Pleurotus Species Research Articles

Rare Pleurotus species with veiled basidiomata from the Neotropics: neotypification of Pleurotus magnificus and epityfication of Pleurotus rickii

Knowledge of Pleurotus in Brazil dates back to the 19th century, when European mycologists studied and described numerous Neotropical taxa. Some of these long-described species remain poorly known, mostly due to the lack of recent records, detailed morphological descriptions, and molecular data. During field surveys in Southeast and Southern Brazil, specimens of two rare Pleurotus species with veiled basidiomata, i.e. P. magnificus and P. rickii, were collected. These species are recorded for the first time in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and P. magnificus for the first time in the states of Minas Gerais, Paraná and São Paulo. Updated and detailed morphological descriptions are provided. DNA sequences of the ITS and nLSU molecular markers were obtained for both species, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted to explore their relationships within Pleurotus. A neotype is designated for P. magnificus, and a lectotype and epitype are designated for P. rickii.

Potential utilization of paddy straw and coconut coir for the cultivation of Pleurotus eous: effects on nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity

Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus species), which are valued for their medicinal and nutritional properties, are the predominantly cultivated mushroom variety in Sri Lanka. The most commonly used substrate to cultivate Pleurotus species in Sri Lanka is sawdust. However, due to the availability of many other agricultural wastes in Sri Lanka, the aim of this study was to determine which substrate from paddy straw (PS), coconut coir (CC), and combinations of PS and CC in the ratios of 50 PS:50 CC, 75 PS:25 CC, and 25 PS:75 CC would be the best to grow Pleurotus eous. The weight of each mushroom harvested was measured to determine the highest yield. Lowry and phenol-sulphuric assays were carried out to determine the total protein and total carbohydrate content respectively. DPPH and phophomolybdenum assays were used to analyse the antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. All mushrooms tested positive for qualitative tests of terpenoids, steroids, saponins and polyphenols. 100% PS produced mushrooms with the highest yield (34.72 ± 5.23 g). 50 PS:50 CC produced mushrooms with a significantly high total protein content (5.28 ± 0.24 g/100 g) and total carbohydrate content (31.12 ± 5.64 g/100 g). They also had a high total antioxidant capacity (4.51 ± 0.07 mg AAE/g) and total phenolic content (5.45 ± 0.34 mg GAE/g). Therefore, to cultivate Pleurotus eous, the 50 PS:50 CC combination can be utilized. Based on the mushroom yield, 100% PS can also be recommended for cultivation of Pleurotus eous.

Efficacy of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia as bioinoculant to improve growth of pepper plant and protect against wilt causing Fusarium oxysporum

Among the different value added uses of mushroom, vegetative mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus can be explored as a bio-inoculant for sustainable agriculture use. From three fruit-bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus, tissue cultures were established, were used for DNA preparation and biochemical tests. Phylogenetic analysis using three SSU-ITS-LSU markers indicated that the species Pleurotus ostreatus occupies a separate clade. Ability of the isolates to synthesis indole acetic acid (39.66–48.33 μg/ml), siderophore (hydroxamate and phenolate types) and enzymes like chitinase, protease and lipase had promoted us to apply them as bio-inoculant for plant growth promotion and against fungal pathogens. In dual culture assay, P. ostreatus isolates inhibited growth of Fusarium oxysporum SF1404 (44.4–66.5 % inhibition) and Alternaria solani TD3 (44.4–55.5 % inhibition). The mycelia culture of the fast-growing isolate (KUFC113) was applied on rhizosphere of pepper plant to protect against wilt causing F. oxysporum, and it was observed that the pathogen did not exhibit any wilting symptom. Assay of the stress enzymes (ascorbic acid peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase), flavonoid, phenol content also supported that treatment of the mushroom culture could ameliorate the biotic stress in the plants. The mycelia of P. ostreatus colonized on the rhizosphere of pepper plant and influenced the growth by improving plant biomass, chlorophyll and metabolite contents. The principal component analysis and Pearson's correlation matrix showed correlation among the growth parameters of pepper plants.

Structural characterization of wild edible Pleurotuscollected from Punjab, India

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) belongs to the class Basidiomycetes, family Agaricaceae, commonly known as ‘dhingri’ in India and proliferates naturally on dead, decay wooden logs or trunks of deciduous or coniferous woods in tropical and temperate forests. Although Pleurotus mushrooms are commercially important mushrooms but wild Pleurotus still require public recognition. Hence, the present study aimed to conduct a field survey for collection of Pleurotus mushrooms from wild regions of of Punjab Two wild Pleurotus were collected and domesticated at Mushroom Research Complex, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab which were further analyzed at molecular and biochemical levels. These mushrooms were identified at species level through ITS (Internal transcribed spacer region) based method (18S ribosomal RNA gene, internal transcribed spacer, 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, complete sequence; and 28S ribosomal RNA gene) was carried out. The gene bank accessioned Pleurotus sapidus as MK 281339 and Pleurotus floridanus as MK 281340. Hyphae of Pleurotus sapidus was observed to be packed tightly to a greater extent as compared to Pleurotus floridanus according to the ultra-structure recorded by scanning electron microscope. Both species of Pleurotus share two different proteins of same molecular weight 24.81 KDa and 28.43 KDa. Collecting and identifying wild species is crucial to preserve the wild fruits and fathom out the benefits of wild edible Pleurotus spp.

Structural characterization and anti-inflammatory activities of novel polysaccharides obtained from Pleurotus eryngii

Natural polysaccharides named PEP-0.1-1, PEP-0-1 and PEP-0-2 from edible mushroom species Pleurotus eryngii were obtained in the present study. Results showed that molecular weights of these polysaccharides were 3235, 2041 and 23933 Da, respectively. Further, structural characterization revealed that PEP-0.1-1 had a →4-α-D-Glcp-1→ backbone and contained →4)-α-D-Glcp and →4)-β-D-Glcp reducing end groups. PEP-0-1 backbone contained →4-α-D-Glcp-1→ and →6-α-3-O-Me-D-Galp-1→, and the side chains contained α-D-Glcp, β-D-Manp-1→ and α-D-Glcp-3→. However, PEP-0-2 backbone consisted of →4-α-D-Glcp-1→ and →6-α-3-O-Me-D-Galp-(1→6)-α-D-Galp-1→ while the side chains contained α-D-Glcp and β-D-Manp-1→. Biological activity analysis was then carried out and found that all these polysaccharides could significantly suppress the relative mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 4, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation of RAW264.7 cells, as well as the over secretion of the above cell cytokines. Moreover, Western blotting analysis revealed that all these purified fractions displayed significant inhibition effects on the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinases protein protein induced by LPS in mitogen activated protein kinase pathway, along with the relieving on the inhibition effect of LPS on IκB-α protein expression. In summary, the information generated by the present study could provide a theoretical basis for the exploration of novel healthy food materials from edible mushroom with anti-inflammation activities.

Hallazgo de Pleurotus cystidiosus (Agaricales, Pleurotaceae) en el norte de México

Background and Aims: Some species of Pleurotus form anamorphs that produce coremia and arthrospores, which are classified in the subgenus Coremiopleurotus and are morphologically very similar. In Mexico, seven species of the genus are known; however, only P. smithii, described from Mexico City, is known to form coremia. Recent collections of Pleurotus from Chihuahua, Mexico, showed distinct characteristics from the known species for the country, whose morphological and molecular characterization allowed us to identify P. cystidiosus in Mexico. The objective of this work was to document the presence of P. cystidiosus in Mexico and provide a detailed description of the specimens found in the country. Methods: The material was collected in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. Specimens were characterized macro- and microscopically through in situ photographs, polyfocal, and light microscopy. Morphological identification was performed using specialized literature. DNA extraction was carried out following a 3% CTAB protocol. The ITS region was amplified using the primer pairs ITS5/ITS4. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference. Key results: Pleurotus cystidiosus, a species previously unreported in Mexico, is morphologically and taxonomically described, confirmed with barcode sequences. The species is distinguished by the presence of abundant clavate to pyriform pleurocystidia and subglobose cheilocystidia in the teleomorph, as well as the formation of coremia with a white stipe, black head, and segments of arthrospores up to 17-25 × 5-7.5 µm in the anamorph. Conclusions: The presence of P. cystidiosus in the north of Mexico is confirmed. With this study, the number of known Pleurotus species for Mexico increases to eight.

Unveiling the Nutritional, Therapeutic, and Environmental Impact of Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus species): A Review

Unveiling the Nutritional, Therapeutic, and Environmental Impact of Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus species): A Review

Effects of an ergothioneine-rich Pleurotus sp. on skin moisturizing functions and facial conditions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

L-ergothioneine (EGT), an antioxidative and anti-inflammatory amino acid, is abundant in various mushroom fruiting bodies. Meanwhile, the effects of EGT-containing mushrooms on human skin are unknown. This study investigated the effects of oral ingestion of a novel EGT-rich strain of Pleurotus species (hiratake) on skin conditions in humans. We conducted a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial to evaluate skin moisturizing functions and facial conditions in 80 healthy women who were randomly assigned to either a group that was supplemented with hiratake tablets containing 25 mg of EGT/day or a placebo group. Skin moisture content, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and facial scores (VISIA scores) were measured at baseline, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks of supplementation. At 8 weeks, the skin moisture content was significantly higher on the temple in the hiratake group than in the placebo group. The hiratake group also exhibited a significant increase in skin moisture content on the arm at 8 and 12 weeks compared with baseline. At 12 weeks, wrinkle and texture scores were significantly better in the hiratake group than in the placebo group, and plasma EGT concentrations in the hiratake group were 4.7-fold higher than baseline (from 3.4 to 15.9 μM). Furthermore, EGT concentrations in plasma were significantly correlated with improvements in skin moisture content and TEWL on the arm, implying that these skin moisturizing benefits could be partly attributed to EGT. A stratified analysis of participants with a low baseline plasma EGT concentration (< 3.3 μM) revealed that skin moisture content on the temple was significantly higher at 8 and 12 weeks, and skin moisture content on the arm at 12 weeks tended to be higher (p = 0.074), in the hiratake group than in the placebo group. These findings suggested that oral ingestion of EGT-rich hiratake can improve skin moisturizing functions. EGT-rich hiratake may help maintain skin conditions in healthy women, and EGT may play a role in these beneficial effects.

Nutritional profiling and in silico analysis of pharmacological activities from local rice Pulu Mandoti fermented with Pleurotus spp.

Pulu Mandoti, a local red rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety popular among Sulawesi residents, has gained recognition for its perceived health benefits, especially as a preferred dietary option for individuals with diabetes or those seeking to prevent obesity. Given the increasing consumption of mushrooms, particularly Pleurotus species, renowned for their nutritional and medicinal attributes, this study delves into the transformative effects of Pleurotus spp. fermentation on Pulu Mandoti, the indigenous rice variety. Proximate analysis disclosed elevated dry matter (91.99 ± 0.61%), crude protein (8.55 ± 0.15%), and crude fat (1.34 ± 0.05%) in Pleurotus cystidiosus fermentation compared to Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus djamor. Concurrently, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were notably improved in all Pleurotus fermentations. Pulu Mandoti fermented with P. cystidiosus outperformed other treatments, aligning with molecular docking results pinpointing 11-Eicosenoic acid, methyl ester, and butylated hydroxytoluene as optimal interactors with antioxidant receptors 5O0x and 2CKJ. Butylated hydroxytoluene demonstrated interactions with the antidiabetic receptor 2QV4, along with 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester. These compounds, previously unreported in Pleurotus, displayed promising attributes as antioxidants and antidiabetic agents. Furthermore, the investigation delved into the fatty acid profiles, emphasizing the diverse range of potential bioactive compounds in fermented Pulu Mandoti. The findings of this research present a potential functional food rich in natural antioxidants and antidiabetic compounds, highlighting the yet undiscovered capabilities of Pleurotus spp. fermentation in augmenting the nutritional composition and bioactivity of indigenous rice varieties, specifically Pulu Mandoti.

Bioactive metabolites, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of fermented local rice (Pare ambo) by Pleurotus spp.: In-vitro and in-silico approach

Pare ambo, a local black rice variety popular in Tana Toraja (South Sulawesi), is recognized for its health benefits, especially for those managing diabetes or aiming to prevent obesity due to its antioxidant-rich composition. This study explored the impact of Pleurotus spp. Fermentation on pare ambo, examining its nutritional transformation. Proximate analysis indicated higher levels of crude protein (9.67 ± 0.73%), crude fat (3.36 ± 0.84%), and fiber (1.67 ± 0.33%) in P. cystidiosus fermentation compared to P. ostreatus and P. djamor. Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities significantly improved in all fermentations at 500 ppm concentration. Pare ambo fermented by all three Pleurotus species contained citric acid and trimethyl ester compounds, displaying superior antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, interacting with antioxidant receptor 5O0x (−7.2 kcal/mol) and antidiabetic receptor 3w37 (−8.2 kcal/mol) compared to the unfermented sample. Fatty acid profiling identified 32 compounds, predominantly FAMEs with ester groups. Pleurotus cystidiosus and P. djamor fermentations contributed 20 compounds, while P. ostreatus contributed 18 compounds. Prominent interactions were visualized between naphthalene, and decahydro-2,6-dimethyl, with 5O0x and 3w37. Anthocyanins were detected through HPLC separation in P. cystidiosus and P. ostreatus fermentation outputs. This study shows pare ambo as a promising functional food, abundant in natural antioxidants and antidiabetic compounds, highlighting the potential of Pleurotus spp. Fermentation to enhance the nutritional profile and bioactivity of indigenous rice varieties.

Linking the protease activity to the nematicidal action of edible mushroom.

Biological control using edible mushrooms as natural enemies is a sustainable alternative for pest management. Despite the well-established literature on toxins and secondary metabolites produced by these fungi in the biochemical control of nematodes, the nematicidal activity of proteases from different Pleurotus species is yet to be investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to correlate protease to the nematicidal activity of different mushrooms, Pleurotus sp., P. ostreatus (SB), P. ostreatus (Pearl), and P. djamor. For such a purpose, we performed motility assays of Panagrellus sp. at different time intervals, 6, 12, and 24h for each of the mushrooms. In addition, the protease activity was measured using different pH (5, 7, and 9) and fermentation time intervals (45 and 75 days). Furthermore, we also evaluated the effect of this cell-free extract on Panagrellus sp. In response to these experiments, all edible mushrooms showed a reduction over 82% for the nematode-feeding activity (p < 0.01). The cell-free crude extract of each of the fungi studied showed nematocidal activity (p < 0.01). For the 45-day fermentation, P. djamor exhibited statistical significance (p < 0.01) compared with the others, reaching a reduction percentage of 73%. For the 75-day fermentation, Pleurotus sp. and P. ostreatus (Pearl) showed significant differences compared with the other fungi (p < 0.01), with reduction percentages of 64 and 62%, respectively. Herein, protease activity was associated with the nematicidal action of different Pleurotus species in controlling Panagrellus sp.

First Report on Wild Occurrences of Phoenix Mushroom (&lt;i&gt;Pleurotus pulmonarius&lt;/i&gt; Fr. Quél.) in Indonesia

The genus Pleurotus is known as a commercially important mushroom and one of the most well-known cultivated mushrooms worldwide. Of many species of Pleurotus, the phoenix mushroom (P. pulmonarius) is cultivated in many countries, including Indonesia. In Indonesia, the farmers and larger companies usually use commercial strains of phoenix mushroom which they purchased from other countries. To date, there was no prior information regarding wild occurrences of P. pulmonarius in Indonesia. During our regular mushroom hunting in Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia, some edible wild fruiting bodies of light brown Pleurotus were collected. The current study aimed to determine the taxonomical position of our specimens based on morphological and molecular evidence. The combination of morphological and molecular analysis confirmed our specimens as P. pulnonarius. Morphologically, our specimens were distinguished by the small to medium sized fruiting bodies, pileus light brown, pinkish brown, to pale brown, flabelliform in the beginning to expanding broadly ovoid in maturity, lamellae shortly to deeply decurrent, stipe fleshy, eccentric to lateral, concolorous with lamellae, Basidiospores cylindrical to ellipsoid, basidia clavate to club shaped, basidioles are abundant, oleiferous hyphae common. The BLAST result revealed that our specimens posed a high similarity to P. pulnonarius from several countries as the top hits. The ITS phylogenetic tree placed Pleurotus FIPIA-DEP51 in the same clade of P. pulnonarius with 100% BS value. This study reports for the first time the wild occurences of P. pulmonarius in Indonesia. Future study should be done to characterize the cultures of reported mushroom which can potentially be the local strain for cultivation of P. pulmonarius industry in Indonesia.

Comparative Reports on Pleurotus Sajor-caju Cultivated on Local Wood Wastes in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

Cultivation of Pleurotus species, an Oyster mushroom is now becoming well known due to its taste, medicinal and nutritional values. It is capable of degrading agricultural wastes efficiently and even grows at different temperature ranges. Relatively, Pleurotus species has shorter life span and the fruiting bodies are rarely attacked by pests and diseases unlike the other edible mushrooms. Therefore, the aim of this research is to access the influence of mineral constituents of five local wood wastes (Anogeissus leiocarpa, Pouteria altissima, Vitellaria paradoxa, Cordia milleni and Triplochiton scleroxylon) in Ibadan metropolis on the growth, fruiting body yield and proximate analysis of cultivated oyster mushroom (P. sajor-caju). Data of Carbon/Nitrogen ratio (11.10 – 11.60) found reveal composition of Magnesium (0.035 mg), Potassium (0.053 mEq/l), Manganese (0.0013 mg), Copper (0.00050 g/m3), Iron (0.00275 mol/L), Phosphorus (0.027 mmol/L), Organic carbon (32.10 mg/L C), Organic matter (55.3 t/ha) and total nitrogen (2.77 mg/L) contributed greatly to the high crude protein, fats and ash contents of mushroom cultivated on T. Scleroxylon. However, insignificant contents of sodium (0.2 mg), Calcium (0.2 mmol/L) and Magnesium (0.013 mg) in Pouteria altissima led to the general inadequate performance of (P. sajor-caju) in yields. The fresh mean weight of (P. sajor-caju) was from 8.00 g – 27.53 g. The heaviest weight was obtained from T. scleroxylon followed by V. paradoxa, C. milleni, while Anogeissus leiocarpa gave the lightest weight. Hence, T. scleroxylon will be suggested for cultivating P. sajor-caju because of its positive impact on the yield, crude fibre, and protein content of the experimented mushroom.

A multifaceted analysis of spent mushroom substrate of selected oyster mushrooms for enzymatic activity, proximate composition, and antimicrobial activity

The global market for mushrooms is growing due to its nutritional enrichment, potential usage as a bioremediation, enzyme production, and functional food development. However, the leftover post-harvest mushroom substrate (SMS) generates certain environmental concerns. This study aimed to investigate the potential of SMS obtained from two oyster mushroom species—Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus djamor. These were examined regarding sustainability by analyzing their lignocellulosic enzyme production, cellulose yield, antimicrobial properties, and proximate composition. The findings for both P. ostreatus and P. djamor showed higher activity of amylase, that is, 0.3 U (μmol/min) and 0.7 U (μmol/min), respectively, compared to activity of cellulase, which showed 0.3 U (μmol/min) and 0.5 U (μmol/min), respectively. SMS showed the highest activity of lignocellulosic enzymes, compared to non-SMCs and controls at p ≤ 0.00 and ≤0.01), proving fungual mycelia as the precursor of enzymes activity, as no mushroom is cultivated due to least enzymatic activity. The results for proximate analysis of SMCs showed a significant difference from non-SMCs. The findings for P. djmor revealed protein (1.23%), fats (1.3%), and ash (8.11), which were significantly higher than in P. ostreatus. A positive co-relation of 52% was established between SMCs with amylase, while a correlation of 20% was observed with cellulase, depicting an impact of mycelia in the breakdown of protein for amylase production. The SMC samples were also subjected to antibacterial analysis against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Xanthomonas. A higher minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) was recorded for P. djamor, that is, 8.80 mm, 11.66 mm, and 9.04 mm, compared to P. ostreatus, which showed its highest MIC as 9.18 mm, 9.30 mm, and 9.28 mm for S. aureus, E. coli, and Xanthomonas, respectively. It was evident from the study that SMC has a potential of being utilized for bioremediation, as it is therapeutically active against pathogens. Additionally, Pleurotus spp. is of great interest because of its ability to produce high nutritive value, cellulose yield, and a vast amount of lignocellulosic enzymes. The current experiment recommends the use of distilled water for mushroom farming, as enzymatic activities can significantly be affected by pH and buffers. Furthermore, the spent compost, being rich nutritionally, can be used for soil enrichment or as a biofertilizer.

Characterization and yield performance of spawn prepared from Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) Redhead and some Pleurotus species (Agaricomycetes)

Edible mushrooms are gaining popularity for their rich nutrition, bioactive compounds and global accessibility. Mushroom spawn, is crucial for successful mushroom growth, impacting yield and quality. Therefore, the study was undertaken to prepare and characterise quality spawn of six mushroom species viz., Hypsizygus ulmarius, Pleurotus sajor-caju, P. ostreatus, P. eous, P. eryngii and P. pulmonarius on wheat grains (variety DBW 303, Karan Vaishnavi). The results revealed that HU-01/22 spawn run took the shortest (10.33 d) and PE-01/22 the longest (14.00 d) time. The colour of fresh mushroom spawn varied from white to absolute white and mycelial growth was fluffy, floccose, thin and thick. The maximum (44.37 mm) mean linear growth was recorded in HU-01/22, while it was minimum (30.04 mm) in PE-01/22 after 10 days of incubation. The mean maximum (0.38 mm/h) growth rate was in HU-01/22, followed by PP-9-02-01/22 (0.35 mm/h) and PE-01/22 (0.28 mm/h). The colorimetric evaluation revealed L* values ranging from 56.46 to 69.99, a* values from −0.04 to 0.24 and b* values from 3.20 to 8.22. The ΔL* ranged from −28.43 to −24.37, Δa* from −0.06 to 0.22 and Δb* from −3.05 to 1.97, while ΔE ranged from 24.54 to 28.59. The colour intensity of spawn mycelia of different test species varied between 3.20 and 8.21 and whiteness index values ranged between 35.21 and 54.88. Further, it was observed that when the prepared spawn was evaluated for yield attributes and biological efficiency, among the different test species, HU-01/22 gave the highest yield (775.60 g/0.6 Kg dry substrate) having 129.26 percent biological efficiency.

PREPARATION OF PLEUROTUS SPAWN ON DIFFERENT GRAIN SUBSTRATES

The cultivation of Pleurotus is gaining momentum due to its nutritional value and economic potential. The preparation of mushroom spawn on grain media involves inoculating them with pure cultures of certain mushroom species under sterile conditions, yet contamination of the spawn is a significant barrier to the growth and spread of mushroom farming in underdeveloped nations. In this study, the spawn growth of Pleurotus species on various grain substrates including maize, wheat, sorghum and bajra was explored. The results revealed significant differences in spawn growth duration among the substrates. Maize substrate exhibited the longest duration for spawn growth, requiring 19 days, while wheat, sorghum and bajra substrates displayed shorter duration of 15, 10 and 11 days respectively. Furthermore, each substrate demonstrated distinct characteristics influencing spawn growth, highlighting the importance of substrate selection in Pleurotus species cultivation. These finding provide valuable insights for optimizing spawn production process and enhancing the efficiency of Pleurotus species cultivation practices.

Exploring the Functional Properties and Nutritional Values of Colored Oyster Mushrooms Species (Pleurotus, Agaricomycetes): A Review.

Colored oyster mushrooms species of genus Pleurotus are a variety of edible mushrooms that attract a lot of interest among the consumers and scientists due to its scientific evidence that they have promising health benefits. However, information on their characteristics and properties is still scarce. Consequently, it is important to determine the potential health benefits of the mushrooms. This review paper presents an overview of functional properties and nutritional values of colored oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.). It particularly discusses the types of pigments present in Pleurotus spp., their characteristics, and potential nutritional values. Pigments such as melanin, carotenoids, and flavonoids are reported to be present in colored oyster mushrooms. Moreover, the antioxidant compounds of these mushrooms have been unveiled, demonstrating their potential to counteract oxidative stress and improve general health. In addition, the investigation into the nutritional characteristics of the mushrooms reveals encouraging aspects for their incorporation into dietary considerations. Thus, it can be concluded that colored Pleurotus species have an immense amount of potential for use as natural colorants, as well as nutritious and antioxidant-rich compounds. These mushrooms represent an important advancement in the search for functional foods due to their significant nutrients such as proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, and fibers.

Effect of different in-organic additives on growth of spawn and production of Pleurotus species (P. djamor and P. sajor-caju)

Effect of different in-organic additives on growth of spawn and production of Pleurotus species (P. djamor and P. sajor-caju)

Taxonomic Identification and Nutritional Profiling of Wild Isolates of the Pink Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus djamor (Agaricomycetes) from Northwestern Himalayas (India).

For generations, individuals have been incorporating wild edible fungi into their diets. Precisely identifying mushrooms is essential for harnessing their potential benefits for human use. Specifically, the taxonomical identification of Pleurotus species is known for its complexity. In modern times, it is always necessary to use molecular analysis as a valuable approach for gaining a deeper understanding of the systematics and the delineation of species. Thus, this study confirmed the identity of two wild isolates of Pleurotus djamor (pink oyster mushroom) using the internal transcribed spacer sequences. The amplicons underwent sequencing, and the resulting data was assembled and analyzed. The nucleotide sequences of the two wild isolates blasted against sequences from GenBank database revealed that two wild isolates matched 96.80 and 95.27% P. djamor with accession number KF280324.1 and KT273366.1. Commercially cultivated species took less time for spawn run (17.75 days), primordial initiation (22.25 days) and recoded highest biological efficiency (73.92%) among wild isolates. Nutritional analysis revealed that wild isolates showcase an abundance of nutrients, surpassing commercially cultivated species in terms of moisture, protein, and crude fiber content. This distinctive nutritional profile positions wild isolates as an exceptional superfood, fostering overall health enhancement.

NUTRIENT COMPOSITION, IN VITRO GAS AND METHANE PRODUCTION OF Pleurotus SPECIES TREATED CROP RESIDUES FOR THEIR USE IN RUMINANT DIETS

A promising approach for the provision of high-quality supplementary feed for dry season ruminant feeding is the use of fungal-treated crop residues. This current study, therefore, used 3 Pleurotus species (P. ostreatus -PO, P. florida – PF, and P. sajor-caju- PS) to treat 4 crop residues (cowpea chaff - CC, millet chaff - MC, groundnut haulm - GH, and maize stover -MST) over 20 days at room temperature. The treated residues were afterward dried and sub-samples were taken for chemical composition (Dry matter – DM, crude protein – CP, Neutral detergent fibre – NDF, and Acid detergent fibre – ADF) determination and in vitro studies (in vitro gas and methane gas production). The Pleurotus species improved the crop residues nutrient composition through increased CP values and decreased NDF and ADF values but the species varied in their residues preference. PO greatly improved GH and CC; PS greatly improved MC; and PF greatly improved MST. The Pleurotus species improved the in vitro gas production of millet chaff (57 – 107 ml/ g DM – PF; 123 ml/ g DM – PS; and 130 ml/ g DM – PO) only. The highest in vitro gas production in PO-treated MC was complemented with comparable methane gas production (3.28 – 5.19 ml/ g DM) and percentage methane in total gas production (7 – 7%) to intact residue at 72h of incubation. It can be concluded that PO-treated millet chaff can be used as improved supplementary dry season feed for better ruminant production.