Play Areas For Children Research Articles

Analisis Kepuasan Pasien Terhadap Kualitas Pelayanan Rawat Jalan Rumah Sakit X Menggunakan Service Quality Metode Costumer Statisfaction Index (CSI) dan Importance Performance Analysis (IPA)

This study aims to evaluate the level of customer satisfaction with outpatient services at Hospital X and identify areas that require improvement. The results of data processing show that the customer satisfaction index (CSI) value obtained is 76.435%, which is included in the "Satisfied" category. However, there are still a number of patients who are dissatisfied with the services they receive, so efforts are needed to improve the quality of outpatient services. Meanwhile, the results of further analysis using the importance performance analysis (IPA) method reveal attributes that require special attention. The attributes are in Quadrant I of the Cartesian IPA diagram, which shows improvement priorities. Recommendations for improvement include adding facilities such as drinking water stations, children's play areas, and spare chairs for patients queuing. Apart from that, it is necessary to design standard operating procedures (SOP) that are in accordance with doctors' schedules to avoid schedule conflicts, as well as regular training regarding service excellence for medical personnel and hospital staff. The implementation of these recommendations is expected to increase patient satisfaction with outpatient services at Hospital X.

FEATURES OF THE DESIGN OF CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUNDS IN THE STRUCTURE OF RESIDENTIAL COMPLEXES

In the context of urbanization, the origins and main stages of the formation of children's gaming platforms, starting from the mid-nineteenth century to the present day, have been investigated, and the key significance of the game as a systemic factor has been established. Their development. In current minds, starting from the 80s of the 20th century, and the decline of normative influences, a wide variety of children's play areas have been recorded, not only in the courtyard middle of residential complexes, but also in the structure of towns and admixtures of the landscape river activity, and on the days and on the internet 'eras of richly functional huge complexes. The children's play area is examined as a “design space” in the open architectural space of the courtyard of a residential complex or landscape-recreational design. It is clear that the children of the gaming “design spaces” in their own micro-level add not only functional diversity to the vast spaces, but also, with their exclusive design solutions, become their own tractors of the gentleman's life. The main features of “design spaces” have been identified, which may include rich functionality, ergonomics (compactness and proportionality), a high level of comfort (physiological, emotional-psychological) , aesthetic) and technical equipment, obviously, interactivity and intelligence in the design space, the ability to respond to There are different types of drivers and they change depending on the situation and safety. A number of principles have been proposed - complexity, hierarchy, exclusive design, which revolve around such valuable imperatives as the creation of a safe environment for development; directness to maximize the child's potential in the process of play; organization of space that inspires creativity and exudes artistic and functional comfort. Keywords: design, children's playground, residential complexes, urban environment.

Kosambi Green Lane Park, West Jakarta, Indonesia: Urban Recreation and Ecology Center

This research aims to investigate the concrete impact of the Kosambi Green Lane Park on the ecology and comfort of the surrounding environment. Green lane parks are the main focus for balancing urban growth and environmental preservation in sustainable urban development. Descriptive methods are used to provide an in-depth overview of the park's facilities and level of accessibility and analyze visitors' preferences and needs for existing facilities. The research results show that Kosambi Green Route Park offers a variety of facilities, such as a jogging track, huts, and children's play areas, which are visitors' favorites. This park's access is good via private vehicles and public transportation, with supporting infrastructure that supports visitor comfort. Visitor preferences highlight the need for better care and maintenance of existing facilities and requests for further development, such as the addition of sports facilities and further green areas for picnics. The positive impacts felt by local communities include improved physical and social well-being and contributions to the surrounding environment through improved air quality and environmental awareness. Kosambi Green Lane Park is a successful example of the green lane concept in sustainable urban development. Still, there needs to be continuous attention to maintenance and development so that the benefits can continue to be felt in the long term.

Anomaly Detection for Security in Children's Play Areas Based on Image Using Multiple Lines Detection Method

This study aims to build a device as a security system to detect anomalies of children moving in play areas based on the Multiple Line Detection (MLD) method in a streaming image. We developed this device to help parents monitor their children's activities when playing in dangerous areas of the home to protect children from kidnapping. In this study, the MLD method can detect the children's activities when playing in three zones: the safe zone with green lines in the image, the caution zone with yellow lines, and the danger zone with red lines. The hardware used to build the devices in this study consists of three components: a camera to stream the image activities of children, a Raspberry Pi to process the image using OpenCV, and a buzzer for early security systems. The results of this study show that when the device detected the children playing in the safe zone, the system commanded the buzzer to turn off. Furthermore, when the camera detects that the children are playing in the caution and danger zone, the device then commands the buzzer to turn on as an early warning security system for the parents.

IMPROVEMENT OF TERRITORIES: CONCEPTS, MEANS, ELEMENTS, OBJECTS, TECHNIQUES, AND PRINCIPLES

The formulations and content of the concept of "urban improvement" have been analyzed. The most comprehensive definition is: "Improvement of populated areas is a complex of works on engineering protection, cleaning, drainage, and greening of the territory, as well as socio-economic, organizational-legal, and environmental measures to improve the microclimate, sanitary cleaning, noise reduction, etc., carried out in the territory of a populated area with the aim of its rational use, proper maintenance and protection, and creating conditions for the protection and restoration of the environment conducive to human life. Measures for the improvement of populated areas are activities on restoration, proper maintenance, and rational use of territories, protection, and organization of landscaping objects taking into account the peculiarities of their use." The elements of improvement include: - surfacing of squares, streets, roads, driveways, alleys, boulevards, sidewalks, pedestrian zones, and paths; - public, restricted, and specialized green spaces; - buildings and structures of the household waste removal system; - means and equipment for external lighting and outdoor advertising; - technical means of traffic regulation; - structures of the engineering protection system of the territory; - complexes and objects of monumental art; - facilities and equipment for children's play areas, sports fields, and other recreational spaces located in public areas and other improvement sites; - small-scale architectural structures; - other elements of improvement defined by regulatory legal acts. Projects for the improvement of public use territories must necessarily include city transport parking and guest parking for cars. The main means, elements, objects, principles, and techniques of urban territory improvement have been defined. A list of goals and requirements for the placement of improvement objects at different stages of urban planning design - the general plan of the city, the zoning project of the city territory, the design of the residential area and microdistrict, as well as the group of residential buildings - has been formulated. Using the example of the "Poznyaky" residential area in Kyiv, the main techniques and the state of improvement have been considered. Recommendations for improving the quality of microdistrict territories through engineering improvement have been developed.

Optimization of the Angso Duo Tourism Market Area Based on the Historic Riverfront of the Batanghari River, Jambi City

Angso Duo Market or also known as the Tanah Select Pesako Betuah location is an area that has a long history in the development of the city of Jambi. Angso Duo Market, which is located on the Batanghari River, is one of the development locations for riverside tourist areas which has great potential for development. Many historical events occurred at this location which brought many memories to the people of Jambi. This area has significant historical value as the historic Riverfront Batanghari river site, which has witnessed the cultural and social development of the surrounding community. The aim of this research is to identify and design an optimization strategy for the Angso Duo Tourism Market Area based on the historical heritage of the Batanghari River Riverfront which produces design aspects of the waterfront tourist area which are the basis for determining the design approach, namely the Collective Memory and Sense approaches. of Place (Meaning of Place). The research methods used in this research are literature study, field survey, interviews with related parties, and data analysis. The research results show that the Angso Duo Tourism Market Area has the potential to become an attractive tourist destination. The history of the Batanghari Riverfront, which has existed for many years, is the main attraction. However, efforts are still needed to optimize the use of this area. Based on the research results, several optimization strategies are recommended, including: Historical Heritage Conservation, Preserving and maintaining historical sites around the Batanghari River Riverfront to maintain the authenticity and historical value of the area. Infrastructure Development, Improving regional infrastructure, including road access, parking areas and other public facilities, to increase visitor comfort. Development of tourist facilities, building tourist facilities and facilities that support visitor activities, such as children's play areas, places to eat and places to rest. Environmental Management, Developing a sustainable environmental management plan to preserve the Batanghari River and its surroundings. By implementing this strategy, it is hoped that the Angso Duo Tourism Market Area can become an attractive and sustainable tourist destination, providing economic and social benefits for the local community, as well as preserving the history and environment of the Batanghari River.

The method of reconstruction of the interior quarterly space in the formation of a modern housing in the conditions of a historical building

Historic city blocks, which are often characterized by polygonal layouts that form a beautiful inner courtyard, present many challenges for the formation of modern housing in the context of historical buildings, mainly due to space limitations. Incorporating essential amenities as required by state law, such as children's play areas, adult recreation areas, and car and bicycle parking, requires a subtle approach that harmonizes modern needs with heritage preservation. This study formulates a three-stage methodological framework for the reconstruction of intra-neighborhood spaces, especially in Ukrainian urban contexts. In the study, three primary principles of the design of residential areas are defined: closed-type greening, common intra-quarter improvement and extra-quarter improvement. These principles advocate a synergistic use of spaces where modern residential buildings can share amenities with neighboring buildings, contributing to a shared, sustainable living environment. The case of a historical quarter in Kyiv presented in the article serves as a practical manifestation of these principles, illustrating how shared amenities and strategic planning can contribute to the seamless integration of modern housing into the historical context, enhancing both the functionality and aesthetic appeal of the entire quarter. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of transforming inner courtyards into greener recreational areas, while centralizing parking spaces and relegating them to the periphery to create an organized, breathable urban ecosystem. This study argues that the harmonization of contemporary housing with historic architecture goes beyond simple external assimilation; it requires a deep understanding and rethinking of adjacent spaces so that they meet modern requirements. The insights gathered here hold significant potential to guide future research into the evolution of dynamic, inclusive and culturally rich urban environments.

Pengembangan Arena Bermain dan Kreatifitas Anak Tradisional Kalurahan Giriasih Sebagai Daya Tarik Wisata Pedesaan

The tourism industry is growing and developing rapidly in Gunungkidul, one of the Giriasih Village Government's efforts to develop tourism is by successfully lifting the Pego Cave water source for the community's water needs, then turning the Bembem Embung which was originally used as a place for the community to meet water needs into a Tourism Object. Embung Bembem Tourism Park is the main tourist destination in the Giriasih Village which is equipped with parking facilities, gazebos, bathrooms and a joglo. In addition, there are also kayak and duck boat facilities. as well as food and drink stalls. In order to attract more tourists, it is necessary to add supporting facilities so that the Embung Bembem Tourism Park is more attractive to visit, this is the background for this service to be carried out. Assistance to POKDARWIS Tirta Lestari to be able to develop the potential that exists in the Embung Bembem Tourism Park and other potentials in the Giriasih Village has the aim of overcoming problems: 1) Lack of tourism management capability; 2) Limited knowledge of human resources in developing tour packages. Methods used by Servants 1) Developing children's play areas, 2) Making Selfie Areas and 3) Making educational tour packages. The outputs achieved are in the form of: 1) Children's play area; 2) Selfie area and 3) Educational tour packages.

Оценка выполнения условия безопасной эвакуации из детских игровых помещений при пожаре

PURPOSE. Soft children's toys located in children's playrooms are ones of the most dangerous combustible materials. However, their fire hazardous properties, data on which are necessary to calculate the time of blocking escape routes from the above mentioned rooms in case of fire, have not been studied. The study is aimed at assessing the compliance with the conditions for safe evacuation from children's play rooms, taking into account experimental data on the formation of dangerous fire factors when soft toys burn. To achieve the goal, experimental studies on the specific smoke generation coefficient of soft toy samples have been carried out. METHODS. The work uses an experimental standard method for measuring smoke production capacity. Numerical experiments have been carried out to calculate the time of blocking evacuation routes by dangerous fire factors. FINDINGS. The results of measuring the smoke-generating ability of soft toy samples made in China are presented. It has been shown that the smoke generation coefficient of soft toys significantly exceeds the corresponding values for rooms with similar functional purposes. Based on the obtained experimental data and a review of literature sources, a new fire load “soft children's toys” is proposed. The authors present the results of calculating the time of blocking evacuation routes using the analytical solution of the integral model for children's playrooms of various sizes and heights in cases of the proposed fire load, which is most dangerous for rooms of similar functional purposes given in the regulatory documents. It has been found that the condition for safe evacuation during free development of fire is not met. At the same time, loss of visibility is the first dangerous factor of a fire, blocking escape routes, and the highly toxic gas – phosgene – has the shortest blocking time among toxic gases. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The data obtained can be used to calculate fire risks in children's play rooms of preschool institutions and multifunctional shopping and entertainment centers. CONCLUSIONS. When calculating fire risks in children's play areas, which contain a lot of soft toys, it is necessary to use the proposed fire load “soft children's toys”.

Evaluation And Suggestions Of The Environment And Facilities Of The Window Of Canton In The Epidemic Situation

As a unique component of the urban greening system, waterfront green spaces play a crucial role in creating a healthy living environment and meeting urban residents' growing demand to be close to nature, especially during the COVID-19. This study takes the waterfront green space of the Window of Canton, a landmark building on the southcentral axis of Guangzhou as an example to evaluate the response of the environment and facilities to the epidemic situation, especially during the COVID-19, through thorough investigation and interview. The existing problems and reconstruction measures are put forward based on the investigation results. Results show that the Window of Canton has a pleasant environment but some limitations in epidemic protection. The functional zones including recreation areas, training and exercise areas, children's play areas, and rest and quiet areas are suggested to meet the needs of different groups of people. Moreover, species were increased to enhance the park's aesthetics and enrich people's visual experience. It is necessary to build a systematic epidemic prevention strategy and an integrated epidemic prevention system to ensure people's health during the epidemic period.

The New Iconic Landmark of Bali in 2023: Turyapada Tower KBS 6.0 Kerthi Bali

As an effort to erase multiple blank spots in the north, east, and west parts of Bali Island, The Bali Provincial Government worked on an integrated communication tower project in Pegayaman Village, Buleleng Regency. The Tower with the name Turyapada would be the next international-level landmark in the Buleleng district. Turyapada tower is an integrated communication building that aims as a transmitter to erase multiple blank spots in Buleleng, Jembrana and Karangasem areas. Built at an altitude of 1,521 meters above sea level, the tower would have cutting-edge facilities to support its operation as a communication tower and tourism object. The building concept is designed as a green building, reflecting the relationship between nature and Balinese culture. The architecture and technology of this building are designed to be environmentally friendly. Constructed on an area of 13,767.7 m2, the tower park is divided into six zones: the educational zone, communal zone, commercial zone (UMKM), recreational zone, management zone, and plantation zone. The tower’s center area would provide various educational facilities, such as a planetarium, a skywalk glass bridge, and a 360-degree rotating restaurant. In the vicinity, planned to be gardens for flowers, orchards, children's play areas, glamping, flying fox, SMEs arcades, and restaurants. For the visitor’s convenience, a 1-hectare parking area has been prepared, and a gondola to carry the visitor 1.4 km from the parking area to the main tower. The facilities are expected to provide new jobs and become a new economic growth center for the local area.

FORMATION OF GAME SPACES FOR CHILDREN

The article outlines the relevance of updating children's spaces in the urban environment, considers the theoretical foundations of the problem and identifies the main approaches to its solution at different levels of urban structure (macro, mezo, micro). Negative experience and shortcomings of the current state of arrangement of playgrounds in the living environment of Ukrainian cities, which requires innovative professional architectural solutions, are noted. An analysis of the basic principles of designing children's spaces, taking into account the requirements of safety, comfort, providing opportunities for play, cognitive activities of children. Children's playground has significant potential for child development, the formation of an independent creative personality. The significance and features of the organization of play activities for children of different ages are considered. During the game the child learns about the world, so the playgrounds should be diverse, allow contact with nature, promote children's communication, and provide an individual choice of activities for each child, regardless of ability, temperament and physical capabilities.
 The directions of development of children's play spaces in cities are determined: social, inclusive, bio-psychological, ecological, artistic and entertaining. The advantages of open game zones are emphasized. The social direction of design defines children's play areas as an element of urban public spaces, which are characterized by general accessibility, democracy, comfort, multi functionality, flexibility, imagery and human scale. Bio-psychological direction emphasizes the harmonious development of the child, taking into account age, physiological and psychological characteristics. The modern concept of children's play spaces in the city is a set of small spaces for games, entertainment, exercise, cultural and educational activities and artistic education of children.

A discussion on child-friendly cities through a critique on the experience of the body

Social changes resulting a significant shift in philosophical thinking in the renaissance brought the idea of individuality to the forefront, radically changing the social requirements and desires of individuals, the ideas of freedom of all individuals collectively, their relations with society and their environments, and also their participation in urban life. As a result of the industrialization activities, wars and migrations experienced in the twentieth century, this direct participation of the individual in the urban space was negatively affected. Especially due to globalization, the changing physical appearance and quality of life of metropolitan cities have created disconnections in human interactions with the city and their bodily experience with the environment. Monetary system which have dominated urban life, has taken business life to the forefront separating the residential fabric from the zones where business life develops, and accordingly lively streets have been surrendered to motor vehicles over time. One of the social groups most affected by these changes, is the young generation. The cities where the scale has changed radically, the sacrificed areas were usually the recreational environments, and children's play areas. Within this context, it is also mentioned in the literature that adults (politicians, planners, and municipalities) easily ignore the fact that cities are also for children; the developmental characteristics of young people, their needs for age, play and experience necessary for their healthy growths are ignored. Therefore, it should be admitted that cities should have a lot to offer children. It is necessary to organize the streets, to plan the transit routes of motor vehicles, redefine new speed limits, and re-evaluate the streets to make them pedestrian-friendly again taking into account the possibility of danger to children. So, as a part of the theoretical background discussed in the context of environment and behavior theories, the debate covers how the urbanites, children in particular –every urbanite is considered as a body in this paper– are affected by the rapid change of urban space. Also, through the introduction of global models such as woonerf and home zone on how the city can regulate physical and social components that can contribute both to the socialization of adults and to children’s development and freedom in relation to their own age and needs, a fruitful insight is endeavored to be provided to the potential for these kinds of practices to be implemented in metropolitan cities especially in the residential fabric of cities.

Factors affecting lead dust in construction workers’ homes in the Greater Boston Area

Lead is a known reproductive, developmental, and neurological toxicant. Workers with a high likelihood of being exposed to lead at work may inadvertently transport lead home from work, known as “take-home exposure.” This is concerning for many workers for whom a workplace intervention is not feasible because their worksites and employers often change, rendering centralized strategies insufficient. This study aimed to better understand the connection between lead in the home of workers living with children and work in construction (n = 23), while other occupations were used as a comparison group (janitorial n = 5, autobody n = 2). Thirty workers living in disadvantaged communities in the Greater Boston area were recruited in 2018–2019 through collaboration with non-profits and worker unions with expertise working with low-income or immigrant workers. Construction workers that performed renovations, bridge constructions, welding, metal work, and demolitions were prioritized during recruitment. During a visit to their residences, a worker questionnaire was administered, and observations and a dust vacuumed sample of the home were collected. Factors predicting lead in home dust were explored by a bivariate analysis and a multivariable regression model. We found lead in homes’ dust in the range of 20–8,310 ppm. Homes of construction workers generally had higher and more variable lead dust concentrations (mean 775, max 8,300 ppm) than autobody and janitor worker homes combined (mean 296, max 579 ppm). Five of the construction workers’ home lead dust concentrations exceeded US guidelines for yard soil in children's play areas of 400 ppm, and were similar to other studies of homes near lead smelters, superfund sites, or in the Boston area in the early 1990s, pointing to disparities relating to work. Results from the multivariable regression model suggest that lead dust in homes of workers was associated with sociodemographic-, home-, and work-related factors, and pointed to overlapping vulnerabilities; however, a larger sample size is needed to verify findings. Results provide evidence that work-related factors are important to consider when assessing home exposures, and that take-home exposures for workers in lead high-risk jobs such as construction may be an important source of exposure in the home prime for public health intervention at work, home, and community levels.

Konsep Penataan Ruang Terbuka Publik berdasarkan Pola Aktivitas Pengguna (Studi Kasus Alun-alun Kota Bekasi)

Bekasi City Square is one of the public green open spaces chosen by the people of Bekasi City. However, Bekasi City Square still has problems in the provision and quality of facilities to support users' activities, such as the unavailability of trading areas, lack of lighting and security facilities, damage to children's play areas and toilets, and lack of parking facilities. Therefore, this research was conducted to formulate the physical structuring concept of Bekasi City Square. The structuring concept is produced through behavior mapping analysis, comparative analysis, good public space index analysis, and kano analysis. Behavior mapping analysis is used to determine the distribution of activities and activity actors used as input in analyzing a good public space index. Comparative analysis and good public space index analysis are used to measure physical quality and space utilization in Bekasi City Square. Kano analysis is used to determine the priority of the structuring concept carried out for each attribute. The results of this study formulated the concept of structuring the Bekasi City Square on each attribute in the form of provision of facilities, improved quality of facilities, and a diversity of facilities.

IMPLEMENTASI STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN SENTRA UNTUK GANGGUAN PSIKIS (EMOSI DAN SOSIAL) PADA ANAK USI DINI

Center-based learning is a learning strategy that is performed within "circle times" and play centers. A circle is the moment when the teacher sits with the child in a circular position to give the child a foothold done before and after play. A play center is a child's play zone or area equipped with a set of play tools, which serves as a foothold of the treated environment to develop the entire basic potential of the protégé in various aspects of development in a balanced manner. In the center play there are three types of play, namely functional play, role playing, and constructive play. There are things to do in the play center, namely center play, classroom management, learning procedures, and assessment.psychic disorders experienced by early childhood namely emotional and social disorders. This type of emotional disorder is weak afection, anxiety, hypersensitivity, and phobia, and there are several factors that cause the problem of emotional disorders. The types of social disorders are maladjustment, egocentrism, isolated, aggressive child, negativism, quarrels, mocking and bullying, conscing behavior and prejudice and factors that result in the onset of the problem of social disorder.

Investigate Airport Service Quality- A Case Study of Airports in Shanghai

Evaluating service quality is a critical task for airports aiming to identify aspects of airport service that contribute to differences in passenger satisfaction. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the airport service quality from passengers’ perspectives at two airports (Pudong and Hongqiao Airports) under the management of Shanghai Airport Authority (SAA) in China. Surveys at SAA have found that there are significant differences between passengers’ expectations and actual perceptions of service quality at SAA, which imply that SAA is advised to improve its service quality and reduce passenger dissatisfaction towards components comprising service quality as a whole. The components for which the largest gaps were found between expectation and actual perception were identified as “Shop and restaurant prices”, “Free Wi-Fi access”, “Play areas for children”, “Departure punctuality”, and “Various restaurants providing different kinds of food”. The results reveal that there are significant differences between gender, nationality and main travel purpose groups: women tend to assign significantly higher scores than men; domestic travellers reported high satisfaction than international ones; and passengers travelling for holiday and academic-related purposes reported higher satisfaction than those travelling for business. There is a positive correlation between airport service quality and passengers’ overall satisfaction at SAA. This paper aims to provide useful information for government officials in the identification of potential issues posed to passengers and that should be addressed by airport management.

Iptek Bagi Masyarakat: Peningkatan Motorik Anak di Perumahan Villa Kertosari Kelurahan Kertosari Kabupaten Banyuwangi

Perumahan Villa Kertosari Kelurahan Kertosari is a new housing that was established to become a residentialarea for the community. Surely like other new housing is a problem is a public facility such as place and playground forchildren, because the housing is already inhabited by several family members. Playing infrastructure for children is veryimportant to improve the motoric (movement) of children at an early age so that the sons and daughters of familymembers housing residents do not play in the alleys of residential roads. With the help of Iptek bagi Masyarakat (IbM)program that is counseling about the development of motoric (motion) of children for the parents through workshops andprocurement of children's game equipment then the problem of motor development (movement) and activities of childrenin housing can be resolved. From the start of the playground which was originally on a residential street alley and theabsence of a play area for children in Villa Kertosari housing. Outcome targets achieved generate an understanding ofmotor development for parents and children's play areas. Given the understanding of children's motor development andchildren's play tools, parents can focus on monitoring children in one place ie in the children's play area. Until nowbeside the children housing the Villa Kertosari who play there are also children outside the scope of housing that comeinto play in the area

Ordu Kenti Çocuk Oyun Alanlarının Ulaşılabilirlik Açısından İncelenmesi

Çocuk oyun alanları, hızlı kentleşme sonucunda, çocuğa oynayabileceği güvenli ve sessiz ortamların azaldığı kentlerimizde, büyük bir sorunun çözülmesi yönünden önem taşır. Çünkü yapılan çalışmalar, plansız ve çarpık gelişmiş kentsel mekânların çocukların davranışlarını, tutumlarını ve reaksiyonlarını kötü yönde etkilediğini ortaya koymaktadır. 
 Bu çalışmada; Ordu kent merkezini oluşturan 22 mahallede yer alan çocuk oyun alanlarının ulaşılabilirlik durumları incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda ilk olarak çocuk oyun alanları mahalle ölçeğinde belirlenerek alansal hesaplamaları yapılmış ve yine her mahallede yer alan çocuk nüfus sayılarına oranlanarak 0-14 yaş arası çocuk başına düşen oyun alanı miktarı hesaplanmıştır. İkinci aşamada ise oyun alanlarının 200 m mesafede ulaşılabilirlik durumları tespit edilerek çocuk oyun alanlarına yönelik ulaşılabilirlik haritaları elde edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda; çocuk oyun alanlarının kent içerisinde dengeli dağılmadığı, bazı mahallelerde yoğunlaştığı, bazılarında ise ulaşılabilirlik sınırları içerisinde olmadığı ve ihtiyacı karşılamadığı tespit edilmiştir.

Heavy metal content in urban residential and park soils: A case study in Spokane, Washington, USA

Urban soils may be contaminated with heavy metals due to historical and current use of fertilizers, pesticides, wood preservatives, and construction materials. To examine the amount of trace metals from natural and anthropogenic sources, we focused on a middle-to-upper income, residential area in Spokane, Washington which was developed in the late 1800s but has not experienced heavy industrial activity. Surface soil was collected from thirty sites (including residential lawns, gardens, and city parks), and digested using EPA Method 3050B. The average As, Pb, and Zn concentrations in residential soils (11 mg kg−1, 59 mg kg−1, and 107 mg kg−1, respectively) exceeded those in below surface rural soils (9 mg kg−1, 15 mg kg−1, and 66 mg kg−1) indicating sources of contamination in this urban environment. Four sites had As or Pb concentrations above Washington State Department of Ecology levels for unrestricted land use (20 mg kg−1 and 250 mg kg−1, respectively). At one of these sites, Pb exceeded 1200 mg kg−1, the USEPA threshold for residential soil with unrestricted use, and an additional site had Pb concentrations above the 400 mg kg−1, the limit for children's play areas. The Pb:As ratio in soils with elevated As concentrations suggest that the likely source is arsenical pesticide or an As-bearing fertilizer. In soils with elevated Pb concentrations, Ba, Pb, and Zn were correlated which suggests ─ along with the soils' proximity to structures ─ that lead-based paint is likely the source. Although vehicle emissions also add these metals to soils near roadways, traffic density near our study sites was low.