Plural Research Articles

Changes in the grammatical norms of the number in proper and foreign names of shoes

Footwear and its various models are primarily the subject of study in merchandising; however, for linguistics, it is an equally interesting object of research in synchronous and diachronic aspects. In particular, the grammatical characteristics of footwear nouns have not yet been the subject of separate research. The plural form of the noun ʻfootwearʼ is more commonly used in modern linguistic practice, determined by the significance, for human existence, of the semantics of a com- plete pair of footwear. The singular form of the noun name ʻfootwearʼ is less common, as it disrupts the integrity of the concept of a ʻfootwear pairʼ with the semantics of an ʻindi vi- dualizedʼ object. The choice of the number form of footwear nouns as a register is deter- mined by different principles of compiling lexicographical publications and their distinct purposes: explanatory dictionaries prioritize the meaning of an unanalyzed plural, while re- gis ters prioritize the plural form of the noun expressing the semantics of a type of footwear. In orthographic dictionaries, the indication of another numerical form represents the inflec- tional component of the number category of fixed nouns in this semantic group. The grammatical significance of the number in the core of footwear names consists of nouns with a numeral pair, where the codification of the singular form is conditioned by the proportional origin of lexemes and the completion of the grammatical assimilation of foreigh lexemes. Lexicographical sources inconsistently record the singular form of footwear nouns from the core sphere. The change in the grammatical qualification of some footwear names from ʻpluralia tantumʼ to ʻgrammatical significance of singular and pluralʼ attests to the dynamics of morphological norms in contemporary Ukrainian language in general and the process of grammatical adaptation of predominantly foreigh lexemes in particular. However, more often, discrepancies in the printed and ele ctronic dictionaries regarding the grammatical number of nouns from the core sphere of footwear (either plural nouns or nouns with a numeral pair) are caused by subjective factors. The periphery consists of ʻpluralia tantumʼ nouns, most of which are of foreign origin and only make up a part of the lexical composition of the Ukrainian language. The infre- quent functioning of singular forms of nouns from the peripheral sphere in modern speech indicates the incompleteness of their grammatical adaptation. Predominantly foreigh foot- wear names that are not represented in any of the analyzed dictionaries reside outside the delineated spheres, and their use in the plural form in the texts of the 16th version of the Ukrainian National Corpus (HRAK) and in advertising posts on the social network ʻInstagramʼ illustrate the beginning of grammatical adaptation to the morphological norms of the modern Ukrainian language. We see the perspective of research in studying the dynamics of grammatical assimila- tion primarily of those footwear names that are only included in the lexical system of the Ukrainian language and have the grammatical status of ʻpluralia tantumʼ nouns, predomi- nantly used in modern speech either exclusively or mostly in the plural form, with the sin- gular form of these nouns not recorded in any lexicographical publication. The observa- tion of changes in the grammatical number of those footwear names whose singular form is not codified, as it is inconsistently represented in dictionaries, also remains relevant. Keywords: number category, noun, footwear name, pluralia tantum, nu me ral pair, parsed plu- ral, unparsed plural, dynamics, dictionary.

Old Norse Heimr ʻWorldʼ and its Toponymic Derivatives in the Poetic Edda

The article examines the mythopoetic concept of the ‘world’ (Old Norse heimr) and its derivatives — toponyms with the suffix -heimr in the Poetic Edda. It involves a thorough analysis of their meanings and their significance in the Eddic mythopoetic framework. The methodology for studying this lexical unit and its derivatives is based on a thesaurus description of folk terminology, alongside an exploration of polysemy within epic texts and lexicological investigations of key concepts in the Rigveda. Employing an integrated approach, the analysis considers various factors such as statistical distribution, grammatical case paradigms, syntactical functions of predicates, etymology to understand semantic motivations, mythology to reveal connections to mythological elements, poetic devices like alliteration and repetitions, and the relationship between linguistic signs and referents in the extralinguistic world. The predominance of singular forms (28) over plural forms (8) suggests two significant points: the existence of multiple worlds in the Eddic mythopoetic model initially, and an evolutionary progression from a collection of similar objects towards a unified whole. This semantic evolution is exemplified by the transition from ‘dwellings of giants’ (plural iǫtna heimar) to ‘Dwelling of giants’ = ‘World of Giants’ (singular Iǫtun-heimr). The Old Norse term heimr is associated with the universal world model depicted as a world tree (nine worlds = nine roots of Iggdrasill in Völuspá). It contributes to the construction of the Eddic chronotope in which the world tree, along with its roots (representing worlds), is described as located “under the earth,” signifying its origin. It also demonstrates temporalization, being linked with the temporal concept of age (Old Norse ƍld) and exhibits anthropocentric orientation.

«Правила словацкого правописания» (1940) и стабилизация норм словацкого литературного языка

The article deals with the reasons behind the appearance of the Slovak Spelling Rules of 1940, the most important changes introduced in the codification of the Slovak literary language, and their significance in the development of the language. The need to develop new spelling rules arose immediately after the publication of the Slovak Spelling Rules of 1931, which were not accepted by the majority of Slovak intelligentsia, who perceived them as the first stage on the way to the absorption of the Slovak language by the Czech one. The new rules were prepared mainly by the leader of the purist movement in Slovakia, H. Bartek, who completed his work in 1939. That version, however, was not approved by the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic and was sent for revision. The Rules were published the following year in a modified form and affected the morphology, lexical composition, and orthography of the Slovak literary language. Among the most important changes were the unification of the -l participles in plural forms, a significant reduction of doublet forms by abolishing forms coinciding with the Czech language, the written marking of actually pronounced long vowels in words of foreign origin, the removal from the literary language of a number of lexemes common with Czech, and others. Practically all the changes made contributed to the stabilization of the Slovak literary language norms and were confirmed in the subsequent Slovak Spelling Rules of 1953. Moreover, in 1953 even the proposals of H. Bartek rejected in 1940 were adopted.

Реальный, иллюзорный и вымышленный правовой плюрализм

Introduction. The relevance of this work is due to the ongoing discussion regarding the existence of various forms of legal pluralism and the ambiguous attitude to the plurality of systems (subsystems of law) within the framework of jurisprudence. In this regard, it is necessary to distinguish the real situations of legal pluralism from illusions and fictions that are found in scientific and near-scientific literature. Methodology. Dialectics, comparative method, formal-logical method, system approach, analysis and synthesis have formed the research base. Results. The statements about the coexistence of various legal systems in society are presented and analyzed. The reasons for the existence of such representations are revealed. Conclusion. The article proves that legal pluralism is a real, albeit ambiguous phenomenon. The opinion is refuted, according to which legal pluralism either does not exist at all, or can only be evaluated negatively. At the same time, its scale and significance are often exaggerated due to representations that are defined as illusory and (or) fictitious legal pluralism. In the first case, it is the result of the illusions of the researchers themselves (thinkers) or a purposeful attempt to generate such an illusion from third parties. In the second, these are artistic descriptions of clearly fictional state-legal systems. Social reality and erroneous judgments about it, the fruits of imagination should be distinguished. At the same time, persistent delusions and fantasies can be non-random, socially conditioned, and perform certain functions in society.

Spanish Translation and Cultural Adaptations of Physical Therapy Parent Educational Materials for Use in Neonatal Intensive Care.

A paucity of Spanish language, culturally relevant parent education materials in the healthcare setting results in suboptimal care for Latinx families and further perpetuates health disparities. The purpose of this article is to describe the process for Spanish translation and cultural adaptations to parent education materials of a parent-centered physical therapy program designed to support maternal mental health and infant development during Neonatal Intensive Care (NICU). Two bilingual physical therapy (PT) students translated educational materials from English to Spanish and were proofread by a professional translator. Next, we conducted a materials review with 5 members of the Latine Community Review Board (CRB), a "standing" advisory group of natively Spanish-speaking, Latine North Carolinians who contract with research teams under the coordination of the Inclusive Science Program (ISP) of the North Carolina Translational and Clinical Sciences Institute (NC TraCS). Review session recruitment, facilitation, and data analysis were conducted by bilingual NC TraCS project managers and the primary investigator for the main feasibility study. Readability analyses were performed at the final stage of translation and adaptation. Themes from CRB review sessions for improvement included to 1) use parent-friendly language, 2) use the plural masculine form of gendered language for caregivers to include all gender identities in this neonatal context, 3) address challenges with direct translation, and 4) use written education materials to supplement in-person, hands-on training with parents and their infants.All translated materials received a grade level of 5 on the Crawford grade-level index. Based on CRB feedback and readability analysis, the translation and cultural-adaptation process resulted in comprehensible written parent education materials for Spanish-speaking families. Review meetings with the CRB reinforced the need for Spanish materials in the healthcare setting. Further assessment of these materials with Spanish-speaking families in the NICU setting is needed.

Plurality and identity: on the educational relations between chemistry and physics

We present an approach to the question of the educational relations between chemistry and physics based on the one hand, on an inferentialist account of scientific representation (Suárez M., (2024), Inference and Representation. A Study in Modelling Science, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press). On the other, we have drawn on the notion of science identities, as is currently used in science education. We argue that the representational practices of chemistry are the key competencies for the development of a chemistry identity. We extrapolate this conclusion to physics. The problem of representational plurality, that is, that some objects can be represented divergently in these sciences is thus linked to that of identity plurality, to the question of whether it is possible for a person to simultaneously hold a chemistry and a physics identity. We study the educational implications of this situation within the framework of Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural pedagogy to conclude that the difficulties inherent to representational plurality in chemistry and physics are sociological: university degrees are built around a single, well-defined, identity, thus tending to exclude any form of plurality that compromises this uniformity. As an application of these conclusions, we have studied the question of the introduction of the quantum description of molecules in chemistry education at an undergraduate level. We conclude that this introduction should not be based on the molecular orbitals approach but, instead, on the valence bond method.

REVIEW: Green Morocco Plan and Moroccan legislation for the socioeconomic and sustainable development of agricultural cooperatives: Challenges and prospects

Since its inception, the Green Morocco Plan (MGP) has set as its overriding objective a strong territorial anchoring to enhance agricultural potential and make agriculture an engine of modern, competitive and inclusive economic and social development. The MGP has been designed according to the principles of sustainable agriculture and affects the plural form of all players, particularly professional agricultural organizations of all kinds. It is a national strategy that, among other things, targets socioeconomic development through several mechanisms to accompany and support the cooperative fabric. During the first years of implementation of the Green Morocco Plan, Law 112-12 governing cooperatives were enacted. Against this backdrop, we present the challenges and prospects of the government's strategy to boost agricultural cooperatives and the impact of Moroccan legislation on the development of this promising sector.

Anita Heiss’ Tiddas – A Story of True Friendship and Sisterhood: A Critical Study

Dr Anita Heiss’ Tiddas (2014) is one of the best chick lit novels ever written by any Aboriginal writer in Australia. The very name “tiddas” is an Aboriginal term which is used specially by the Northern Australians. So it is a general term used among the Aboriginal people which meant sisters or exceptional women in life. As a grammatical particle the word “tiddas” is the plural form of “tidda”. In most of the novels, written by Dr Anita Heiss, women are the major protagonists. In Avoiding Mr Right (2006) Alice Aigner is the main protagonist who represents the whole Aboriginal society and the condition of the Aboriginal women in the White centric culture. In Not Meeting Mr Right (2007) she confirms that because of the contemporary cultural miserliness and social degradation the Aboriginal women were absolutely exploited. Even they were unable to choose a Mr Right as their permanent life partner in their real life situation. Even the novel Tiddas acclaimed a huge popularity which the author herself admitted in the Author Note of the novel that she was extraordinarily energized about the edition of Tiddas which corresponds with the premiere of the stage adaption of the novel. Even she herself admits that I've still got lots of friends there and family. I've never had a bad time in Canberra, I love it there. It even featured in one of my books, Manhattan Dreaming." However, as far as the name of the novel Tiddas (2024) is concerned it absolutely a story of true friendship and sisterhood. It is the most enjoyable and human story dealing with historical and contemporary Aboriginal issues.

Eclecticism and Unity in Diversity – Analysing the integration and application of modern technology in theatre arts

In today's rapid development of science and technology, almost every aspect of our life has a very close relationship with modern technology, especially in the creation of art is more and more inseparable from the aid of modern technology. As a large branch of artistic creation, stage art design is a comprehensive art, involving scene design, lighting, sound effects, costumes, make-up, props, special effects and many other aspects of its more inclusive. This paper starts from the use of modern science and technology in stage art design, and analyses how stage art design can be unified under the diverse and pluralistic forms of expression.

Orthographic and Morphological Variation of Loanwords in the Arabic Vernaculars

The present article discusses the key orthographic and morphological modifications that Anglicisms and Gallicisms undergo beyond their adaptation in various Arabic vernaculars. At the level of orthography, the spelling of words with a two-consonant beginning, compound nouns and abbreviations is analyzed. The range of analyzed morphological categories includes gender and number for nouns, voice and mood for verbs. The need for a study is due to insufficient information about the above aspects of the adaptation of borrowings in Arabic dialects. For a detailed comparative analysis of various approaches to spelling and morphological adaptation, the author uses a questionnaire targeted for the dialect speakers. Based on the answers of 206 respondents from 18 Arab countries, it is concluded that the loanwords introduced via Arabic script preserve the source-language orthography. Borrowed abbreviations in participants’ answers mostly become acronyms. As for the gender of nouns, the participants tend to determine this morphological category relying on semantic analogy and phonetic similarity of endings. In matters of plural formation, suffixation remains the most popular way. However, in the case of inanimate nouns, up to a third of participants’ responses contain broken plurals. An analysis of borrowed verbs showed differences in the approaches of Arabic speakers from the Arab West and East in the adaptation of English and French lemmas and their subsequent conjugation. This circumstance allows us to conclude that the variability in adaptation is related to extralinguistic factors inherent in certain Arabic-speaking communities.

The Phonological Process in the Plurality of Pashto Nouns

This research aims to provide a comprehensive representation of the intricate phonological processes involved in Pashto noun pluralization. The study focuses on identifying these phonological processes, examining the patterns of plural formation, and understanding their implications for Pashto's phonological structure. To obtain the objectives of the study, the researchers collected the data from the native speakers of Pashto especially joined the elders. Along with this, the data were collected from Pashto books, magazines and dictionaries followed by the discussion of experts. The finding of the study showed that Pashto carries complicated pluralization of noun phonologically. It revealed that there are nouns having single pattern, two patterns, three patterns, four patterns and some nouns even don’t carry plural form. This complexity underscores Pashto's versatility conveying precise meanings and contextual differences through diverse pluralization forms, distinguishing it from other languages.

Chamling and English Possessive Pronouns: A Contrastive Analysis

This study aims to explore and compare the Chamling possessive pronouns with English possessive pronouns. Data on possessive pronouns in the Chamling language were collected from seven native speakers and compared to English possessive pronouns gathered from secondary sources. The contrastive analysis of Chamling and English possessive pronouns reveals differences in number, position, and gender. Chamling possessive pronoun consists of inclusive, and exclusive systems, according to the involvement of the addressees, whereas the English possessive pronoun does not have such a system. In addition, the Chamling possessive pronoun comprises singular, dual, and plural forms, however, the English possessive pronoun consists of only singular and plural systems. The number of Chamling possessive pronouns is more than that of English, with ten and six respectively. English pronouns are used in the initial position as the subject and the final position as the object of the sentences, whereas Chamling possessive pronouns never occur in these positions. In English, the third-person singular possessive pronoun has gender distinctions with "his" for masculine and "hers" for feminine. However, Chamling's possessive pronoun does not have such distinctions.

Kadın Dergilerinde Toplumsal Cinsiyet İdeolojilerine Yönelik Bir Söylem Çözümlemesi

Women’s magazines are a means to create and reproduce women identity through emphasizing particular topics like fashion, beauty, love and horoscopes. In this sense, they convey some ideological messages – mostly cultural and gender-biased. Using critical discourse analysis method of Van Dijk (2001), this study intends to compare the social and linguistic patterns of love and sexual themes in horoscopes in women’s magazines in three cultures – English, German and Turkish. The data were collected from 2023 yearly horoscopes published in online women's magazines in three languages. The macro level analysis showed that in all three languages, horoscopes highlighted the place of love in women's self-improvement. German and English horoscopes reflected women as equal, independent, self-confident, and strong individuals, while Turkish horoscopes conveyed a more conservative perspective on love, partnership, and sexuality, emphasizing traditional gender roles and perpetuating stereotypes. Regarding the micro level of the analysis, left and right dislocation were frequently found in the German horoscopes, compared to Turkish and English ones. Questions and imperatives were mostly applied pattern in the three language. The employment of plural and singular forms of you pronoun and the lexical strategies used to address readers showed variations in Turkish, German, and English horoscopes.

Address forms in Tatar spoken in Finland and Estonia

Abstract Tatar minorities have lived in Finland and Estonia as a multilingual diaspora for more than a century. This study explores how the different generations of Tatars living in Finland and Estonia perceive polite forms of address, focusing on the choice of informal and formal second-person pronouns and the use of kinship terms. The research material includes 7 h 20 min of semi-structured interviews conducted with nine Tatars from Finland and ten Tatars from Estonia. The results suggest a parallel tendency of variation in the address forms among the Finnish and Estonian Tatar minorities. Specifically, the Tatars in Finland are more likely to use sin, the second-person singular form (T-form), than the Estonian Tatars. This is similar to Finnish, where the T-form is more extensively used than in Estonian and Russian, which are the main contact languages of Tatar in Estonia. The results also propose that Finnish and Estonian Tatar diaspora members use kinship terms less as a polite form of address and accept being addressed by their first name. However, in standard Tatar, it is perceived to be impolite to address the interlocutor by only their first name without a kinship term or title. Many of the participants were also aware of these pluriareal differences in the use of T-forms and the use of Sez, the second-person plural form (V-form), and kinship terms in Tatar, suggesting the existence of meta-linguistic awareness among Tatar speakers in terms of polite language use.

Thoughts on Plautine Style, with Special Reference to Archaism and Colloquialism

This article discusses style in Plautus. In order to do so objectively, we need to look at distribution patterns; a phenomenon can be considered poetic or colloquial if (a) it is restricted to poetry or comedy, (b) a parallel corpus of the same time period has an equivalent expression, and (c) this distribution is statistically significant. The main problem with applying such an approach to Plautus is that he makes up 60% of early Latin (with Terence giving us another 15%); other texts are not always suitable for comparison: inscriptions may be short, highly formal, or hard to date, Cato’s work on agriculture is extremely technical, and fragments of early drama are often quoted by grammarians who are more interested in what is possible than in what is normal. However, we can compare Plautus with Plautus, insofar as we can compare different stock characters, different metres, or different sub-genres within comedy.Loss of final –s and iambic shortening seem to more common in colloquial passages, with a preponderance in iambic lines, a smaller number in long verses, and the smallest number in polymetric song. Within morphology, subjunctives of the type siem and mediopassive infinitives ending in –ier are strongly preferred at line end, out of metrical convenience; they are already archaic in Plautus, but still employed so frequently that not every individual instance is stylistically significant. Pronominal accusative and ablative forms like med and ted are also already old-fashioned and used mostly for metrical reasons; they, too, occur so commonly that not every instance is significant. Other morphological features look archaic from a classical perspective, but are still normal in Plautus; this is the case for the second-person medio-passive ending –re and the fourth-conjugation imperfect in –ibam. Genitive plural forms of the second declension mostly end in –orum; the older –um is largely restricted to fixed collocations, which are presumably stylistically unmarked.On the other hand, disyllabic genitive endings of the first declension (type familiai) were already archaic in Plautus’ day; they are rare and thus always used for stylistic effect. Within syntax, not all features that have traditionally been described as colloquial really do form part of a lower register. The ellipsis of subject accusatives in the accusative-and infinitive construction is driven by pragmatic and morphosyntactic factors rather than by stylistic considerations. Sentence length and complexity is lower in Plautus than in classical prose, but this is a feature of spoken language rather than of lower register. And finally, outside some common collocations, the ablative absolute is restricted to specific high-register contexts, such as prayers or battle reports.When Plautus wants to be colloquial, he can use features from phonology to syntax, but when he wants to sound archaic, he limits himself to morphology (and lexical features). This should not come as a surprise: Plautus had access to colloquial language on a daily basis, but would encounter archaic texts mostly in written form; here, morphological and lexical features are the ones which are most noticeable and easiest to imitate.

The phonology, morphology, and syntax of Sundanese

Sundanese is an indigenous language that is spoken in West Java, Indonesia. This study considers the phonology, morphology, and syntax of Sundanese based on a corpus of more than two hundred words. It specifically aims to contribute to the literature of the language by providing some linguistic characteristics of Sundanese and comparing results to what has been previously introduced in the literature. Some previous studies of Sundanese have extensively covered the syntactic and some morphological structures of the language, but only a few studies have covered the phonological aspects. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the morphological, syntactic, and phonological aspects of Sundanese based on the production of a native speaker of the language. The participant translated all words into Sundanese and provided the singular and the plural forms for each word in the list. The participant also produced sentences using the same words in the corpus. Data were then observed, and patterns were grouped and categorized for analysis. Results showed some similarities and differences to the findings of previous work in the field. Conclusions were drawn and comparisons were made where appropriate.

Why is managerial shared leadership in creative organizations a more resilient, transparent, open, and generous constellation? A case analysis approach

Leadership models in the cultural and creative sectors are frequently based on collective, shared, or distributed structures. In recent decades, research on these plural forms has yielded insights in the form of typological models and empirical studies. This article seeks to examine two issues in the literature on plural leadership that have received insufficient attention. The first is how cultural organizations combine and integrate multiple leadership models. The use of horizontal co-leadership at the macro (organisational) level alongside either vertical or horizontal leadership of embedded projects managed by teams is one example. Little is known about how the existence of distinct leadership styles at the macro and meso levels influences the career paths of individuals and organizations. The second is an inquiry into the evolution of leadership models in cultural organizations over time. This is especially important when an organisation transitions from a startup to a successful enterprise and expands its operations internationally. To empirically investigate these issues, we propose a single case study of Snøhetta, a multinational architecture firm. The results of this case study allow for a better understanding of how forms of collaborative leadership style can influence the career paths of people and organizations, and how it is possible to find a balance between the paradoxical institutional logic on which management and leadership of creativity is based. In other words, how the constellations of relationships that are generated make organizations with this leadership style more resilient and sustainable by virtue of being more transparent, open, and generous.

Serbskie rzeczowniki motywowane leksemem ‘дете’ (‘деца’)

The text focuses on Serbian nouns motivated by the form дете (деца) ‘child’ (‘children’) which belong to the standard language. The starting point is the dictionary definition of the Serbian lexeme дете (деца). The current state of etymological research on the general original meaning of the word ‘child’ in Slavic and other European languages is also analyzed. Next, the motivated words are finally divided into diminutive and augmentative, as well as compound derivatives, their dictionary definitions are provided, and they are examined from the word-formation perspective. The Serbian word дечак (дечкo) is also included in the analysis. The extracted linguistic material comes from Речник српскога језика (Dictionary of the Serbian Language), published by Matica Srpska – the most comprehensive lexicographic work on contemporary standard Serbian language to date. Therefore, the text also contains an analytical outline of this publication. The analysis of the collected linguistic material showed that in the Serbian standard language the derivatives and noun compounds motivated by the lexeme дете (деца) form a significantly large group. The study also proves that both the basic motivating word дете and its variant – which functions as the plural form – the collective noun деца, could participate in the motivation of the formed diminutive, augmentative, compound forms and the form дечак (дечкo). At the same time, a broader etymological introduction to the word дете (деца) against the Slavic and European background showed that the word originally had a much lower social status than it has today. This may be indicated by the analyzed augmentative (and pejorative) derivatives. On the other hand, diminutives and pejoratives will constitute a primary ‘product’ created within the close family, which later became the lexemes of the standard language (although it should be borne in mind that they can also take a disparaging or ironic meaning in a specific communicative con-text). The analyzed compounds, on the other hand, could originally belong to legal discourse, and then, as they began to be used more and more widely, they found themselves within the Serbian standard lexicon. In the case of compounds, a curious phenomenon is their ‘double’ motivation, which may stem either from the form дете, or from the form деца, carrying the same meaning.

How to make a difference: the impact of gender-fair language on text comprehensibility amongst adults with and without an academic background.

The proliferation of gender-fair language as a medium of communication that represents all genders can be considered as an exciting development in today's rapidly changing world. In this context, the use of the gender asterisk has become especially prominent in German, it being a grammatical gender language. However, critics often argue that gender-fair language makes texts less comprehensible and decreases its aesthetic appeal. The present study tests this assumption for the German language and is the first one to test the influence of an academic background on the comprehensibility of gender-fair language. A text, either written in gender-fair language using the gender star in its singular and plural form or a version using only masculine-only forms, was randomly assigned to 81 adults without an academic background and 82 adults with an academic background (77% women in both groups). Participants were asked to fill out a web-based questionnaire answering questions on text comprehensibility and on their attitudes toward gender-fair language. The results show no statistically significant difference in comprehensibility ratings between participants who read a text in gender-fair language and those who read a text in masculine-only language. In addition, attitudes toward gender-fair language did not affect comprehensibility ratings in participants who read the text written in gender-fair language using the gender star. Further, the academic background had no effect on the assessment of gender-fair language. To conclude, the present study suggests that there is no evidence that gender-fair language reduces the comprehensibility of texts.

The dual effect of environmental dynamism on proactive resilience: can governance mechanisms negate the dark side?

Environmental dynamism can drive the need for proactive supply chain resilience capabilities by requiring the supply chain partners to stay focused and vigilant about potential changes and disruptions through early detection and projection. However, environmental dynamism can also simultaneously play a negative role as it could increase confusion, mismatch, and disagreement within buyer-supplier relationships. This research empirically tests this paradoxical effect of environmental dynamism on proactive resilience. Using the tenets of the relational view, this research examines the role of output-based contracts and trust in mitigating the adverse effects of environmental dynamism. Specifically, this research tests a moderated-moderated-mediation model based on survey data collected from manufacturing firms within the USA and the UK. The results show that a plural governance form of output-based contract guided by trust could reduce the possibility of conflicts and allow supply chains to take better advantage of the dynamism in their environment. When it comes to supply chain managers, this research provides a clear understanding of the dual role of environmental dynamism. Additionally, by demonstrating the benefits of strategic balance among plural governance mechanisms, the findings could enable managers to take better advantage of the dynamic environment and be proactively resilient.