Pleasant Events Schedule Research Articles

Prática de atividades prazerosas e bem-estar subjetivo em idosos

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and relationships between subjective well being and involvement in pleasant events in a sample of 156 community-dwelling older people without cognitive impairment. The Brazilian version of The California Older Person’s Pleasant Events Schedule assessed the involvement in pleasant events, and subjective well-being was assessed by the Life Satisfaction Scale and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale. The sample showed higher levels of positive affect compared to negative affect, higher frequency of Contemplative activities and lower frequency of Intellectual activities. Significant relationships were observed between the constructs in general, suggesting that the higher the Involvement of older people in Pleasant Events the higher their Subjective Well Being. Social and Competence activities as well as Contemplative activities showed stronger associations with Subjective Well Being. These findings are relevant for the development of interventions and public policies focused on older people’s mental health.

Reinforcer pathology's alternative reinforcer hypothesis: A preliminary examination.

The novel theory of Reinforcer Pathology states that the temporal window of integration, measured by delay discounting (DD), determines the value of reinforcers. Based on the Reinforcer Pathology theory, the valuation of alternative reinforcers is positively associated with the length of the temporal window (negatively with rates of discounting). The objective of this article is to test the Reinforcer Pathology theory by reanalyzing data from a prior report (Carr & Epstein, 2018) in order to examine the association between the reinforcing value of alternative reinforcement and the length of the measured temporal window. Participants (N = 250) who completed an adjusting delay discounting task and the Pleasant Events Schedule (PES) were included in the study. PES provides a measurement of a reinforcement score (a cross-product of PES measures of frequency and pleasantness) for 45 noneating alternative activities. Analysis of Variance and Spearman product-moment correlations were completed. Delay discounting was significantly positively correlated with sedentary reinforcement and significantly negatively correlated with cognitively enriching activities. A significant interaction was observed in the preference for between food and cognitive-enriching context as a function ln(k) in predicting the cognitive-enriching activity class. Nonsignificant relationships were also observed with the correlation of delay discounting to the reinforcement of social and physical activities. These findings provide initial support for Reinforcer Pathology theory and indicate that the temporal window over which reinforcers are integrated may be a factor contributing to a preference for some healthy or unhealthy alternative reinforcers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Depressão e envolvimento em atividades prazerosas em idosos submetidos à hemodiálise em um hospital-escola: estudo descritivo

Este é estudo quantiqualitativo realizado em julho e junho de 2017 com o objetivo investigar como se dá a manifestação da Prática de Atividades Prazerosas (PAP) em idosos com Doença Renal Crônica e verificar a presença de sintomas depressivos em usuários submetidos à hemodiálise num hospital escola de uma cidade de médio porte em Minas Gerais. Utilizaram-se: questionário sociodemográfico, Escala Brasileira de Atividades Prazerosas para idosos (PAP), Escala de Depressão Geriátrica-15, Escala de Atividades Instrumentais da Vida Diária de Pfeffer e, Roteiro de Entrevista semiestruturado. Nos dados quantitativos se fez análise descritiva e nas questões qualitativa se usou análise de conteúdo. Participaram sete idosos, das quais do sexo feminino e todos com baixa escolaridade. Três idosos apresentaram triagem positiva para depressão. A média da amostra (M=1,1) indicou moderada PAP. Emergiram três categorias: Família como fonte de cuidado e mediação na prática de atividades; A DRC e os impactos negativos na PAP em idosos; e, Adaptações na rotina de PAP por idosos com DRC. Observou-se que a família desses idosos atuou como mediadora, facilitando ou dificultando a PAP. Apesar de existirem diversos impactos negativos para idosos na PAP acarretados pela DRC, alguns participantes relataram ainda uma capacidade de se adaptar frente a estas perdas. A implementação de intervenções que visem amenizar sintomas depressivos e aumentar a PAP nesta população é uma ação necessária

A Psychometric Evaluation of the Pleasant Events Schedule-Alzheimer's Disease (Short Version): Among a Veteran Population.

Alzheimer's disease and other dementias are often associated with a gradual loss of the ability to participate in rewarding activities. Caregivers may struggle with spending quality time with the person with dementia (PWD) when the demands of caregiving dominate. However, the importance of activity participation among PWDs is internationally recognized. The Pleasant Events Schedule-Alzheimer's Disease (PES-AD) Short Form measures frequency of engagement in pleasant events. It has been used to assess overall frequency of engagement in 20 activities. The current study involves a psychometric evaluation of the PES-AD Short Form and reveals two separate activity domains: active and social events, each with preliminary evidence of reliability and construct validity. Furthermore, the frequency with which the PWD enjoys social and active events are not uniformly related to PWD and caregiver characteristics and well-being, which has measure- and practice-focused implications that should be considered when engaging PWDs.

California Older Persons Pleasant Events Scale: a Tool to Help Older Adults Increase Positive Experiences

ABSTRACTThe California Older Person’s Pleasant Events Schedule (COPPES) is a clinical tool comprising 66 items asking clients about their potential pleasure in, and actual experience of, specific pleasant events. To further the clinical usefulness of this instrument, we attempted to develop psychometrically sound scales that would measure broad and distinct categories of pleasant activities. Based on a starting sample of 641 older adults, we constructed five scales for the California Older Person’s Pleasant Events Scale (COPPES): Socializing, Relaxing, Contemplating, Being Effective, and Being Active (Doing). Adequate to excellent internal consistency indexes were found for both the frequency and pleasantness of the COPPES’ global scales and their subscales. To test the validity of these scales, we were able to identify nine coherent profiles of levels of pleasant event activity and enjoyment. Profiles with greater activity scores tended to have lower levels of depression, but the relationship between depression and enjoyment scores was more complex. Our work lends additional support for the use of both behavioral and cognitive interventions with depressed older individuals and for the use of the COPPES in guiding those interventions.

A Measure to Assess Elderly Brazilians’ Involvement in Pleasant Activities: Initial Evidence of Internal and External Validity

The sense of pleasure that arises from engagement in activities is of fundamental importance for the well-being of older adults. In this study, we initiate the investigation of the psychometric properties of a Brazilian version of the California Older Person’s Pleasant Events Schedule (COPPES; the Brazilian version is the OPPES-BR), which measures the frequency of older people’s involvement in pleasant activities. The sample consisted of 337 community-dwelling older Brazilians, who completed the Beck Depression Inventory and OPPES-BR. Internal consistency of the “Frequency,” “Pleasure,” and “Obtained Pleasure” scales was excellent, indicating evidence of internal validity. Frequency and Obtained Pleasure were negatively correlated with depressive symptoms, indicating evidence of external validity. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that responses of the Brazilians do not form the same domains, compared to the original sample of Californians. Further studies to continue evaluating the psychometric properties of the OPPES-BR, such as exploring the domains that are pertinent to older Brazilians, are needed.

Spanish Validation of the California Older Person's Pleasant Events Schedule (COPPES)

The California Older Person's Pleasant Events Schedule (COPPES) measures frequency and enjoyment of pleasurable events. Interviews were conducted with 220 people older than 60 years. Acceptable to excellent internal consistency indices were found for the COPPES global scales and their subscales. Good concurrent and criterion validity indices were also found. Women reported a higher frequency of pleasant activities than did men (total score and domains contemplating and doing), and more women experienced enjoyment in the domain doing. Enjoyment was found to be significantly associated with reduced depressive symptomatology in women. Rumination was significantly associated with lower frequency and enjoyment scores in women. Frequency scores on the relaxing and contemplating domains are associated respectively with lower depressive symptomatology and higher social support for men.

The Allure – and Importance – of Chocolate

The Allure – and Importance – of Chocolate

The Relationship between Frequencies of Pleasant Activities and Mood: A Daily-diary Study

We assessed the relationship between frequencies of engaging in pleasant activities and mood and depressive symptoms in undergraduate students by using a daily-diary method. Undergraduates were administered the Pleasant Events Schedule (Lewinsohn, Youngren, Munoz, & Zeiss, 1978) and the Japanese version of the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (Sato & Yasuda, 2001) for seven days and the Japanese version of the Beck Depression Inventory (Hayashi, 1988). While the BDI scores did not directly correlate with the frequencies of pleasant activities, the intra-subject mean correlation coefficients indicated that the frequencies of pleasant activities were positively related to positive mood. This result offers partial support for the behavioral model of depression.

The Pleasant Events Schedule – Nursing Home Version: A useful tool for behavioral interventions in long-term care

Objectives: Behavioral interventions for depression emphasize increasing engagement in pleasant events, requiring reliable and valid assessment of events. Versions of the Pleasant Events Schedule (PES) have been developed for this purpose. Although depression is prevalent in nursing homes, no PES version is yet available specifically for this setting, where access to pleasant events is circumscribed. Our goal was to develop and evaluate a nursing home version of the PES. Method: We developed the PES-NH on two samples of nursing home residents. We first sampled activity frequency and pleasantness for 10 residents of a large, urban facility. Using these pilot data and PES-Alzheimer's Disease items, we interviewed 37 more residents from the same facility, yielding a comprehensive list of events that residents find pleasant. From the second sample of 48 residents, we present normative and psychometric data on the new scale. Results: A 30-item inventory was able to cover the content of daily activities available in nursing homes. Scales derived from these items were internally consistent and reliable over time. Frequency of event participation was related to perceptions of quality of life, depression and positive affect independent of the overall tendency to rate events as pleasantness. Event participation was unrelated to negative affect, suggesting that activity engagement is linked to depression through its impact on positive affect. Conclusion: Data from this study provide base rate information for planning pleasant event interventions in nursing homes. The PES-NH is a useful and valid tool for implementing behavioral interventions for depression in these settings.

Abstinence-contingent reinforcement and engagement in non-drug-related activities among illicit drug abusers.

Methadone-maintained cocaine abusers (N = 78) were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 52-week interventions: (a) usual care only (UC), (b) take-home methadone doses contingent on cocaine- and opiate-negative results (THM), or (c) take-home methadone doses for cocaine- and opiate-negative results and monetary-based vouchers contingent on cocaine-negative urinalysis results (THM + V). Cocaine use was assessed by urinalysis on a thrice-weekly schedule. Frequency and enjoyability of non-drug-related activities were assessed with the Pleasant Events Schedule (PES) at baseline, midtreatment, and end of treatment. The THM + V condition achieved the greatest abstinence from cocaine and opiate use, followed by the THM and UC conditions. The THM + V condition had the highest PES frequency ratings at midtreatment and at the end of treatment, followed by the THM and UC conditions. There were significant differences between the THM + V and UC conditions on 10 of 12 PES-derived subscales. Analyses revealed that abstinence mediated the effects of treatment condition on frequency ratings. There were no significant differences in enjoyability ratings. These results suggest that when contingency-management interventions increase abstinence from drug abuse, they also increase engagement in non-drug-related activities in naturalistic settings.

Assessing preference in elders with dementia using multimedia and verbal pleasant events schedules

AbstractThe current study compared an abbreviated oral interview version of the Pleasant Events Schedule – Alzheimer's Disease (PES‐AD) to a multimedia‐supplemented version. Both measures identified multiple preferred items and their scores were moderately correlated (r = .481). Direct observations were conducted to determine whether either of the two measures predicted subsequent engagement. For all nine individuals with dementia, items endorsed as preferred by both versions of the PES‐AD resulted in high levels of engagement and items endorsed as non‐preferred items on both measures resulted in low to moderate levels of engagement. Individuals with MMSE scores of 10 or higher had more stable and differentiated patterns of engagement than individuals with scores below 10. For individuals with higher MMSE scores, items endorsed only by the multimedia version resulted in high engagement levels (i.e., true positive) while items endorsed only on the verbal presentation resulted in low levels (i.e., false positive). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Activities enjoyed by patients with dementia together with their spouses and psychological morbidity in carers†

Caring for a spouse with dementia is stressful and respite care is sometimes used to reduce this burden. Spouses may find some aspects of caring rewarding but the literature on positive aspects of caring is limited. To describe activities enjoyed by patients with dementia together with their spouses, and examine their relationship with psychological morbidity in carers. A convenience sample of 46 patients with mild to moderate dementia (91% with Alzheimer's disease, AD) and their spouses were interviewed at home. Spouses completed the Pleasant Events Schedule (PES-AD) to identify activities enjoyed by patients and spouses on their own and together. Psychological morbidity in spouses was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Cognitive functions, and non-cognitive symptoms were also assessed in patients. Multiple regression analysis using age, Mini-Mental State Examination, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, Revised Memory and Behaviour Problems (RMBP) checklist frequency, and PES-AD- together scores as independent variables found PES-AD-together and RMBP-frequency to be independent predictors of GHQ-12 scores in spouses, but the model could explain only 28% of variance. Facilitating activities that are enjoyed by both patients with dementia and spouses may be an alternative intervention strategy to reduce carer burden. † presented as a poster at the International Psychogeriatric Association 12th Congress in Stockholm, Sweden–20th–24th September 2005.

The Environmental Reward Observation Scale (EROS): Development, Validity, and Reliability

Researchers acknowledge a strong association between the frequency and duration of environmental reward and affective mood states, particularly in relation to the etiology, assessment, and treatment of depression. Given behavioral theories that outline environmental reward as a strong mediator of affect and the unavailability of an efficient, reliable, and valid self-report measure of environmental reward, we developed the Environmental Reward Observation Scale (EROS) and examined its psychometric properties. In Experiment 1, exploratory factor analysis supported a unidimensional 10-item measure with strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability. When administered to a replication sample, confirmatory factor analysis suggested an excellent fit to the 1-factor model and convergent/discriminant validity data supported the construct validity of the EROS. In Experiment 2, further support for the convergent validity of the EROS was obtained via moderate correlations with the Pleasant Events Schedule (PES; MacPhillamy & Lewinsohn, 1976). In Experiment 3, hierarchical regression supported the ecological validity of the EROS toward predicting daily diary reports of time spent in highly rewarding behaviors and activities. Above and beyond variance accounted for by depressive symptoms (BDI), the EROS was associated with significant incremental variance in accounting for time spent in both low and high reward behaviors. The EROS may represent a brief, reliable and valid measure of environmental reward that may improve the psychological assessment of negative mood states such as clinical depression.

Depression Vulnerabilities in Patients with Different Levels of Depressive Symptoms after Acute Coronary Syndromes

Background: Cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal vulnerabilities have been studied in patients fulfilling diagnostic criteria for major depression and dysthymia. The extent to which these vulnerabilities are present in cardiac patients with mild to moderate depressive symptoms – a risk factor for mortality – is unknown. Moreover, few studies have examined interrelations among depression vulnerabilities. Methods: A consecutive cohort of 314 patients with acute coronary syndrome completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and measures of cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal vulnerabilities (Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale, Pleasant Events Schedule for the Elderly, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and an inventory of role transitions) within 1 week of hospital admission. Of the patients, 166 were classified as nondepressed (BDI score, 0–4), 91 as mildly depressed (BDI score, 10–16), and 57 as moderately to severely depressed (BDI score, >16). Results: Compared with nondepressed patients, both mildly depressed and moderately to severely depressed patients exhibited higher mean levels of all vulnerabilities as well as a higher prevalence of more than one elevated vulnerability, defined by threshold scores. Vulnerabilities were only minimally interrelated (r = 0.01–0.25), and they were independently associated with mild and moderate depressive symptom status. Conclusions: This is the first study to show that cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal depression vulnerabilities are uniquelyassociated with concurrent depressive symptoms. There appeared to be only modest overlap between vulnerabilities, supporting the idea that depression in medically ill patients is a multifaceted phenomenon, even in the presence of minimally elevated depressive symptoms. Longitudinal studies are required before causality and treatment implications can be addressed.

Methods for Assessing Quality of Life and Well-Being in Frail Older People

The appropriateness, reliability and convergence of differing methods and associated instruments for the assessment of quality of life and well-being in frail older people was examined in 60 ( S 65 years of age) nursing home residents. The feasibility of measuring quality of life and well-being via a variety of instruments was explored through observation (an adaptation of Dementia Care Mapping), structured interview (Schedule for the Evaluation of Individual Quality of Life - Direct Weighting), and proxy questionnaire (Pleasant Events Schedule - Alzheimer Disease; Apparent Emotion Rating Scale). The observational assessment and Pleasant Events Schedule demonstrated good reliability. Significant associations were found between well-being as assessed by observation, and active social interaction and engagement in recreation as assessed by observation, quality of life as assessed by structured interview, and enjoyment of activities as assessed by proxy questionnaire. These findings indicate the importance of social activity in later life, and the potential of different approaches for the appropriate assessment of key aspects of quality of life in frail older people.

Measuring substance-free and substance-related reinforcement in the natural environment.

The present study sought to provide further evidence for the validity of a modified version of the Pleasant Events Schedule (PES; D. J. MacPhillamy & P. M. Lewinsohn, 1982) designed to measure substance-free and substance-related reinforcement. A sample of 134 young adults completed the modified PES along with measures of substance use and quality of life. The results extend previous research on the modified PES in 3 ways: (a) Information regarding the relationships between substance-related reinforcement and substance use are expanded to include substance-use frequency, quantity, and related negative consequences; (b) relationships between substance-free reinforcement and non-substance-related variables are established; and (c) the distinctiveness of the substance-free and substance-related reinforcement scores is demonstrated. The utility of reinforcement surveys in the study of substance use is discussed, with special emphasis placed on possible treatment implications.

訂正とお詫び

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高千穂夜神楽にみる祭りによる抑うつと活動の変化 ベック抑うつ尺度（ＢＤＩ）と快適活動スケジュール（ＰＥＳ）を用いて

高千穂夜神楽にみる祭りによる抑うつと活動の変化 ベック抑うつ尺度（ＢＤＩ）と快適活動スケジュール（ＰＥＳ）を用いて

Comparison of the frequency and enjoyability of pleasant events in cocaine abusers vs. non‐abusers using a standardized behavioral inventory

To examine whether cocaine abusers differ from non-abusers in their frequency and enjoyability of engaging in various "pleasant events", in order to approximate the density of positive reinforcement experienced in their natural environment. Comparisons of cocaine abusers to normative data and matched controls. An outpatient substance abuse treatment center in Burlington, Vermont, USA. Subjects included 100 individuals enrolled in outpatient treatment for cocaine abuse or dependence and 50 community volunteers without histories of drug abuse or other major psychiatric illness and matched to cocaine-dependent patients on age, sex and SES. Diagnostic assessments were based upon clinical interviews using the DSM-III-R checklist. The primary focus of this study was the Pleasant Events Schedule (PES), a self-rated behavioral inventory of the frequency and enjoyability of engaging in "pleasant" activities. Cocaine use history, treatment outcome and other relevant variables were also assessed. Cocaine abusers reliably reported lower frequency of non-social, introverted, passive outdoor and mood-related activities than controls. These differences remained after controlling for demographic and life-style differences between groups, with the exception of mood-related activities. Perceived enjoyability of the activities did not differ across groups. Intravenous cocaine use and prior treatment for cocaine abuse predicted particularly low frequency of pleasant activities. Greater frequency of non-social activities predicted better treatment outcome. Drug abuse is associated with low density of certain types of non-drug reinforcement. Systematic increases in these activities may improve treatment outcome.