Plural Elements Research Articles

Humanist Cities and Post-Feminist Urban Social Geographies: Public Spaces and Plural Cultural Urbanism of Just Renewal

This conceptual and exploratory research paper brings multiple yet interconnected ideas about the contemporary discussions on the form and content our cities should take, especially on the public spaces as the critical spatial and social nodes. One is the idea of plural urbanisms where by incorporating the City's plural elements — 'those many elements imagined for more than a single design or by a single designer, which is more powerful and wide-ranging, more influential and beneficial, even as it becomes more democratic, participatory, open-ended, and infinite.' This is coupled with cultural Urbanism, which promotes and celebrates the everyday, temporal, occasional, and timeless. From a methodological point of view, the article is based on the multilayered desk research method. Secondary analysis of relevant documents allowed us to examine previous research findings on the issue at hand and the successful way to reduce it through sampling a coding of relevant material. The approach is a qualitative one, focused on a light motive case study. Last not but not least, the paper draws attention and leitmotif focus to the feminist approach in looking at cities, especially places undergoing new (urban) renewal that was preceded by decades of physical and social decay, such as Detroit in the US. Such an approach works towards ethnographies of belonging and increases diversity in city renewal, where we improve our fundamentally heterogeneous, intersectional, and constantly evolving urban environments for the better. Using a critical approach without conclusive arguments, this exploratory paper analyzes the aforementioned positions further and explores its application to various urban phenomena; as a focus on a policy-oriented paper, it ends with some crucial policy recommendations regarding feminist urban planning.

(In)traduisibles : la traductologie française récente face aux figements linguistiques et aux jeux de mots

(UN)TRANSLATABLE: RECENT FRENCH TRANSLATION STUDIES ON FROZEN EXPRESSIONS AND PUNS
 Frozen expressions and puns can be compared in terms of translation solutions. As plural elements and because of their idiomaticity and cultural charge, they have long been considered as « untranslatable ». However, recent translation studies have focused on these textual objects, proposing several solutions. We will draw on recent studies and some older ones to illustrate the techniques the translator can adopt. The sharing of knowledge and translation practices between different fields is always fruitful: when faced with a frozen expression or a pun, the translator often encounters the same problems, so similar solutions could be adopted. The intersection of descriptive and normative approaches helps to define translation solutions for these plural and resistant textual objects.

Religious Moderation as A Solution of Interfaith Marriages in Multicultural Society

Multicultural implies the differences. If it is managed properly, the multicultural can generate the positive strength for national development. Conversely, if not managed properly, pluralism and multiculturalism can be destructive factors and lead to catastrophic disasters. Based on the plurality, in the field of marriage law, there is an element of pluralism or multicularism with the occurrence of interfaith marriages. This marriage occurred khilfaiyah (differences) of opinion among the scholars. There are some of them who allow interfaith marriages with the limitation that they only allow to marry women who are ahl al-Kitab, while other scholars strictly prohibit interfaith marriages. This research was a library research using descriptive analysis method. In this case the author sought to describe and analyze religious moderation as a solution to interfaith marriage in a multicultural society. The result of this research is that marriage between Muslim men and women of scripture is allowed if in their actions there is a benefit and does not cause damage or harm in accordance with the principle of "jalbu al-mashalih wa daf'u al-mafashid" (taking the goodness and rejecting the destructive). Meanwhile, the marriage of polytheistic Muslim men and women, that is the women from other religions other than the divine religion, is strictly prohibited. In principle, its application must be based on the values of moderation, fairness and rationality at the value of tawassuth (middle), tawazun (balanced), i'tidal (upright), and tasamuh (tolerance).

A Preliminary Introduction to the Vascular Plants of Zayandeh-Rood River

Abstract Rivers are a part of the national and natural treasures of the country with a variety of living organisms have high importance. In the present study, in order to investigate the flora of Zayandeh-Rood River, a list of aquatic macrophytes (submerged and emergent) and coastal plants along with geographical distribution (chorotype) and their life forms were compiled. A total of 92 species and 79 genera belonging to 36 families were identified. Poaceae (15 genera and 16 species), Amaranthaceae (8 genera and 10 species), Asteraceae (7 genera and 7 species), Brassicaceae (5 genera and 5 species), Fabaceae (4 genera and 4 species), and Potamogetonaceae (3 genera and 6 species) were the most important plant families. The highest number of identified species had the life forms of hemicryptophytes and throphytes (31.52%), helophytes and hydrophytes (13.04%), geophytes and phanerophytes (4.35), and chamaephytes (2.18%), respectively. Investigating the geographical distribution showed that the largest portion of the geographical distribution of plants in the region belonged to plural elements (25%), cosmopolitan elements (14.13%), Irano–Turanian elements (13.04%), and Irano-Turan-Euro-Sieberian elements (7.61%). The study indicated the diversity of aquatic and coastal vegetation of Zayandeh-Rood River that should be considered for conservation.

Law and the Modern Identity

This essay explores the plural elements of our modern identity and their significance the legal order. This modern identity is all-pervasive and envelops us. It comprises goods that may be in conflict, but for all that they don't refute each other. The essay provides an explication of and commentary on Charles Taylor's magisterial accounts of the modern identity. I agree that if we are going to live by the modern identity, it better be by an examined version of it. I suggest ways in which in the legal world too, urgently needs to be saved from its most unconditional supporters. Finally, I argue that an account of modernity is a necessary step in identifying the tasks of a general theory of legal procedure.

Discover Patent Landscape of Two-photon Polymerization Technology for the Production of 3D Nano-structure Using Claim-based Approach.

The TPP technology is a "nano-optics" 3D printing technology that develops in recent years. Compared with the traditional 3D printing technology, the TPP-3DP technique that takes near-infrared light femtosecond pulse laser as the light source can break through the limitation of optical diffraction and manufacture nanoscale 3D structures in arbitrary shapes with high resolution. The research develops a claim-based patent analysis method to identify technical features via the analysis of claim, especially the analysis of plural elements of independent claim. Furthermore, we analyze the subject matters and technical features of claims through claim-base analytical method to observe the patent trend of competitors and understand the current situation of competitors' technical distribution in related industries, in order to provide useful information for enterprises to determine R&D strategies. The result shows 3M Company possesses numerous patent portfolios that base on the diversified innovative applications of TPP technology. Nanoscribe Company has a long-term advantage in monopolizing this technology. The patents in TPP-3DP field can be grouped into five categories relating to application, including micro-optics device, photonic crystal, biomedical, microfluidics and MEMS. The findings of this review confirm the TPP-based 3D printing (TPP-3DP) technology has broad application prospects, of which the hydrogel material applied in tissue engineering and drug delivery is the future trend. Highly-initiated water-soluble initiators are particularly needed to increase its resolution and will be the direction of emerging technology in this domain.

Weak states and uneven pluralism: lessons from Mali and Kyrgyzstan

ABSTRACTWe argue that certain important democratic practices and elements of pluralism are lasting features of political systems in many poor countries. Because of state weakness, such arrangements work to the benefit of both elites and citizens. The broader citizenry and civil society enjoy significant political freedoms and greater access to foreign aid. Elites tolerate these limited civil liberties and regular elections because they produce few costly consequences due to state incapacity. We evaluate this theory of ‘uneven pluralism’ in poor countries using evidence from a paired comparison of Mali and Kyrgyzstan. These two countries have experienced significant political turbulence, but on balance have shown a persistent and robust commitment to a free press, transparent elections, and respect for freedom of association. Our theory suggests that uneven pluralism is likely to continue in countries like Mali and Kyrgyzstan, even as significant limits on judicial independence, persistent corruption, and lack of government transparency make democratic consolidation unlikely.

The Influence of the Students’ Third Moral Principle Understanding of Pancasila on the Nation Sacrificial at the State Elementary School 173266 Pantis Sub-District of Pahae Julu of North Tapanuli in Academic Year 2018 / 2019

The formation of the state of Indonesia into an independent state is a joint commitment on all elements of pluralism or diversity of citizens in various aspects such as, tribe, race, culture and religion. The motto of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika and Pancasila is a sacred philosophy as well as a non-negotiable guideline for the nation and state of Indonesia. With the existing diversity, it is expected that all the people of Indonesia can appreciate, obey, and maintain it, so that wholeness and harmony will be realized. The efforts to defend the state is the attitude and behavior of citizens who are imbued with his love of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia based Pancasila 1945 Constitution in ensuring the survival of the nation and state. Viewed from the historical aspect of the struggle of the nation, Indonesian society has proven itself that always participate and be united with the defense and security apparatus in defending and maintaining Indonesia's independence. The guidance of nationalism has been initiated since the national revival of 1908 which was then affirmed in 1928 with the birth of the Youth Pledge, and finally proclaimed the independence of the Republic of Indonesia on 17 August 1945.The concept of the state defense is a moral conception that is implemented in the attitude, behavior and actions of citizens based on the love of the homeland, the awareness of the nation and the state, the belief in Pancasila as the state ideology, and the willingness to sacrifice for the nation and state of Indonesia. Thus, the guidance of state defense awareness through civic education is intended to instill national commitment, including developing values and democratic and responsible behavior as Indonesian citizens.Based on the data of the research, it was concluded that there is influence of the understanding of Pancasila Third precision toward the attitude of the state defending at SD Negeri 173266 Pantis Pahae Julu Sub-District North Tapanuli District in Academic Year 2018/2019.

The European Court of Human Rights on the UN Individual Counter-Terrorist Sanctions Regime: Safeguarding Convention Rights and Harmonising Conflicting Norms in Nada v. Switzerland

This article analyses the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Nada v. Switzerland from the perspective of individual due process rights and the wider constitutional implications. In Nada v. Switzerland, the Strasbourg Court was asked to rule on the conformity of a State Party to the European Convention on Human Rights in its implementation of the United Nations individual counter-terrorist sanctions regime. The Court found violations of an applicant’s right to respect for private and family life and right to an effective remedy. What the Court did not do was rule on the wider questions of hierarchy, i.e. the relationship between the Convention and binding resolutions by the United Nations Security Council that have precedence over any other international agreement by virtue of Article 103 UN Charter. By choosing to harmonise norms originating in different legal contexts, the Court avoided this fundamental question. However, elements of pluralism and constitutionalism can be found in the judgment. By not giving precedence to the United Nations sanctions regime, the Court has implicitly made a statement about the question of hierarchy, while at the same time managing to uphold its primary task of safeguarding States Parties’ compliance with the Convention.

Agrarinis lobizmas Europos Sąjungoje ir Lietuvoje

Lobbying activities of Lithuanian agricultural interest groups in European and Lithuanian institutions are described in this paper. Lobbying activities of Lithuanian agricultural interest groups have elements of pluralism and corporatism, but elements of corporatism are more numerous. Also, this paper touches upon lobbying activities in the European Commision, the European Parliament and the European Council. Leaders of Lithuanian agricultural interest groups and Lithuanian statesmen were interviewed about interests, lobbyism method effectiveness, access points of Lithuanian agricultural groups and of competitive interest groups. A comparative analysis of the answers of the Lithuanian agricultural group leaders and the Lithuanian statesmen was made. The paper presents conclusions of the above analysis. Lithuanian state officials and politicians which took part in the research interviews stated that the most influential Common Agriculture Policy formers are officials of European Commision and officials of national agricultural ministries. The most influential shapers of Lithuanian farmers` position are top officials in the Chamber of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania and leaders of national farmers’ organisations. They plan and execute lobbying activities in Lithuania and Brussels. Lithuanian farmers` lobbying activities in European Union institutions is weak, but Lithuanian farmers are able to form their position and to defend it. Lithuanian agricultural organisations, except Lithuanian Forest Owners Association, are not registered in European Union Transparency Register. Lithuanian agricultural organisations do not hire professional lobbyists in most cases. The basic methods of Lithuanian farmers` lobbying activities are expert information and campaigns of public opinion forming. In most cases Lithuanian farmers` leaders appeal to Lithuanian government institutions. To European Union institutions Lithuanian farmers appeal through mediators. Those mediators are Lithuanian state officials or European agricultural organisations. Lithuanian farmers rarely appeal to European Union institutions directly. In cases of direct address of EU institutionsLithuanian farmers ask for assistance of the European Parliament members from the Baltic States. Lithuanian farmers lack lobbying abilities. Only 10 percent of Lithuanian farmers participate in activities of agricultural organisations. Lithuanian farmers` lobbying methods sometimes are not suitable, for example, Lithuanian farmers insufficiently value influence of press campaigns to European Union institutions decisions. Also Lithuanian farmers hold a faulty opinion that Lithuanian state officials have more influence in Common Agriculture Policy forming than European Union institutions do. Lithuanian farmers did not achieve their main goal - to equalize direct payments to those of Western European countries. Lithuanian farmers` competitors are agricultural organisations from another European countries, and those organisations are more successful in lobbying activities, mostly because they have long lobbying traditions in their own countries. Lithuanian agricultural organisations could form lobbying coalitions with agricultural organisations from another European states, which have the same interests. If Lithuanian farmers use organic farming, they will have support of environment protection organisations and politicians. It will be difficult for Lithuanian farmers to defend their position in European Union institutions without those allies, because Lithuanian agricultural organisations are not widely known in the key institutions. Also Lithuanian agricultural organisations unite a small number of members and small resources.

Religion and Incorporation: Islam in France and Germany

This article attempts to examine religion, particularly Islam, as an emergent type of corporate ethnicity in France and Germany and how Islam is represented and recognized in relation to the established principles governing the interaction of church and state both in the histories of each country and in comparison to the United States. Although religion constitutes one element of pluralism and diversity in which Islam would be the “religion of a minority” among other ethnic groups in the United States, in Europe Islam emerges as a “minority religion” in European nation-states. Such a conceptual difference is reflected in the understandings and applications of multiculturalism and recognition in European countries and the United States. The question then is how to insure a historical continuity between principles and ideals of states on the one hand and how to integrate the religious diversity raised by Islam into the secularism of liberal European societies on the other.

Spatially-resolved EELS analysis of multilayer using EFTEM and STEM

Spatially-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) is applied to the multilayer (SiO2/Si3N4/SiOxNy/Si), a common semiconductor device structure. To observe depth profile at sub-nanometre spatial resolution, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM)-based techniques are compared in practical application. STEM-based EELS is useful in simultaneously analysing plural elements. EFTEM-based EELS is suitable for analysing the chemical shift and core loss intensity of single element. The practical spatial resolution is of the same order for each technique, both involving beam damage, which can be reduced by decreasing current density in EFTEM and avoiding beam overlapping in STEM.

Perso-Indian Statecraft, Greek Political Science and the Muslim Idea of Government

The conditions of civilizational borrowing, the principles of selectivity and the emergent qualities of civilizational synthesis are examined with reference to medieval Muslim conceptions of state and society. The article highlights the features of pristine Islam which invited the political thought of other civilizations, or more precisely, the Indian science of government and Greek political science. With the cultural integration of Iran into the Muslim caliphate, especially after the `Abbasid revolution in the mideighth century, the Indian borrowing via the Middle Persian translation emerged as an integral part of the Arabic and Persian literature on statecraft. The reception of Greek political science was a part of the translation of Greek philosophy and medicine into Arabic a century later, and was developed into the discipline of practical philosophy or political science. Through the mutual accommodation of the shari`a and a political culture derived from Greek and Perso-Indian sources, the civilizational encounters under consideration introduced an unmistakable element of pluralism - or at any rate, dualism - in the normative order of medieval Islam.

A gene fusion event in the evolution of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

The genes of glutamyl- and prolyl-tRNA synthetases (GluRS and ProRS) are organized differently in the three kingdoms of the tree of life. In bacteria and archaea, distinct genes encode the two proteins. In several organisms from the eukaryotic phylum of coelomate metazoans, the two polypeptides are carried by a single polypeptide chain to form a bifunctional protein. The linker region is made of imperfectly repeated units also recovered as singular or plural elements connected as N-terminal or C-terminal polypeptide extensions in various eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Phylogenetic analysis points to the monophyletic origin of this polypeptide motif appended to six different members of the synthetase family, belonging to either of the two classes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. In particular, the monospecific GluRS and ProRS from Caenorhabditis elegans, an acoelomate metazoan, exhibit this recurrent motif as a C-terminal or N-terminal appendage, respectively. Our analysis of the extant motifs suggests a possible series of events responsible for a gene fusion that gave rise to the bifunctional glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase through recombination between genomic sequences encoding the repeated units.

Analysis of a High Density Two-Dimensional Vertical-Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Array

A two-dimensional vertical-cavity surface emitting laser array is expected to be a key device for parallel lightwave transmission and optical interconnection systems. This paper analyzes the number of channels in a two-dimensional vertical-cavity surface emitting laser array, from the viewpoint of the electric power consumption and the light-output. Dependence of the number of channels on several parameters is examined. It was found that high slope efficiency and low electrical resistance lead to a large number of channels, and the contribution of threshold reduction is small if the threshold current is of the order of 100 µ A or less. It is also shown that if each channel is composed of plural elements, the number of channels increases.

Preventive Health Care for Young Children: Findings from a 10-Country Study and Directions for United States Policy

Infant health and survival in the US compare unfavorably with other Western industrial democracies. Circumstances that contribute to favorable pregnancy outcomes in other countries include nearly complete participation of pregnant women in early prenatal care and linkage of care to extensive support benefits.1 The study reported here extends these earlier observations to preventive health services for children from infancy through adolescence and to the social benefit programs that support their families. This report looks at the condition of children in 10 European countries: Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. All of these countries have better infant survival rates than the US, and they all share elements of pluralism in their systems of health care.

Weapons modernization, doctrine, and the decline of the Warsaw pact

As the Soviet Union moves precariously into the 1990s, the attention of Western statesmen and analysts remains fixed upon Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to implement perestroika and glasnost at home and his still ambiguously defined new thinking abroad. Whether the topic is arms control negotiations with the West, the introduction of elements of pluralism into the long moribund Soviet political scene, or the abrupt withdrawal of Soviet power from forward vantage points in the Third World (i.e. Afghanistan), few Western observers any longer doubt that a fundamental transformation has taken place in the Soviet system. Indeed, as Western scholars increasingly acknowledge the significance of the Gorbachev revolution, it has also become apparent that the particular region most heavily influenced by this reform program has been the USSR's former East European empire. The implications of change have been most dramatic for Eastern Europe precisely because events have been propelled by both of the key elements in the Gorbachev program—the Soviet leader not only pushed glasnost and perestroika upon his East European allies (with what were probably unforeseen results), but the ultimate test of new thinking in the foreign policy realm has been the tolerant Soviet response to the collapse of Communist Party authority throughout the bloc. In this sense the movement toward liberal reform in Eastern Europe was both initiated and insulated by the dynamics of Gorbachev's own domestic and foreign reform programs. The apparent Soviet willingness to accept a reunified Germany on Western terms represents, of course, the ultimate Soviet concession along these lines. While the prospects for a peaceable transition away from communism for Eastern Europe may not be decided for some time, one more certain by-product of these developments has been the collapse of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO) as a viable security system. As the institutional linchpin of the Soviet-East European relationship, the Warsaw Pact could hardly have been expected to remain unaffected by the dramatic changes sweeping bloc affairs. In many respects, the high level of Soviet-East European military integration fostered over the

Convergence of solutions of one-dimensional semilinear parabolic equations

The idea of co-limiting sets borrowed from the theory of dynamical systems has been employed in many authors' works including [1] and [5 ] to investigate the asymptotic properties of solutions of autonomous parabolic initial-boundary value problem s. In the case of parabolic systems, it is well-known that the w-limiting set of a solution often contains plural elements (in fact infinitely many elements). But, to the best of our knowledge, it has not yet been made clear in the case of single equations whether there exists such a solution as has plural co-limiting points. The present paper forms part of the answer to this question. That is, we show that the co-limiting set of any solution contains at most one element providing that the space dimension is one. This result leads to the conclusion that in the case of single onedimensional equations any solution that neither blows up in a finite time nor grows up as t—*oo should converge to some equilibrium solution as t tends to infinity.