Pleasing Research Articles

Monosodium Glutamate Level in Kid’s Food and Its Dietary Effects on Liver and Kidney Functions in Adult Rats

Youngsters are inclined to pleasing flavor and express a preference for sweetly, salty, and tasty food items than others. That's why monosodium glutamate (MSG) or tasting salt is using enormously in kid’s food items to increase palatability known as umami taste though it has adverse impacts on health. The purposes of this study were to determine of MSG level in kid’s items such as chips and noodles spices that are randomly taken by them and also its dietary consequences on liver and kidney functions in albino adult rats. The quantitative analysis was done by using the UHPLC system and 36 adult albino rats were used in this study for dietary intervention. The results showed that the overall mean value of MSG in imported chips was about doubled than the local brand. The MSG levels of the noodles spice varied from local to import and brand to brand which extended from 3.87±0.21-7.33±1.62 g/kg. Bodyweight of rats was significantly raised after the oral intervention of about 45.68%, 56.19% substantial in treatment 1(0.5 mg/g body weight of MSG) and treatment 2(1.5 mg/g body weight of MSG) respectively confronted with of about 22.59% in the control group. On regard to liver functions, the level of serum Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was significantly (p < 0.05) increased but on the contrary, Albumin and Bilirubin were decreased with an uplift of MSG in treated rats compared to the control. MSG had antagonistic impacts on kidney functions as serum creatinine was significantly increased (35.48, 77.42%) inT1 and T2 group rats and serum urea was also increased in treated animals contrasted with the control group. The results unveiled that MSG at a low dose may causes an adverse outcomes on the hepatic and renal functions.

Application of KISS anterolateral thigh flap in repairing soft tissue defect of dorsal side of multiple fingers

Objective To evaluate the surgical technique and clinical effect of free KISS anterolateral thigh flap in repairing soft tissue defect of dorsal side of fingers. Methods From January, 2014 to June, 2019, 7 patients with soft tissue defects in dorsal side of multiple fingers were treated. Step one, a KISS anterolateral thigh flap was used and a temporary syndactyly between adjacent affected fingers was created by suture of the digital palmar skin. The donor sites were sutured directly. Step two, a procedure of partial de-bulking and division of syndactyly was followed-up 1-3 months later. All cases were followed-up in observations of appearance, texture, functions and donor site of flaps. Results All flaps survived, and all went through disorders of no blood circulation. The followed-up time were 3 to 24 (average 12.5) months. The flaps had fine appearance, texture and colour. The dorsal aspects of reconstructed fingers demonstrated an aesthetically pleasing effect after the flap de-bulking and division of syndactyly. The donor site only left a linear scar, and the thigh had no functional deficit. Conclusion Free KISS anterolateral thigh flap in repairing defects of dorsal skin in multiple fingers could simplify the operation, shorten operative time and reduce surgical trauma. Key words: Anterolateral thigh flap; Finger; KISS flap; Repair; Microsurgical operation

Optimization of cables size and prestressing force for a single pylon cable-stayed bridge with Jaya algorithm

In recent years, due to the many advantages cable-stayed bridges have often constructed in medium and long span. These advantages can be listed as an aesthetically pleasing appearance, economic and easy construction, etc. The main structural elements of cable-stayed bridges are listed as deck, pylon, cables and foundation. Perhaps one of the most vital and expensive of these structural elements is stay-cables. Stay-cables ensure the allowable displacement and distribution of bending moments along the bridge deck with prestressing force. Therefore the optimum design of the stay-cables and prestressing force are very important in achieving the performance expected from the cable-stayed bridges. This paper aims to obtain the stay-cables size and prestressing force optimization of the cable-stayed bridge. For this purpose, single pylon and fan type cable configuration Manavgat Cable-Stayed Bridge was selected as an example. The three dimensional (3D) finite element model (FEM) of the bridge was created with SAP2000. Analysis of the 3D FEM of the bridge was conducted under the different combined effects of the self-weight of the structural element, prestressing force of stay-cable and live load. Stay-cable stress and deck displacement were taken into account as constraints for the optimization problem. To optimize this existing bridge a metaheuristic algorithm named Jaya was used in the optimization process. 3D FEM of the selected bridge was repeatedly analyzed by using Open Applicable Programming Interface (OAPI) properties of SAP2000. To carry out the optimization process the developed program which integrates the Jaya algorithm and the required codes for calling SAP2000 is coded in MATLAB. At the end of the study, the total weight of the stay-cables was reduced more than 40% according to existing stay cables under loads taken into account.

Biomechanics of double eyelid and clinical application in mild blepharoptosis

Objective To investigate biomechanical properties of double eyelid surgery and its clinical application in upper blepharoplasty. Methods In the mild ptosis correction combined with double eyelid surgery, the main force from levator was assigned to upper tarsus to open eyes. At the same time, not only it could ensure the enough height of palpebral fissure, but also had relatively stable and persistent double eyelid. For those who had sunken upper eyelid, were given fat transposition and/or autologous fat grafting. For those who had medial epicanthal fold, to achieve a pleasing eye appearance, we performed epicanthoplasty. Results After 6 months to 2 years of follow-up, 15 cases had unsatisfactory results and underwent secondary surgery. The revision reason was as follows: 7 patients had asymmetry double eyelid width, 3 patients had insufficient correction for ptosis, 2 patients had shallower and narrower double eyelid line. In 3 cases, the correction of the upper sunken was insufficient. The remaining 164 patients with mild ptosis were well corrected, and the double eyelid was stable and natural, and the results were satisfactory. There were no major complications. Conclusions During mild blepharoptosis correction combined with double eyelid surgery, reasonable treatment of the biomechanical balance has certain clinical significance for avoiding postoperative complications and improving the effect of double eyelid surgery. Key words: Blepharoptosis; Blepharoplasty; Biomechanics; Balance; Eyelid fissure height

MENGEMBANGKAN POTENSI ESTETIK DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA SEKOLAH DASAR

The purpose of this study is to produce pleasing module geometry and produce products aesthetically that are useful and marketable. From the results of the research conducted in subjects Mathematics Learning Class Advanced Class, this research is a research development by using the 4D model (define, design, develop, and disseminate). Phase in disseminate do not apply in this study. It was designed to see whether the module is valid or not. Then, do a trial expert, that expert Math Classroom Learning Module design and aesthetics in Advanced Mathematics Learning modules. Aspects which tested to the experts are the aspect of the material in the module, aspects of presentation, and aspects of advantages which is marketable. The results showed that the learning module of Math by experts already valid and aesthetically valuable. Based on the research result, it can be concluded that the modules of Classroom lectures Advanced Mathematics Learning Study Program Elementary School Teacher FKIP Bung Hatta University has a valid and aesthetically valuable. Key Words : module, learning mathematics, valid, aesthetics.

Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)

The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) is the world’s most authoritative list of scholarly, peer-reviewed, fully open access journals, and a “must” for libraries of all types. As of August 2007, DOAJ includes over 2,800 titles, over 10% of the world’s estimated 20-25,000 peer-reviewed scholarly journal titles. This is an impressive list; in terms of numbers of titles, DOAJ compares favorably with commercial journal packages. DOAJ is growing rapidly, at a rate of more than one title per calendar day. DOAJ’s highly functional and aesthetically pleasing interface features a number of search options, including a new search option for authors looking for open access or hybrid journals to publish in. DOAJ is freely available, and working towards economic sustainability through an optional membership / sponsorship program. This article examines the DOAJ membership program in some depth. Membership fees for libraries and library consortia are an incredible bargain. The membership fee for DOAJ’s 2,800 (and growing) title list is less than the average subscription cost for a single journal in any scientific discipline, and DOAJ represents significant staff time savings for libraries. The promotional benefits of DOAJ membership are important to position libraries for leadership in the internet age, and especially in the key emerging area of scholarly communications. DOAJ is a very popular service among libraries, with a strong reputation for quality; membership or sponsorship is likely to be highly beneficial to library service providers. As a free resource, DOAJ is strongly recommended for all libraries. DOAJ titles can be included in A-Z journal lists, library catalogues or websites, and subject-specific URLs can be added to subject guides or pathfinders.

Design of the Administrative Building of Kuhsar City under a Sustainable Architecture Concept Approach

This study investigates a sustainable approach in the design of the administrative building of the municipality and Islamic council of Kuhsar city, Iran. The initial design is inspired by a flower bud and the various stages of the design are described using actual images, 2-D plans and 3-D models. An extra focus is given to sustainable elements. Overall the design aims to deliver an energy sufficient yet aesthetically pleasing building.

Attitudes to risk management in space projects

The paper aims to examine the personalities of people currently working in the delivery of space projects. The study was conducted via the use of an online survey which included twenty-five Likert scale questions which are based on risk decision scenarios and personality questions. A total of 50 responses were collected from people with experience in the delivery of space projects. The results of this study suggest that people who have experience in space project delivery are people with a high level and long term view, are fair and pleasing, extroverted and logical decision takers, prefer to freeze scope and respect deadlines and finally they prefer to make team consensus decisions. The results also show that the respondents are willing to take risky decisions depending on the situation and case.

Costal cartilage for rhinoplasty

Augmentation rhinoplasty is a commonly procedure in clinical work for a plastic surgeon. Autologous costal cartilage is widely used in aesthetic rhinoplasy because of the abundant in quality. However, the cartilage may warp, and it is not easy-handling for inexperienced plastic surgeons. We-used diced cartilage combined with thin strips as columellar struts, which can be easily shaped, and reduce the warping incidence. From July 2012 to March 2014, 61 patients were performed diced costal cartilage for nasal augmentation via endonasal approach. Standardized photographs are obtained before and after surgery. Postoperative outcome is graded by patient's self-evaluation of the nasal appearance with a satisfaction scale. Among the 61 cases, 25 were revision cases. The follow-up time was no less than 6 months, with an average time of 10.9 months. 28 patients reported improved or better nasal appearance. One patient required revision surgery because of overcorrection. Supratip step-off was observed in one patient and corrected by external reshaping. No warping, infection, irregularity, absorption, airway obstruction, or donor-site morbidity were observed. All patients were satisfied with the final appearance. Diced costal cartilage is a reliable option for nasal augmentation and revision rhinoplasty. Good outcomes can be achieved postoperatively, with aesthetically pleasing appearance and simple procedure.

Assessment of facial asymmetry using stereophotogrammetry

Asymmetry in the dimensions and spatial position of facial structures is a common finding in healthy individuals and in esthetically pleasing faces (1). Additionally, a variety of craniofacial anomalies are characterized by severe hard- and soft-tissue asymmetry (2). Facial asymmetry can impair the affected people from both aesthetical and functional points of view. Currently, facial asymmetry is mainly evaluated using the entire facial surface, thus providing measurements that give only general information about facial morphology. In contrast, several pathologies affecting facial appearance are localized in selected parts of the face, and a local assessment can provide helpful information for clinical decisions. For these reasons a detailed, focused and objective evaluation of facial asymmetry is advised, both for surgical planning and treatment evaluation. In this study we present a new quantitative method to assess symmetry in different facial thirds, objectively defined on the territories of distribution of trigeminal branches. Forty healthy young adults (21 women; 19 men; average age 39 ± 12 years) were acquired with a stereophotogrammetric system and the level of asymmetry of their hemi-facial thirds was evaluated, comparing the root mean square of the distances (RMSD) between their original and mirrored facial surfaces. The method resulted highly reproducible (Bland and Altman coefficient of reproducibility for area selection, 98.8%). In the upper facial third, median asymmetry was 0.726 mm (IQ range: 0.579-0.954 mm); in the middle facial third, median asymmetry was 0.739 mm (IQ range: 0.558-0.887 mm); in the lower facial third, median asymmetry was 0.679 mm (IQ range: 0.552-0.907 mm). No significant differences in RMSD values among the facial thirds were found (ANOVA, p>0.05). The presented method provides an accurate, reproducible and local facial symmetry analysis, that can be used for different conditions, especially when only part of the face is asymmetric.This work was supported by grants from University of Milan (Grant for Research 2015-2017).

Effect of variation of ginger juice on some physical and sensory properties of ice cream

Frozen desserts like ice cream are valued for their pleasing flavour, cooling and refreshing effects. Ginger is one such natural herb which is valued for its medicinal and therapeutic properties since time immemorial. In present investigation, ginger - a natural herb, was used as a flavouring agent in ice cream.In the present investigation a basic ice cream mix having 12% fat, 11% solid not fat, 15% sucrose, 0.4% sodium alginate and 0.1% glycerol mono stearate was prepared. Ginger juice was incorporated at level 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% w/w of ice cream mix. The whole experiment was based on 4 replications (i.e. 24 lots) of preparation of ice cream. After experimentation, it was found that the gradual increase of ginger juice decreased per cent overrun. Due to its high moisture content the ginger juice brought significant variations in overrun and melting characteristics. However, the variations were within a close range which ultimately did not imparted adverse effect on overrun, melting characteristics and sensory quality of ginger ice cream. The ice cream made with 4% ginger juice was found to be most acceptable.

THE NATURE AND CHALLENGES OF STREET SWEEPING IN ADO-EKITI

This study examined the nature of street sweeping, the composition of litters, the socio-economic and health status of street sweepers and the public perception of the benefits and challenges of street sweeping in Ado-Ekiti. Primary data were obtained through direct personal observation, questionnaire administration and in-depth interview while secondary data were sourced from published and unpublished documents. Purposive and random sampling methods were adopted in the selection of respondents for questionnaire administration. Four types of structured questionnaire were designed and administered separately to: 103 (20%) of the street sweepers along the 21 swept streets; 193 (5%) buildings along the 21 streets; 14 officials of the Ekiti State Waste Management Authority involved in the street sweeping programme, and 42 pedestrians (female and male) along the 21 swept streets. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data collected. Findings revealed that all the street sweepers were females and casual workers. Sediments/broken blocks/sand/gravel (18.8%), plastics (16.6%), nylon/polythene (16.6%), leaves/wood/grass (15.0%), food wastes (12.6%), paper (9.9%), aluminum cans/metals/glass (5.3%), and miscellaneous (5.2%) constituted the street litters. The sweepers suffered from joint pain (96.1%), catarrh (91.3%), cough (83.5%) eye infection (70.8%) asthma (46.6%) and malaria (31.1%). Inadequate personnel, insufficient tools and equipment, poor remuneration, stigmatisation, exposure to accidents and harassment were the challenges faced by the sweepers. The benefits created by the street sweeping programme are: city beautification and aesthetics (74.6%); employment opportunity (16.6%); improved urban environmental health (6.2%), and attractiveness of the streets (2.6%).The study concluded that the street sweeping programme has made the streets sanitary and aesthetically pleasing, provided employment and raised public perception of Ado-Ekiti as a clean and healthy city. Employment of more sweepers, provision of adequate equipment, public sensitisation and attitudinal change, enforcement of environmental sanitation laws, and improved remuneration will make street sweeping a sustainable waste management strategy in Ado-Ekiti.

Abdominal perforator vs. muscle sparing flaps for breast reconstruction.

Abdominally based free flaps have become the mainstay for women that desire to use their own tissue as a means of breast reconstruction after mastectomy. As the techniques have evolved, significant effort has been invested in finding the best means of minimizing morbidity to the abdominal donor site while ensuring a viable reconstructed breast that is aesthetically pleasing. This manuscript reviews and compares the muscle sparing free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (MsfTRAM), the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP), and the superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flaps, regarding flap success rate, operative times, abdominal donor site morbidity and residual functionality, hospital lengths of stay and associated costs, impact of co-morbid conditions, and resilience after adjuvant radiation treatment.

100 Medical Emergencies for Finals

The quest of all discerning final-year medical students is to make some clinical sense of the volumes of facts that they have methodically memorised over the preceding years of study. This book has been written with this aim in mind. Its objective is to fill in ‘the gaps in the learner's knowledge about the practicalities of treatment’ through the provision of ‘easily digested and clear advice on emergencies’. The authors have drawn the content from their own experience in medical, surgical and general practice. The target population for this book includes medical students, foundation trainees, emergency nurse practitioners and pre-hospital personnel. The layout is very logical with each chapter focusing on a particular specialty. The topics included are those most likely to be encountered during a routine week in the accident and emergency department. Within each chapter each subsection is divided into clinical features, aetiology and management with an accompanying list of references for further reading. This format is virtually uniform throughout the book, which makes it very helpful to the pre-examination candidate in search of a structured system of learning. However, this format has been deviated from in the few surgical sections and, at an initial glance, appears a little wordy. Nevertheless, closer reading reveals valuable and relevant information conforming to the objectives of the book. In the context of aetiology of the conditions included there is a focus on the most common factors rather than comprehensive lists and this is appropriate for the target reader. A very pleasing component in most chapters is the inclusion of algorithmic strategies of management based on the current evidence base. This is particularly applicable to the foundation trainee and junior accident and emergency doctor. The use of clear and relevant diagrams, mnemonics and validated scoring systems also makes this book a useful aid to candidates preparing for higher examinations. In the context of practical treatment, it would have been helpful to see more details on the precise techniques of skills such as catheterisation and chest-drain insertion, which medical students are expected to have an understanding of in the OSCE examination setting. Description of medical management and stabilisation of patients is excellent in this book, with helpful suggestions of appropriate medications to use. The bullet-pointed format of the treatment sections is delineated in a logical fashion, making them directly applicable to the clinical scenario. Comparing this book to other revision aids for final-year students, the strengths include its logical structure, clarity of presentation and breadth of specialties covered. With its content taking account of only the most common conditions, it helps to focus the final-year student on the reality of day-to-day practice instead of the frequent fascination with the rare and bizarre. The main weakness in comparison to other similar-style books such as the Sprigings and Chambers book on Acute Medicine and the Oxford Handbook of Acute Medicine is that it lacks the essential knowledge of detailed practical procedures that both final-year medical students and foundation trainees need to manage the emergency scenario effectively. I do, however, feel that it is a very useful adjunct to revision for the final-year student preparing for a viva voce style OSCE examination.

Cancer in the Spine: Comprehensive Care

The presentation of spinal tumours, especially metastases, to surgeons has increased significantly over the past few years. Recent research discussed mainly in oncology circles appears to have confirmed the important role of spinal surgery in palliative care, an area that was often dismissed as inappropriate in the past. Improvements in spinal reconstruction techniques, implants and peri-operative care have revolutionised the surgical options for patients with both primary and secondary spinal tumours. This text is, therefore, well timed in its publication. The editor has assembled a broad range of North American authors representing most healthcare professions providing care for patients with spinal tumours, including oncologists, palliative care physicians, radiotherapists, surgeons, radiologists, pain specialists and physiotherapists. This gives the book a pleasing multidisciplinary outlook, reflecting the clinical co-operation that is essential to provide proper care for such patients. The chapters are succinct and generally well referenced, giving this book appeal to a very broad range from the junior doctor embarking on an oncology or spinal surgical career to established clinicians seeking to refresh thinking on basic pathology or areas of care outside their immediate subspecialty. The basic science chapters are particularly well written – easy to cover but giving a broad understanding of, for example, the cell biology and growth of tumours. There are also useful chapters on the pathology and management of the most frequent pathological types of spinal tumour, including haematological malignancies. The surgical techniques for spinal reconstruction in tumour surgery are complex and often challenging. The book touches on these, using authors well recognised as leaders in this field but does not claim to be comprehensive in its descriptions; it is not an operative manual. However, a slightly more in-depth analysis of surgical techniques, including en-bloc spondylectomy, would have made the text more attractive to the established spinal surgeon. The section on vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty usefully reminds the spinal surgeon that injection of cement into vertebra was originally developed for oncological applications rather than osteoporotic fractures, where it is most frequently used. It can be an excellent method of pain relief in spinal tumours, with the benefits of a minimally invasive approach. The nature of a text that tries hard to give a brief overview of all the different clinical facets of cancer care means that some themes will be underdeveloped. The chapter on investigating metastasis from an unknown primary appears overly negative in the ability to help such patients surgically and, therefore, shies away from full investigation on value-for-cost basis. As the availability of radiological investigations improves and their costs concurrently decrease, clinicians are finding increasing success in coming to a working diagnosis, thereby helping the planning of palliative treatment including surgery. It would also have improved the text to see more focus and probably a complete chapter on the outcome of different combinations of intervention, which is an area of particular current research interest. Altogether, this text is a useful, well-written, referenced and edited overview of the basic tenets of spinal oncology practice. Its size and layout make it very easy to read and it can be recommended to any health professional forming part of an oncology team. It will also help to keep the improvements in spinal surgery and its outcome in the mind of all clinicians caring for patients with cancer. This, hopefully, will help to ensure that patients are not excluded from full assessment and potential treatments that are now thought significantly to improve the quality of limited life.

Achieving ideal breast aesthetics with autologous reconstruction.

Achieving ideal breast aesthetic has become a top priority for women considering breast reconstruction following mastectomy. The use of autologous tissue is generally regarded as providing the most natural results because donor tissues quality and consistency is similar to that of the native breast. There are several donor sites that are particularly useful for autologous reconstruction that include the abdomen, gluteal region, posterior thorax, and the thigh. Traditional and microsurgical techniques can be used. Shaping is a critical component and involves a basic understanding of the footprint, conus, and skin envelope. This manuscript will review many aspects of breast shaping in-order to achieve aesthetically pleasing results in a predictable manner.

A Modified algorithm for Removal of Salt and Pepper Noise in Color Images

In this paper a modified simple edge preserved denoising algorithm to remove salt and pepper noise in digital color images is presented. The algorithm has three steps: noisy pixel detection, replacement of noisy pixels, confirmation by comparing with a threshold. In additon a median filtering is added to improve the qualityof the image. The proposed algorithm prevents the smoothing of edges in the noise removal process, by predicting the possible edges and taking the mean value from the predicted edge. In the proposed algorithm the computational complexity is less with maximum edge preservation. The color images are denoised by extracting the R, G and B planes from the noisy image, denoised separately and are merged together to form the color image, rather than converting to gray for denoising and then reconstructing from the denoised gray image. The algorithm is implemented partially in MATLAB and MODELSIM. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm yields visually pleasing images in terms of qualitative and quantitative evaluation compared to other standard algorithms.

An Analysis of Abortion in Iranian Law and Imamia Fiqh: a Cursory Look at International Law

The pregnancy is considered to be a beautiful and pleasing event from a medical and social perspective, and conversely abortion is seen as a social problem in all human societies, and a universal inevitable phenomenon, particularly in different populous countries and can undermine the general health of family and society. On the other hand, in addition to legal and juristic (Fiqh) considerations, abortion is concerned with a combination of medical, psychological, moral and philosophical issues. Unfortunately, due to cultural and economic poverty, people commit the illegal act of abortion which can afflict mother with severe consequences and mental disorders after and before abortion. Abortion violation is an illegal practice pertinent to women and this social problem has affected criminologists and lawyers opinions. From a juristic (Fiqh) point of view, abortion is taken into consideration before and after birth of the infant, and mothers are considered as the most critical pillars of the society due to their fundamental roles in nurturing and developing constructive personalities into the society, taking care of their husbands and finally strengthening the basic pillars of family. Nowadays, among a myriad of countries throughout the world, only twenty six countries including UK, China, France, Russia and Germany(since 1948 and by adopting relevant regulations) regarded abortion as a completely legitimate and valid act, and in Australia, abortion is a crime and doer should be punished. Punishment is not the most influential practice to prevent or reduce abortion. This is because this illegal act is committed by the formal consent of fetus's parents, a doctor or other persons in a completely secret manner and with a high rate of incidence.

Prospects pleasing, and unpleasing

Prospects pleasing, and unpleasing

Comparison of Cephalometric Norms of Pleasing Faces with Patients Reported in the Out Patients Department of Orthodontic at Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Hyderabad/ Jamshoro

Abstract: Objective: This was a cross sectional study aimed to analyze Cephalometric norms of patients reporting to outpatients department of Orthodontic Department Liaquat University of Medical and health sciences, Hyderabad / Jamshoro in comparison with the Caucasian norms. Methods: The study was carried out on true lateral cephalometric radiographs of 150 subjects (75 male, 75 female) between 18-28 years, with esthetically pleasing and harmonious faces, competent lips, class 1 molar relationship, with all permanent teeth present, no facial trauma and no history of previous orthodontic treatment. The mean, standard deviation and ranges of all measurements were compared with the norms established by Steiner. For all statistical evaluation was performed by SPSS 16 .0 version software, the student t-test were performed to compare the sample with Steiner means. Results: several significant findings were notable in the result of the present study. The result of the present study sample showed retrusive mandible (p < 0.000), horizontal growth pattern, procline upper incisors (p < 0.000), decrease inter-incisal angle (p < 0.001) when compared with the Caucasian norms taken by Steiner. No significant findings were found between male and female in present study sample. Conclusion: There were no significant differences between the male and female Population cephalometric norms Even though, a careful analysis of cephalom norms of patients along with other diagnostic considerations before initiating orthodontic treatment for better stability. Keywords: Cepahlomatric norms, Steiner analysis