Plunger Diameter Research Articles

Research on the influential factors related to the fuel leakage rate in the plunger-sleeve clearance of high pressure common rail system

In this study, a numerical model of the fuel leakage rate in the plunger-sleeve clearance of high-pressure common rail system was established based on graph theory. The transient clearance changes caused by the elastic deformation and the physical properties of the fuel along the flow direction within the plunger-sleeve were considered. This model realized the fluid–structure–thermal transient coupling during the leakage, and the accuracy was verified by comparing the calculated fuel leakage rate with the experimental data. Based on the main structural parameters of the plunger-sleeve, a three-level five-factor experimental calculation matrix was proposed using the D-optimal design method. The fuel leakage rates of all groups in the calculation matrix were obtained based on the fuel leakage rate numerical model, and the significant influencing parameters of the fuel leakage rate were determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicate that the plunger diameter, sleeve external diameter, plunger-sleeve initial clearance and sealing length are significant parameters that affect the fuel leakage rate. In case of interaction between parameters, the interaction between the plunger diameter and sleeve external diameter, plunger diameter and plunger-sleeve initial clearance, and plunger diameter and plunger-sleeve sealing length contributed to a significant change in the fuel leakage rate. The influencing behavior of significant single parameters and significant interactions between parameters on the fuel leakage rate were revealed. The research outcomes can provide theoretical support for the optimization of the design of plunger-sleeve.

Numerical Analysis of the Structural and Flow Rate Characteristics of the Fuel Injection Pump in a Marine Diesel Engine

A reciprocating fuel pump system was investigated using a modeling approach. The diesel pump system comprises a variable-sized barrel and plunger. This study investigates the effect of diesel, propane, and DME fuels on the plunger barrel’s deformation and flow rate characteristics. It compares the barrel and plunger displacement as a function of working pressure. Based on the multi-field coupling theory, a numerical fluid–solid thermal coupling model was developed to characterize the operational fluctuations in deformation and clearance. Due to the distinct deformation patterns of the two components, the appropriate clearance for the pump’s head and stem must be set independently. In addition, significant AMESim parameters compared and confirmed the discharge flow rates of three distinct fuels. The results show that the maximum displacement for the plunger stem was 0.00266 mm at 7.5 mm from the top of the stem, which was 6.94% lower than the literature result. The DME fuel showed flow stability initially (from 0.0 to 0.4 s) when using a plunger diameter of 23.85 mm. According to the plunger diameters, the marine fuel injection pump’s discharge flow rates increased, minimizing the wearing between the barrel/plunger. The research findings revealed that the suggested structural and flow rate model is recommended for alternative marine fuel applications.

KAJIAN EKSPERIMEN PENGARUH DIAMETER PLUNGER POMPA INJEKSI BAHAN BAKAR PADA PERFORMA DAN GAS BUANG MESIN DAIHATSU TAFT DIESEL DL62

For classic car lovers, the appearance of the Daihatsu Taft in the nineties was no less interesting than today's SUVs. However, the power is not comparable, because the Daihatsu Taft diesel engine still uses old technology. This research is an attempt to improve the performance of old diesel engines, which do not use common rail systems. Specifically, to determine the effect of modifying the size of the plunger of the fuel injection pump, on engine power and torque, fuel consumption and exhaust gas opacity. The analysis was carried out through a comparative study of the performance of standard machines and machines with modified plunger sizes I and II which were larger than the standard plunger diameter. Testing the performance of the machine using a Dastek Dynamometer 2WD Plate Roller. The results showed that the larger the plunger diameter of the injection pump, the effect of increasing power, torque, fuel consumption rate and exhaust gas opacity as well as the efficiency of the Daihatsu Taft DL62 diesel engine. The increase in exhaust gas opacities of modified engines does not exceed and is still far below the maximum threshold according to the Regulation of the State Ministry of Environment No. 5 of 2006 concerning Thresholds of Exhaust Emissions of Old Motor Vehicles. The emission test method uses ISO 11614

Pressure Drop Model and Jet Features of Ultra High Pressure Water Jet for Downhole Intensifier

Abstract Existing models can hardly provide a reliable guidance in designing intensifier utilizing axial vibration energy of drill strings. The formation process of jet and the pulsation characteristics of flow field had not been reported. Therefore, a new model combined plunger movement and nozzle pressure drop is proposed. The jet formation process, characteristic of water jet distribution, pressurization performance, and impinging pressure under different parameters were studied based on a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The results show that there is a good agreement between the model and the CFD. Increasing the plunger diameter can prolong the holding time of the high-pressure water jet and increase the peak pressure, but it does not affect the pressurization period, which is mainly influenced by the spring. There are three representative stages observed in the forming process of high-pressure water jet, and in stable potential core stage, the inlet pressure does not affect the length of potential core, which is about seven times the nozzle diameter. The impinging pressure decreases with the radial distance, the maximum of which is at the center of the jet. The stand-off distance should be less than 7d, otherwise the impinging pressure will decrease sharply. The research can provide a reference for the optimal design of intensifier and will be beneficial for downhole pressurized jet-assisted drilling techniques.

Multi-factors of fuel injection pressure peak of the pressure amplification common rail fuel system for two-stroke diesel engines

In this study, the fuel injection pressure peak of the pressure amplification common rail fuel system for two-stroke diesel engines was investigated in detail. A prediction model of the fuel injection pressure peak, which takes cubic cross-terms into account, was proposed utilizing the fully validated AMESim model. The Pearson correlation, determination and adjusted determination coefficients of the prediction model are 0.998, 0.997, and 0.984, respectively, indicating an excellent predictive ability. Meanwhile, the maximum relative error between the observed and predicted samples within the training group is only 3.82%, the accuracy of the model was further proved. Then the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed upon the developed prediction model, the P-value of each term was used to determine whether it was statistically significant. The results show that the hydraulic piston diameter, fuel plunger diameter, high-pressure fuel tube (HPFT) diameter, and the flow capacity of the pressure amplification control valve (PACV) are significant single factors. For the square terms, the squares of diameters of the fuel plunger and the HPFT impact the fuel injection pressure peak obviously. Among the quadratic terms, the interactions between the diameters of hydraulic piston and HPFT, between the diameters of fuel plunger and HPFT, between the diameter of HPFT and flow capacity of PACV, and between the diameter of fuel plunger and the length of HPFT contribute to the change of fuel injection pressure peak significantly. As for cubic terms, the interaction among fuel plunger diameter, the diameter and length of HPFT is the only one that significantly affects the fuel injection pressure peak. In contrast, the other factors have little impact on the fuel injection pressure peak. Finally, the influence of the significant elements on the fuel injection pressure peak was researched in detail.

Assessment of commodity and consumer qualities of fruits of promising apricot forms

The purpose of researches was the assessment of commodity and consumer qualities for fruit of promising apricot forms which have been bred in the Michurin Federal Scientific Center. 8 apricot genotypes breeding in this institution were studied. The regionalized variety U’lyanikhinsky with its high level of commercial consumer qualities of fruit was used as a control. Fruit skin strength was assessed at the stage of consumer maturity using an FT30 penetrometer with a plunger diameter of 8 mm. Weighing was carried out on an AND EJ-6100 laboratory balance. The content of soluble solids was determined with an MT-032ATS field refractometer. Statistical data processing was carried out using computer programs Microsoft Excel 2007, Statistics. The largest fruit size was marked in Cezar variety. Average and maximum weights were 42.3 and 59.1 g, respectively. The least stone-to-fruit weight ratio (6.6 %) was found in Viking variety. The sample varieties Cezar, elite forms №1 and 3-5-7 are considered to be as freestone apricots. Elite form No. was characterized by an excellent taste of fruit. The fruits of the control variety «U’lyanikhinsky» and elite forms №1, 1-1-24 were distinguished by a strong juiciness of the pulp. The extremely rich fruit texture was observed in control variety U’lyanikhinsky and in Cezar variety, elite form № 3-5-7. The fruit of varieties Cezar, Viking and elite form No. 1 had the firmest fruit peel. The aforementioned apricots combined the attractiveness of fruits, their one — dimensional ground color with bright over color. Under the circumstances of the Central chernozem region the varieties Cezar, U’lyanikhinsky, Viking and elite form No. 1 pay attention to their high commodity and consumer qualities of fruit.

Regulation of the three-plunger pump operation

Analytical dependences are proposed for recalculating the operating parameters of three-plunger pumps when changing the rotation frequency of a crankshaft. Keywords three-plunger pump, plunger diameter, nominal pressure, rotation frequency, crankshaft. monolit8@yandex.ru

Fuel Injector Testing Through Development of a New Test Rig

A modified version of fuel injector with higher injection capacity has been developed. To achieve this, the injector plunger diameter is increased to 11mm from current 9.5mm. A new test rig is developed to understand the functioning of the injector due to the changes incorporated. The new test rig is designed to test injector operation without burning the fuel. Since internal combustion is not present an external arrangement is required to run the engine. This is achieved through a 3-phase induction motor, which is coupled with the crankshaft of the engine. The injected fuel is collected form the cylinders and it is then recirculated. A fuel cooling circuit is also incorporated along with the fuel recirculation system to maintain the temperature of fuel at inlet of fuel pump. An oil heating system is installed in the test rig to maintain the viscosity of the oil by heating it. The required systems for driving the engine, fuel cooling and oil heating are implemented as per the design. The test is conducted on a 19 L diesel engine. Parts which are not required for this test like piston, piston rings, intake and exhaust manifold etc are removed from the engine. And the cylinder liner is blocked from below using a plate to facilitate the collection of injected fuel. Engine is made to run using the motoring rig at the rated speed of 1500 rpm for a duration of 250 hours. Instrumented push tubes are used to measure the push tube load. Push tube load is observed to be in the range of 2700 to 3100 lbf, which is high as compared to the earlier model of the injector. Fuel injection rate is obtained from the fuel collected from the cylinders. And the average fuel injection rate is observed as 0.116 to 2.35 kg/min. Thus, the increase in plunger diameter has led to an increase in fuel injection rate.

Determining high quasi­hydrostatic pressure up to 7 GPa at a temperature to 1,400 °С using resistive sensors

A differential method for measuring high quasi‒hydrostatic pressures for six‒punch pressing installations has been constructed by building a load‒carrying characteristic р=f(Q), where p is the value for pressure in a quasi‒hydrostatic cell of high‒pressure, Q is the force of the press. Pressure in the cell is measured by using the measurement of a temperature difference between the polymorphic transformations into Co(α→β) and Fe(α→γ), melting of Cu and Ag; the measurements are performed by resistometry. The initial data used were the lines of polymorphic transitions in iron (BCC‒FCC) and cobalt (FCC‒HCP) within the ranges p=4‒7 GPa and T=500‒700 °C, examined in detail earlier in the p, T‒diagrams, as well as copper and silver melting curves at p=4‒7 and T=1,150‒1,400 °C.The database of initial data is represented in the analytical form, which has made it possible to use them to determine pressure in the cell at high temperatures based on the values for magnitudes of the differential temperature difference ΔTd, which was measured experimentally for the Coα‒β–Feα‒γ and AgL.–CuL. sensors, designed in the current paper; we have described the features in assembling differential sensors and their electrical connections in order to perform the process of measuring the magnitudes for ΔTd. We have designed structures for the high-pressure cells to conduct experiments on measuring ΔTd using thermocouples and a circuit that registers a change in the resistance of sensors at phase transformations.The procedure applied has made it possible to determine pressure in the quasi-hydrostatic cells of six-punch setups by building load characteristics. The main benefits of the devised method for measuring quasi‒hydrostatic pressures by resistometry are its relative simplicity and a significant increase in the accuracy of pressure determination. The latter is achieved through the mutual elimination of corrections of pressure impact and parasitic components for the magnitude of thermo‒EMF of thermocouples in determining the values for a temperature of phase transformations in the resistive sensors Co‒Fe and Ag‒Cu.The data obtained could be used for monitoring and measuring pressures in the cells of six-punch pressing installations with a plunger diameter of 560‒950 mm.

Critical evaluation of fracture strength testing for endodontically treated teeth: a finite element analysis study.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate whether the diameter and direction of the plunger and simulation of the periodontal ligament (PDL) affected the stress distribution in endodontically treated premolars.MethodsA fracture strength test was simulated via finite element analysis. A base model was set up, and the following parameters were modified: plunger diameter (3 mm vs. 6 mm), plunger direction (vertical vs. 135° angular to the central fossa), and PDL simulation. The analysis was conducted using the CosmosWorks structural analysis program, and the results are presented in terms of von Mises stresses.ResultsThe smaller plunger increased the stresses at the contact area of the crown, but the plunger diameter had no effect on the stress distribution within the root. An angular plunger direction increased stresses within the root, as well as at the buccal cusp of the crown, compared with the vertical direction. Simulation of the PDL caused higher stress accumulation, especially in the cervical region of the root.ConclusionsThe plunger diameter had no effect on the stress distribution in the roots, whereas the plunger direction and PDL simulation did affect the stress distribution. More stringent standards can be established by taking such parameters into account when performing fracture testing in future studies.

A simulation and experimental study on the operating characteristics of a solenoid gas injector

Purpose of this study is to develop a solenoid actuator that can be used for natural gas injector. Operation of the solenoid injector is described by two mathematical models including an electrical model and a mechanical model. The solenoid injector is also modeled and simulated in Maxwell and Simplorer based on the specifications of a real solenoid injector. The operating characteristics of the solenoid injector, including the current, electromagnetic force, and displacement of the plunger, are investigated under the effects of input parameters. In addition, experimental systems are established to examine the electromagnetic force and the plunger displacement in the solenoid injector under the effects of air gap and input voltage, respectively. The simulation results show that the electromagnetic force and displacement of the plunger can be easily increased by reducing the length and increasing the width of the cross-sectional shape of the coil. In addition, the increased length and diameter of plunger also contribute to improving the electromagnetic force. The increase in plunger mass results in fluctuating plunger displacement, which can affect the quality of injection. The simulation results are validated by experimental results on the effects of air gap and input voltage.

Reducing the environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing through design optimisation of positive displacement pumps

The current approach to hydraulic fracturing requires large amounts of industrial hardware to be transported, installed and operated in temporary locations. A significant proportion of this equipment is comprised of the fleet of pumps required to provide the high pressures and flows necessary for well stimulation. Studies have shown that over 90% of the emissions of CO2 and other pollutants that occur during a hydraulic fracturing operation are associated with these pumps. Pollution and transport concerns are of paramount importance for the emerging hydraulic fracturing industry in Europe, and so it is timely to consider these factors when assessing the design of high pressure pumps for the European resources.This paper gives an overview of the industrial plant required to carry out a hydraulic fracturing operation. This is followed by an analysis of the pump's design space that could result in improved pump efficiency. We find that reducing the plunger diameter and running the pump at higher speeds can increase the overall pump efficiency by up to 4.6%. Such changes to the pump's parameters would results in several environmental benefits beyond the obvious economic gains of lower fuel consumption. The paper concludes with a case study that quantifies these benefits.

Sucker rod string design of the pumping systems

The existing design of sucker rod string mainly focuses on the simplifying assumptions that rod string was exposed to simple tension loading. And its goal was to have equal modified stress at the top of each taper. The improved rod design was to have the same degree of safety at each section, and it used a dynamic force distribution that was proportional along the whole string. However, the available procedures did not provide the desired accuracy of its pertinent analysis, and the operators could not identify the specific phenomena that occur in CBM wells. In this paper, the mathematical models of rod loads and string length were developed based on the cyclic nature of rod string loading; the fatigue endurance method is used to design the single rod string; and the tapered rod string is designed to have an equal equivalent stress at the top of each section. Its application characteristics are demonstrated by the example of CBM wells in Ordos Basin. The interpretations of results show that the previous design gave the single rods a larger diameter and the top rods in the string a greater percent than the proposed method. The calculation should concern about inertial, vibration and friction forces to illustrate the elastic force waves travelling in the rod material with the speed of sound. The single string should be designed using fatigue endurance ratings due to asymmetric pulsating tension of rod loading; and the tapered string should involve a balanced design by setting the fatigue endurance at each section equal. A shorter stroke length gives a greater rod taper percentage and an increased load capacity results to an enhanced rod diameter. The rod diameter increases with the pump size and load capacity for the single string, and the rod taper percentage of the top rod strings increases with plunger diameter for the tapered string. The proposed research improves efficiency of the pumping system, assures good operating conditions, and reduces total production costs.

Research on effects of key influencing factors upon fuel injection characteristics of the combination electronic unit pump for diesel engines

A numerical model of the combination electronic unit pump (CEUP) fuel injection system was developed in AMESim environment. The effects of five key influencing factors, including cam profile velocity, plunger diameter, length of high pressure fuel pipe, inner diameter of high pressure fuel pipe and nozzle flow rate on injection characteristic parameters, were analyzed by using the developed numerical model. On the basis, a correlation analysis between the influencing factors and injection characteristics was performed by using the design of experiments (DoE) method, and the influences of these factors were quantized accordingly. Relevant results show that both the single influencing factor and the interaction among these factors correlates with the injection characteristics, and the correlation represents a complex law with the cam rotational speed. The effect of plunger diameter on the injection pressure, cycle fuel injection quantity and injection duration is the most obvious, especially at a cam rotational speed of 500 r/min and the correlation coefficient is up to 0.82. The length of high-pressure pipe (HP pipe) has the most obvious influence on the coefficient of fuel feeding at cam rotational speed of 500 r/min and 800 r/min, and the correlation coefficient is negative. Overall, the independent influence of the factors is more significant than the combined influence of various factors. The CEUP fuel injection system is a complicated multi-input multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear system in fact.

초고속 용사 적용 고속 초고압 왕복동 펌프 플런저의 내구성 특성에 관한 연구

The high velocity oxygen fuel spraying (HVOF) is a kind of surface modification process technology to form the sprayed coating layer after spraying the powder to molten or semi-molten state by the ultra-high speed at the high-temperature heat source and conflicting with a substrate. It is desirable to melt completely the thermal spray powder in order to produce the coating layer with an optimal adhesion, however, because a semi-molten powder in a spray process has the low efficiency and become a factor that degrades the mechanical property by the inducement of pore-forming within the coating layer. To improve the wear resistance, corrosion resistance and heat resistance, in this study, the plungers of high-speed and ultra-high pressure reciprocating hydraulic pumps for oil and water used in ironwork are produced with <TEX>$420J_2$</TEX> and the coating layers of plungers are formed by the powders of WC-Co-Cr and WC-Cr-Ni including the high hardness WC. The surface of these plungers is modified by the super-mirror face grinding machine using variable air pressure developed in this laboratory, and then the characteristics of cross-sectional microstructure, and surface roughness and hardness values between no operation and 100 days-operation are examined and made a comparison. The fine tops and bottoms on surface roughness curve of oil-hydraulic pump plunger sprayed by WC-Cr-Ni are molded more and higher than those of water-hydraulic pump sprayed by WC-Co-Cr because the plunger diameter of oil-hydraulic pump is 0.4 times smaller than that of water-hydraulic pump and the pressure of oil-hydraulic pump exerted on the plunger is operated with the 70 bars higher than that of water-hydraulic pump. As a result, it is found that the values of centerline average surface roughness and maximum height for oil-hydraulic pump plunger are bigger than those of water-hydraulic pump plunger.

Experimental Study on the Performance of the Engine Fueled with DME-Methanol Blends

Performance test of the engine fueled with DME-methanol blends was conducted on a 4102BQ diesel engine. The results show that: by increasing the fuel pump plunger diameter, delaying injection timing, and reducing nozzle-opening pressure, the rated power of the engine, fueled with DM90 blends (Mass ratio of DME and methanol is 9:1), descended 13.97% relative to the original diesel engine, but the soot emissions did not appeared in all test conditions. In full load condition, NOx emissions declined by 55.1%, CO emissions fell by 65.8%, but HC emissions increased by 21.6%.

Pressure Control Characteristics Simulation Research of Electro-Hydraulic Proportional Variable Pump

Based on the theoretical analysis on working principle and motion of the electro-hydraulic proportional variable piston pump, it created and simulated the model in the AMESIM software. The influences of main structural parameters of variable pump on system output dynamic characteristics were revealed after simulating analysis results of pressure control characteristics. And the steady state output of system pressure is proportional to the input voltage of amplifier. The overshoot decreases with the increasing of input voltage, and the response get faster. The damping aperture of proportional reversing valve and core diameter of control plunger have a greater influence on the dynamic response of system.

The effect of maximum open height on operating characteristics of polymer injected pump poppet valve

Reciprocating polymer injected pump is the key injection equipment of tertiary oil recovery, the poppet valve in it exists the problem of large vibration noise, low efficiency and short life when transportation high viscosity medium. So the CFD technique is adopted to simulate and analyze the inner flow fields of fluid end poppet valve. According to the practical structure of the poppet valve, a simplified 2D axis-symmetry geometry model of the flow field is established. Combined with pump speed, plunger stroke and plunger diameter, given the boundary condition of the inlet valve, then the numerical simulation of flow field under six different maximum open heights is done depending on software Fluent. The relationship between open height to valve gap flow velocity, hydraulic loss and lag angle is obtained. The results indicate that, with the increase of open height, the valve gap flow velocity decreases, inlet outlet pressure differential decreases and hydraulic loss decreases. But the lag angle is continuously increasing with the increase of maximum open height, the valve has a good work performance when the open height is 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3mm, but when it reaches 3.5mm, the valve performance becomes poor. The study can offer certain reference to understand operating characteristics of poppet valve, help to reduce the hydraulic losses and raise volume efficiency of the pump.

Effect of plunger diameter on the push-out bond values of different root filling materials

To evaluate the effect of plunger diameter on the push-out bond strength of different root filling materials to root canal dentine. Freshly extracted human incisors (n=90) were decoronated, and the root canals were enlarged with post drills. Prepared roots were placed into a custom alignment apparatus to embed the roots vertically within self-curing acrylic resin. The specimens were randomly assigned into three groups according to the root filling system used: gutta-percha/AH Plus; Resilon/Epiphany; and fibre-reinforced composite (FRC)/Duolink resin cement. After filling, the specimens were further subdivided according to the diameter of the plunger used to employ the debonding force: 0.75, 1 and 1.25 mm. Intra-radicular bond strength was measured using the push-out test at a cross-head speed of 1 mm min(-1) . The data were analysed statistically using Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni correction at P = 0.05. Regardless of the plunger diameter, FRC yielded the highest bond strength, followed by gutta-percha and Resilon, respectively (P<0.001). In all groups, greater plunger diameter resulted in an apparent increased bond strength, but the differences were only significant in the FRC group, with the 1.25-mm plunger generating higher debonding values compared with that of its 0.75- and 1-mm versions (P<0.001). In the gutta-percha and Resilon groups, the majority of specimens had adhesive failures. Roots filled with FRC exhibited more cohesive failures than those of the other test groups. Different plunger diameters are associated with significantly different intra-radicular push-out bond strengths of root filling systems.

Artificial neural network modeling of jatropha oil fueled diesel engine for emission predictions

This paper deals with artificial neural network modeling of diesel engine fueled with jatropha oil to predict the unburned hydrocarbons, smoke, and NOx emissions. The experimental data from the literature have been used as the data base for the proposed neural network model development. For training the networks, the injection timing, injector opening pressure, plunger diameter, and engine load are used as the input layer. The outputs are hydrocarbons, smoke, and NOx emissions. The feed forward back propagation learning algorithms with two hidden layers are used in the networks. For each output a different network is developed with required topology. The artificial neural network models for hydrocarbons, smoke, and NOx emissions gave R2 values of 0.9976, 0.9976, and 0.9984 and mean percent errors of smaller than 2.7603, 4.9524, and 3.1136, respectively, for training data sets, while the R2 values of 0.9904, 0.9904, and 0.9942, and mean percent errors of smaller than 6.5557, 6.1072, and 4.4682, respectively, for testing data sets. The best linear fit of regression to the artificial neural network models of hydrocarbons, smoke, and NOx emissions gave the correlation coefficient values of 0.98, 0.995, and 0.997, respectively.