Platinum Sensors Research Articles

Prediction of the effects of process informatics parameters on platinum, palladium, and gold-loaded tin oxide sensors with an artificial neural network

In this study, we investigated the effect of the preparation process i.e., the process informatics (PI) parameters of sensor elements on the responses of Pt-, Pd-, and Au-loaded SnO2 sensors. These responses were predicted by an artificial neural network (ANN) using a dataset comprising 441 data points that had been fabricated and evaluated under many parameters in our previous studies. We reported an optimal data preprocessing method based on the relational expression between the sensor response of a semiconductor sensor and the concentration of a target gas and the effect of each PI parameter based on predicted sensor responses under untested conditions.

Способ реализации беспроводного резистивного датчика контроля температуры

Technological equipment is often provided with external wired sensors characterized by low noise immunity in the case of a significant length of the connecting cable. To ensure the possibility of monitoring the temperature of objects located at a considerable distance from the technological installation, it is necessary to use wireless sensors that allow transmitting a signal over a radio channel for tens of meters. The paper proposes a method for replacing a wired resistive temperature sensor with a wireless one, which does not require changing the circuits of the technological installation. The temperature of the remote object is controlled using a thermistor based on the voltage incident on it using a sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter. The received digital code is transmitted over the radio channel to the receiving part of the device located near the technological installation. Further, using the emulation circuit on the connector of the technological installation, a resistance equivalent to the resistance of the measuring thermistor is provided. To solve this problem, a digital potentiometer controlled by a microcontroller is used. The error of setting the equivalent resistance for the Pt-100 platinum sensor using the developed method does not exceed 1.3 % for the temperature range –40...100 °C.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ АЛГОРИТМУ РОЗРАХУНКУ ТЕМПЕРАТУРИ КВАЗІЛІНІЙНОГО РЕЗИСТИВНОГО СЕНСОРА PT100

The paper investigates iterative algorithms for solving the equation according to the Kalendar-Van Dusyn formula, which describes the dependence of the electrical resistance of the Pt100 family sensor on temperature. This family of platinum sensors is considered quasi-linear, but for high-precision measurements the nonlinearity of the sensor cannot be neglected, so it is necessary to solve the nonlinear equation of Pt100. At minus temperatures, the equation according to the Kalendar-Van Dusyn formula reaches the fourth power and has no solution with respect to temperature in an analytical form. The analysis of the previously published iterative algorithm for the approximate solution of the equation reveals a desadvantage of this algorithm. The residual error of the solution is not a monotonic function of the argument, because it contains extrema, moreover, the sign of the error changes to the opposite after each extremum. The purpose of this study was to obtain an algorithm that provides the residual error in the form of a monotonic deterministic function of the argument with the minimization of the maximum error value. The possibility to modify the iterative algorithm-prototype in an elementary way by fixing the number of iterations is shown. The residual error of solving the equation according to the modified algorithm has the form of a monotonic deterministic function of the argument. It is assumed that any iterative calculation algorithm can be improved in this way. At the same time, the minimization of the error values of the modified algorithm is achieved by setting the maximum number of iterations compared to the prototype algorithm. To overcome this desadvantage of the modified algorithm, a new algorithm is proposed, in which, in addition to a fixed number of iterations, the property of the smallness of the components of higher degrees is used. The high efficiency of the new algorithm is shown, which reduces the residual error of the solution to a negligible value in just four iterations. It is claimed that the high efficiency of the new algorithm makes further research in the direction of its improvement unnecessary. The article presents a scheme of the new algorithm and a corresponding program on the VBA platform for Excel, which is suitable for direct use in the software of temperature meters based on Pt100 resistance temperature sensors. References 5, figures 4, tables 3.

Experimental determination of soil pressure on a retaining wall of a rational configuration

Problem. In the modern practice of experimental research, there are no classical methods for determining the lateral pressure of the soil on a curved surface. There are studies on the determination of soil pressure on deep mines, but this experience cannot be applied to the setting of an experiment on the determination of soil pressure on a curved side surface due to the different specificities of the studies. At the same time, the results of my theoretical research determined a rational configuration of the retaining wall, which has a curvilinear shape. Goal. In order to confirm the theoretical results, there was a need to set up a laboratory experiment. Methodology. Due to the lack of similar studies, the author's method for determining the lateral pressure of the soil on a curved surface was developed. Based on the developed methodology, an experimental installation was designed in the form of a box with dimensions of 1600 × 700 × 800 mm. One of the walls of the box simulates a curved retaining wall. At the same time, due to the developed mechanism of the experimental installation, the curvature of the surface can be set at will. The surface is made of pliable sheet material, the application of which is pre-determined in a test experiment. The Leica TS07 laser total station was used as a measurement system in the experiment. Millet is used as bulk material. During the experiment, as the installation was loaded/unloaded, the characteristic movements of the platinum sensors, which are located on a curved surface, were recorded. Loading/unloading of the installation was performed 6 times, after which the averaged data were taken into analysis. Later, displacements were converted to distributed soil pressure, which was compared with theoretical data. Results. The qualitative distribution of the lateral pressure in the experimental studies was consistent with the theoretical one, however, the quantitative discrepancy lies in some areas of the surface height reaching 21.2%. In view of the above, the approbation of the installation and the approbation of the experimental methodology can be considered satisfactory.

A non-invasive and high precision sensor for in-situ temperature monitoring of cells

Energy transformation, which can be described as temperature variations, is present in all activities of cellular metabolism. Detecting the temperature of numerous cells over the course of their lives is useful for studying the cellular physiological function and investigating the pathophysiology of illnesses. Current cell thermometric technologies, such as luminous temperature sensors, infrared thermometers, and thermocouple thermometers, have their own limitations, such as complicated operation, low repeatability, and inability to measure cell temperature in normal situations. Here, we have developed a high-precision platinum temperature sensor with small heat capacity, good heat conduction, excellent stability and biological compatibility, which made it possible to sense cells heat signal. The platinum resistance sensor’s temperature coefficient of resistance was around 2800 ppm °C−1, with a good linear correlation (R 2 > 0.999) between resistance and temperature from 35 °C to 43 °C. The noise of the sensor system was below 0.02 °C, giving a small and stability noise in detection. The detecting cells were CHO-K1 cells. They caused a temperature increase of about 0.075 °C, which is higher than the sensor without cells. This platinum sensor has been found to be useful for in situ temperature measurement of cells, which is important for investigating cell informatics and pathology.

Design and application of molecularly imprinted Polypyrrole/Platinum nanoparticles modified platinum sensor for the electrochemical detection of Vardenafil

Vardenafil (VRL) is one of the highly potent PDE-5 inhibitor pharmaceutical compounds used for treatment of erectile dysfunction. In this work, the sensor was fabricated via electropolymerization of pyrrole (Py) as a functional monomer in presence of VRL on a platinum electrode (PtE) modified with electrodeposited platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) followed by electrochemical overoxidation to yield overoxidized polypyrrole (OPPy). During the sensor’s fabrication, seven factors need to be optimized including, pyrrole concentration (PyConc.) (mM), VRL concentration (VRLconc.) (mM), no of polymerization cycles (no. of cycles), incubation time (t.rebind) (min), pH of the incubation (pH), accumulation time (t.acc) (s) and accumulation potential (Pot.acc) (V). That is why fractional factorial design was first applied for screening the most significant factors followed by central composite design (CCD) optimization in order to have a correlative overview of the different interactions between these variables at the same time, unlike the traditional approach involving changing one factor at a time. Stepwise construction of the sensor was characterized electrochemically using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and topographically using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The sensor showed linearity over the range of concentrations (1 × 10-12 M – 5 × 10-8 M) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and EIS with a significantly low limit of detections 2 × 10-13 M and 0.9 × 10-13 M (S/N = 3), respectively under optimum conditions. The fabricated (OPPy/PtNPs/PtE) sensor was successfully applied to determine VRL in two pharmaceutical formulations, spiked urine and serum samples with percent recoveries between (98.9 % and 102.2 %) ± SD (±0.02 and ± 0.48).

Design of clinical trials to assess diabetes treatment: Minimum duration of continuous glucose monitoring data to estimate time-in-ranges with the desired precision.

ABSTRACTAimTo compute the uncertainty of time‐in‐ranges, such as time in range (TIR), time in tight range (TITR), time below range (TBR) and time above range (TAR), to evaluate glucose control and to determine the minimum duration of a trial to achieve the desired precision.Materials and MethodsFour formulas for the aforementioned time‐in‐ranges were obtained by estimating the equation's parameters on a training set extracted from study A (226 subjects, ~180 days, 5‐minute Dexcom G4 Platinum sensor). The formulas were then validated on the remaining data. We also illustrate how to adjust the parameters for sensors with different sampling rates. Finally, we used study B (45 subjects, ~365 days, 15‐minute Abbott Freestyle Libre sensor) to further validate our results.ResultsOur approach was effective in predicting the uncertainty when time‐in‐ranges are estimated using n days of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), matching the variability observed in the data. As an example, monitoring a population with TIR = 70%, TITR = 50%, TBR = 5% and TAR = 25% for 30 days warrants a precision of ±3.50%, ±3.68%, ±1.33% and ±3.66%, respectively.ConclusionsThe presented approach can be used to both compute the uncertainty of time‐in‐ranges and determine the minimum duration of a trial to achieve the desired precision. An online tool to facilitate its implementation is made freely available to the clinical investigator.

Use of Statistical Methods for the Interpretation of Peruvian Wines Measurement Results with MOS Electronic Noses

The use of statistical methods for the treatment of information from a data set has been used to be able to better interpret the results obtained in the analysis of different samples. An example, the most common, of these statistical methods used is the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). But, other techniques like Cluster and Factorial analysis allow to have too a better idea of the results.The tin oxides palladium or platinum doped were first prepared by the wet impregnation method. The sensors were made with the screen-printing method to print gold electrodes on alumina plates and finally the oxides, in a mixed with terpineol and ethyl celulose, were put on the electrodes surface. Then, some oxides were modified with a coating of Zeolite Y.With the sensors made in the laboratory, two electronic noses were built. One of them, of platinum doped tin oxides and the other of Palladium (with and without Zeolite Y coating). The sensing of the wines was monitored with the LabVIEW software and the statistical methods were applied with the XLSTAT software. It was observed that for the nose of platinum sensor a difference in the groups of commercial and unknown wines was shown. This difference is attributed to the brand or origin of the wines. While the nose of palladium sensors allowed to distinguish the strains because it locked the Borgoña wines in a different conglomerate. This could be observed with the PCA, cluster and Factorial methods, complementing the three methods the statistical information.The cluster method allowed classifying the results obtained with the detection of Peruvian wines, both when using palladium- and platinum-doped oxides. In both cases, it was possible to differentiate commercial wines from those of unknown brand. In addition, in each case one of the wines was distinguished by some characteristic. For example, the DM (Dulce Mistela) is different than the other wines of unknown brand since these other three are Borgoña. It was observed that the distances between classes are optimal when platinum-doped sensors are used, since the interclass variation exceeds 80%.It is important to note that the results obtained with the factorial analysis mainly reinforce and complement the Cluster analysis, with which very similar groups were obtained, if not practically the same.For example, using Factorial analysis, it is clearly observed that E-Nose 1 (Electronic nose made up of tin oxide-based sensors doped with different concentrations of platinum (0.1; 0.2; 0.3 and 0.5% Pt) with and without zeolite coating, and with three additional commercial sensors) separates the wines into two groups that are well differentiated: the known commercial wine (blue circle) from the unknown (red circle). It is also observed that the variance value of the two factors is high 99.26%. That could be seen in Figure 1. Figure 1

High level gamma radiation effects on platinum and silicon diode cryogenic temperature sensors

High energy physics research facilities require a vast cryogenic infrastructure to cool superconducting magnets, superconducting RF cavities, and other components to their necessary operational temperatures. The temperature sensors used to monitor this infrastructure are invariably exposed to leakage radiation in varying doses depending upon their location. Compared to many other cryogenic temperature sensors, platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs) and silicon diode thermometers (SiDTs) have the advantages of adhering to standard curves and requiring a single fixed current for operation. This work examines the gamma radiation-induced calibration offsets on two PRT models, the ceramic encapsulated PT-103 and the glass encapsulated PT-111, and a SiDT model DT-670-SD, all manufactured by Lake Shore Cryotronics. Subgroups of each model were subjected to a gamma radiation dose ranging from 10 kGy to 5 MGy with temperature calibrations performed pre- and post-irradiation over their respective operating ranges. The data were analyzed in terms of the temperature-equivalent change in the measured parameter. The PRTs behaved very well in radiation with the PT-103 and PT-111 subgroup average offsets for all tested irradiation levels being less than ±25 mK and ±35 mK respectively over the 20 K to 325 K temperature range. The SiDT model DT-670-SD behavior was more complicated with a clear change in response at 30 K. Below 30 K, the offsets consistently increased from slightly positive to roughly -5 K as the radiation dose increased. Above 30 K, the induced offset had nearly saturated at 10 kGy ranging from about 0 K at 30 K to +23 K at 300 K, and exhibiting that same behavior and offset for all higher radiation doses. Equivalent temperature offset data over the sensors’ operating temperature ranges are presented by sensor model and total gamma dose.

Temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient of sensitive layer materials considered for DEMO Hall sensors

The Hall sensors as a part of the DEMO magnetic diagnostics will perform an absolute measurement of the steady-state magnetic field. However, the magnitude of the Hall coefficients generally depends on the temperature. The paper presents an evaluation of the temperature dependencies of the Hall coefficients of materials considered for the DEMO Hall sensors from room temperature up to 550 °C. The results show that tantalum or molybdenum sensors would be the best in terms of the low temperature dependence of their Hall coefficient. Bismuth and antimony offer a Hall coefficient several orders of magnitude higher than other considered materials, but strongly temperature-dependent, while usability of bismuth is limited by its melting temperature of 271.4 °C. The gold, copper and platinum sensors feature modest temperature dependence of their Hall coefficients which might result in the necessity of dedicated temperature monitoring of these sensors in order to achieve sufficient measurement accuracy, similarly to bismuth and antimony.

Application of Pt1000 C420 Thin-Film Temperature Sensors at Superconducting and Other Types of Facilities

Credible data on the actual characteristics of thin-film platinum temperature sensors with a nominal value of 1000 Ω in a wide temperature range of 3.8–370 K derived from long-term experimental studies of a large batch of 130 sensors are presented (most likely, for the first time). These characteristics are the temperature dependence of resistance, sensitivity, short-term and long-term stability, response to thermal cycling in the 293–77.3 K range, thermal resistance in liquid nitrogen and helium, measurement accuracy and interpolation polynomials, and gamma-radiation resistance. The calibration data are compared to the DIN EN 60751 standard and equivalent information for a pure platinum sensor. It is demonstrated that the actual parameters of sensors of the studied type are better than the datasheet ones: contrary to literature data, the measurement accuracy at cryogenic temperatures improves as the temperature decreases. Ways to increase the accuracy rating of these sensors are discussed. Data on their practical application in the XFEL superconducting accelerator project (Hamburg) and other projects are also provided.

Sustainable Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis System Using Iot

Supportable processing gives a remote access to the finding framework for simple and quick usage. The proposed approach estimates glucose level in the blood through Dexcom G4 Platinum sensors on diabetic patients. In light of the readings, Internet of Things (IoT) stage offer a reasonable answer for Diabetic Retinopathy. The motivation behind this research is to spare the life of the patient from vision misfortune. The procedure begins from the gadgets themselves which safely move data with IoT stage and vow the regular language for the portable applications to work together with one another. This stage always accumulates a huge number of data from the gadget and store in a protected database. It fuses the information got from IoT gadgets and applies investigation to anticipate significant information to address clinical needs. The outcomes shown by the execution of the proposed methodologies are practically identical with the modern frameworks in relations of exactness, particularity and affectability. The proposed method performs superior to different systems by accomplishing a normal 99.58% Precision, 72.51% Sensitivity and 99.83% Specificity in the trial arrangement.

Satellite temperature measurement in LEO and improvement method of temperature sensors calibration based on the measured data

AbstractThis article describes the temperature measurement and its calibration on board of the nanosatellite CubeSat class VZLUSAT‐1. There are several thermometers, installed with an analog and a digital output, which are necessary for the accurate measurements calibrations under a vacuum condition or for applying postprocessing corrections. This document describes the way of calibration in a thermal vacuum chamber and its improvement in orbit. In addition, this article will discuss the use of a resistance temperature detector platinum sensors Pt1000 and a digital sensors HYT271 as the reference. A correction variable based on HYT271 compensates a nonlinearity of Pt1000 as well as minimizes the influence of change in a measuring current due to temperature changes. The current correction variable is a function of temperature and nanosatellite's position in the orbit. The measured temperatures are below −70°C in the Earth's shadow and greater than +80°C after irradiation by the Sun. Orbital temperature calibration is performed in two steps. The raw temperature data obtained during the orbital measurement are being used for further improvement. The measurement cycle consists of the electronics calibration, temperature measurement, and temperature calibration. After applying the temperature correction process, the final accuracy becomes better than ±0.15°C.

Temperature evolution during the compaction of calcium silicate hydrate powders using a compression calorimeter

Amorphous calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) undergoes contact-hardening property, i.e. the powder can be hardened by compression. A compression calorimeter was designed to determine the temperature evolution during the compaction of the powder. A platinum sensor (Pt100) was used as the temperature sensor and was positioned in the powder as well as in the compression die. A resolution of 0.01 °C with a sampling time of every second was used to monitor the temperature. Both theoretical calculation and simulations by COMSOL multiphysics showed that the device reliably evaluated the temperature during the compaction of CSH powders. The measurement was taken under semi-adiabatic conditions. The temperature profiles obtained from the measurement revealed the compression process and bonding development during the compaction of the powders. Finally, a linear relationship was observed between the compressive strength and the maximum temperature increase. This provides insight into the contact-hardening mechanism during the compaction of CSH powders.

Analysis of "Simple Post-Processing of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Measurements Improves Endpoints in Clinical Trials".

Jensen et al used continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data of the Dexcom G4 Platinum (DG4P) sensor obtained in a clinical efficacy and safety study of Novo Nordisk's new insulin Fiasp® to calculate the CGM time delay versus plasma glucose (PG) and self-measured blood glucose (SMBG) measurements (9-10 min). Shifting the CGM signal by 9 min backward in time versus PG and SMBG data improved the analytical accuracy of the DG4P sensor and the reliability of clinical research endpoint (hypoglycemia, postprandial glucose increments) detection. Since this method takes advantage of post-processing of CGM data, it is particularly suited for the optimization of data processing in clinical studies. In contrast, real-time corrections of time delays need predictive algorithms.

Conductivity relaxation and photocurrent generation in reduced graphene oxide-poly(9,9′-dioctyl-fluorene-co-bithiophene) composite with application in temperature sensing

The electrical transport properties and photocurrent generation in a reduced graphene oxide-poly(9,9′-dioctyl-fluorene-co-bithiophene) (RGO-F8T2) composite were investigated. The semiconducting nature of the RGO-F8T2 composite was jointly demonstrated by dc and ac conductivity measurements. The dc conductivity obtained from both dc and ac measurements follows the Arrhenius relationship with the activation energy of the order of 80 meV. The RGO-F8T2 composite also showed excellent temperature sensing properties. The temperature coefficient of resistance was compared to commercially available Platinum, Polysilicon, and Germanium temperature sensor. The conductivity relaxation mechanism in the RGO-F8T2 composite depicted the mechanism behind ac conduction. This was due to phonon assisted tunneling between the defect states. The density of states at the Fermi level increases by one order of magnitude for the temperature change of 301 to 433 K. The scaling of conductivity isotherms established the occurrence of intramolecular energy transfer from disordered to ordered chain segments or both in the composite. The photocurrent generation in the RGO-F8T2 composite thin film under simulated solar light illumination was also studied. Here, a linear variation of the photosensitivity with the variation of the incident light intensity was observed.

Convective heat-transfer rate and surface pressure distribution over a cone model at hypersonic speeds

In this article, experiments are carried out in a hypersonic shock tunnel with helium as driver gas and air as the test gas to obtain the convective heating rate and surface pressure distribution on a cone model placed at hypersonic speed. Test is performed in hypersonic shock tunnel for a flow Mach number of 6.5 at two different angles of attack, 0° and 5°. The sputtered thin film platinum sensors are used to measure the heat flux on a cone model. The measured heat-transfer rate compares well with theoretically estimated values using reference enthalpy method and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The measured surface pressure compares well with CFD.

Toward a Hybrid Biosensor System for Analysis of Organic and Volatile Fatty Acids in Fermentation Processes.

Monitoring of organic acids (OA) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) is crucial for the control of anaerobic digestion. In case of unstable process conditions, an accumulation of these intermediates occurs. In the present work, two different enzyme-based biosensor arrays are combined and presented for facile electrochemical determination of several process-relevant analytes. Each biosensor utilizes a platinum sensor chip (14 × 14 mm2) with five individual working electrodes. The OA biosensor enables simultaneous measurement of ethanol, formate, d- and l-lactate, based on a bi-enzymatic detection principle. The second VFA biosensor provides an amperometric platform for quantification of acetate and propionate, mediated by oxidation of hydrogen peroxide. The cross-sensitivity of both biosensors toward potential interferents, typically present in fermentation samples, was investigated. The potential for practical application in complex media was successfully demonstrated in spiked sludge samples collected from three different biogas plants. Thereby, the results obtained by both of the biosensors were in good agreement to the applied reference measurements by photometry and gas chromatography, respectively. The proposed hybrid biosensor system was also used for long-term monitoring of a lab-scale biogas reactor (0.01 m3) for a period of 2 months. In combination with typically monitored parameters, such as gas quality, pH and FOS/TAC (volatile organic acids/total anorganic carbonate), the amperometric measurements of OA and VFA concentration could enhance the understanding of ongoing fermentation processes.

A Model of Acetaminophen Pharmacokinetics and its Effect on Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensor Measurements.

Some of commercial continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices, i.e., minimally-invasive sensors able to measure almost continuously glucose concentration in the subcutaneous tissue, recently received the regulatory approval to be used for making therapeutic decisions in diabetes management. A fundamental requirement for its safe and effective use is represented by the accuracy of CGM measurements. However, despite recent advances in sensors accuracy and reliability, CGM still suffers from inaccuracy problems in presence of pharmacologic interferences, e.g., the common orally administered acetaminophen (APAP), which artificially raises CGM glucose readings for several hours. A model of the artifact induced by APAP on CGM measurements would be useful to design algorithms to compensate such a distortion. The aim of this work is to exploit the data published by previous literature studies to design a model of oral APAP pharmacokinetics and its effect on glucose concentration measured by CGM sensors. Specifically, the developed model was identified on average data of both plasma APAP concentration and the APAP effect on CGM profiles after an oral administration of 1000 mg of APAP. The APAP effect on CGM readings was estimated from the difference observed, in the same study, between the glucose profile measured by a Dexcom G4 Platinum sensor and the plasma glucose concentration. The model was validated by comparing the simulated effect of mealtime APAP administration in CGM measurements of 100 virtual subjects generated by the UVA/Padova Type 1 Diabetes (TID) Simulator vs. the effect observed in a clinical study by Maahs et al. (Diabetes Care, 2015) in 40 TID subjects taking APAP at breakfast. Results suggest that the proposed model is able to reliably describe the mean APAP effect on CGM measurements.

Wireless Thermometry for Real-Time Temperature Recording on Thousand-Cell Level.

A wireless, multichannel system for real-time measurement of the cellular-temperature response to drugs is developed. The acquisition system applies a high-precision reference resistor and a low real-time measurement current (below or equal to 0.14 mA) to reduce self-heating via the intermittent measurement. Cells of a small volume cell medium are cultured on the surface of the platinum thermal resistor and subsequently measured in the incubator. The resistance resolution of the circuit exhibits 20 mΩ, which corresponds to no more than 0.01°C. The resistance deviations of each channel are corrected with software compensation. The linearity between the temperature and resistance of the sensors lies above 0.999 in the applied temperature range (30°C-42°C). Observations with the scanning electron microscope show that the cells grow well on the sensor surface. The latter is composed of a glass glaze, which is nontoxic for organisms. The cell population temperature measurements under norepinephrine action present an obvious temperature rise, which can be the result of the drug binding to the receptors on cell membrane thus promoting a cationic inflow. The platinum sensor and multichannel acquisition system can be used to determine the temperature changes of cells in their original state. The wireless, real-time, high-throughput temperature detection method is particularly suitable to evaluate the thermogenic ability of growing cells that interact with other matter or organisms. The proposed method can help to explore thermal changes in cell populations, intercellular connections, and social connections of cells.