3-4); - (j)a-sa-sa-ra-me probably means ‘gift, homage’ vel. sim. (but not necessarily ‘sacred’) and not ‘offering’ (§ 5); - the prefix i/j- probably has the function of an article and i-na- could be its plural form (§ 6). More generally, convincing arguments have already been put forward which strongly suggest that the language of Linear A is probably neither Indo-European nor Semitic (Afro-Asiatic), nor an ergative language such as Hurro-Urartian (§ 7).

Transtocar, Three Fragments

Tra<i>n</i>stocar, Three Fragments

THE PLURAL OF A FEW IN THE «AL– MUFASSAL FI SAN’ATI-L-I’RAB»

In this article, the methods of considering the plural of a few in the Arabic language of the outstanding linguist of the Middle Ages Mahmud Zamakhshary are involved in the analysis. In addition, the author considers the points of view on this issue of the founder of the theoretical grammar of the Arabic language, the famous representative of the early Middle Ages Sibawaihi and other linguists. In the Arabic language, the grammatical section “ism” is characterized by the category of number, which is represented by single, dual, and plural (regular and broken form) forms. The plural is used when more than two objects or persons are meant. The plural in Arabic divides into the following two large groups: 1) the correct plural form; 2) a broken plural form. “The plural is divisible into the plural of a few and the plural of many. The plural of a few are words for up to ten items. These include words formed according to .أثواب «أجربة, غلمة , - for exampleافعل أفعال فعلة the patterns In addition, these include words formed with waw-nun and alif-ta.” All remaining patterns are used for plurals of many. Regular masculine and feminine plurals are used for plurals of a few. In Arabic linguistics, there are such concepts as “jam’ akbar”, “jam’ asgar” and “jam’u-l-jam’”.

A Contrastive Analysis of Pluralisation of Nouns in English and Ikwerre (Omuanwa): Implications for the Second Language Learner

Human language is rule-governed. These rules are innate in the native speakers and vary from one language to another. The variations in the morphological and syntactic structures in languages pose difficulties to the second language learner in the target language. This paper therefore, examines and contrasts the plural formation of nouns in English and Ikwerre (Omuanwa) with a view to identifying the morphological and syntactic structural differences associated with pluralisation which may pose difficulty to the second language learner. The theoretical framework adopted is Contrastive Analysis (CA). This paper revealed that there is an overwhelming difference between plural formation of nouns in English and Ikwerre (Omuanwa) as English plural markers are suffixes while Ikwerre plural markers are prefixes. While English is full of irregularities and a lot of exceptions to given rules of pluralisation, most nouns in Ikwerre form their plurals by using plural markers which are free morphemes before the host. This paper therefore, recommends that second language learners of English whose first language is Ikwerre should make conscious effort to learn the plurals of words in English the way they are, so as to use the correct plural forms of words in English sentences.

Pendampingan Penggunaan Teknologi Media dan Internet Bagi Pengurus Bumdes Teratai Indah Desa Nanti Agung Ilir Talo Kabupaten Seluma

Technology is not limited to one particular field, or to a product, but can be in the form of materials and methods or techniques. While the word "media", the plural form of the word medium, comes from Latin which literally means intermediary or introduction. Media is an intermediary or delivery of messages from the sender to the recipient of the message. , the media shows as a means of communication such as television, radio, and newspapers. The term media is also used as an agent for news reports or news. The method used in this community service uses a pattern method or system of action for the Management of Bumdes Teratai Indah, Later Agung Ilir Village, Talo, Seluma Regency. The implementation of this activity went smoothly without significant obstacles. Participants can take part in activities both online and offline.

STUDENTS’ GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING THE PARAGRAPHS OF ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

This research aimed to determine the grammatical problems found in students’ argumentative essays. The type of research used was descriptive research and the data source of this research was argumentative essays written by English Department students. Research data were collected by giving writing assignments and coding sheets. The collected data were grouped based on the research objectives, then described and analyzed to get the actual facts. The research findings showed that some of the grammatical problems that were often faced by students in writing argumentative essays were subject-predicate compatibility, verb forms, verb tenses, plural forms, and word formation errors as well as problems in the use of conjunctions, auxiliary modals and the use of personal subjects. In conclusion, the students still do not understand the concept of grammar well, and it will be difficult for them to produce a good argumentative essay.&#x0D;

INVESTIGATING THE USE OF OLD ENGLISH "SECOND PRONOUN" IN ROMEO AND JULIET MOVIE 1996 BY BAZ LUHRMANN AS CORPUS LINGUISTICS STUDY

This corpus linguistics study is to identify the use of the second pronoun in Romeo and Juliet Movie 1996 by Baz Luhrmann adapted from William Shakespeare's Novel. This movie is about the forbidden love between Romeo and Juliet because of family problems. The beauty of old English is interchangeable especially in literature. English underwent several changes. This change also affects the use of the second pronoun. The development of the pronoun has been a general process, which shows the variations available in what is considered a closed system. Based on Ernest Klein (1966), eight forms of second personal pronouns used by Shakespeare: the singular forms are Thou, Thee, Thy, and the plural forms are Ye, You, Your, and Yours. The objectives of the study are: (1) to identify the use of Old English “second pronoun” in Romeo and Juliet Movie 1996 by Baz Luhrmann adapted from William Shakespeare's Novel; and (2) to know which Old English “second pronoun” is higher and why. This research uses the descriptive qualitative method. The result of the research shows that the movie used old English of second-person pronouns You, Thou, Thee, Thy, Thee, and Thine as a singular pronoun. Based on the findings, the Romeo and Juliet Movie 1996 by Buz Luhrmann adapted from William Shakespeare's novel still uses Old English of second-person pronoun.

From “Best” to Situated and Relational: Notes Toward a Decolonizing Praxis

ABSTRACT This article discusses the continuing impact of settler proprietorship, or the state of owning and the right to own in a settler colonial context, in US professionalized oral history. Specifically, it focuses on three dimensions that demonstrate the linkages between settler proprietorship and established guidelines recognized as “best practices” in oral history: the multiscalar meaning of ownership; the oral history as an “open” and “discoverable” product; and the archive as repository. Centering the multifaceted work of Indigenous, women of color, and feminist oral historians and scholars, and drawing on my teaching and research as a guide, this article also considers how practitioners have long enacted plural forms of oral history that are in tension with, or depart from, these existing guidelines. Thus, I consider what is possible when we shift our focus from reproducing a singular standard of principles to acknowledging the multiple ways of practicing that already ground the labor of oral historians committed to decolonizing forms of (un)learning.

The coloniality of time in the global justice debate: de-centring Western linear temporality

ABSTRACT Differences between, and struggles over, plural forms of time and temporal categories is a crucial yet underexplored aspect of debates about global justice. This article aims to reorient the global justice debate towards the question of time by, first of all, critically problematising the coloniality of the Western temporal assumptions underlying the literature, and furthermore by stressing the need to account for the plurality of time. I argue that in the global justice debate, the implicitly racialised teleological narrative of linear time is particularly prevalent in the discourse on development as well as the debate on historical injustices. In order to avoid the epistemic violence resulting from the uncritical acceptance of Western temporal frameworks as universally valid, global normative theorising needs to move reflections on time to the centre of their considerations. This article suggests that relational theory offers pertinent resources for making sense of alternative ways of narrating, conceptualising, and experiencing temporality. The article encourages a conversation between Western and non-Western relational approaches, proposing the temporal dimension of feminist as well as African ubuntu thought as particularly promising starting points for contesting the epistemological privilege of analytic approaches dominating the global justice literature.

Old Canaan in a New World: Native Americans and the Lost Tribes of Israel

Old Canaan in a New World: Native Americans and the Lost Tribes of Israel