Plating Factory Research Articles

Simple Processing Method for Wastewater of Plating Factory Containing High Concentration of Hexavalent Chromium

Simple Processing Method for Wastewater of Plating Factory Containing High Concentration of Hexavalent Chromium

Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects in Exfoliated Buccal and Nasal Cells of Chromium and Cobalt Exposed Electroplaters

ABSTRACTResults of a number of studies indicate that electroplaters have increased cancer risks as a consequence of exposure to genotoxic metals such as chromium (VI) and nickel. These effects may be due to induction of damage of the genetic material which plays a key role in the etiology of cancer, and it was found that workers in galvanization factories exhibited increased levels of DNA damage. The aim of the present study was to investigate genetic stability in workers of a bright plating factory who are exposed to chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co). Exfoliated cells were collected from the buccal and nasal mucosa of workers (n = 42) and matched controls (n = 43) and analyzed for induction of micronuclei (MN) which are formed as a consequence of chromosomal aberrations. In addition, other nuclear anomalies namely nuclear buds (Nbuds) which are formed as a consequence of gene amplification and markers indicating different stages of cell death (condensed chromatin, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and pyknosis) were also assessed. No evidence was noted for induction of MN, but significantly increased rates of Nbuds in cells from both, buccal and nasal mucosa, were found. Parameters which are indicative for cytotoxic effects were more pronounced in nasal cells and rose with duration of employment period. Overall, our findings indicated that no apparent chromosomal damage occurred in bright electroplaters. However, data demonstrated that acute cytotoxic effects may lead to inflammations and/or lesions in epithelia of the respiratory tract of the workers.

Building Federal Partnerships to Harness Long-Term Success: A Case Study from the Joint EPA and USCG Response to Michigan Chemical Factories

In the fall of 2015, the Coast Guard's Atlantic Strike Team (AST) was requested by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 5 to provide response operations at two abandoned chemical plating factories in Michigan. Starting in October 2015, the AST provided three months of air monitoring and chemical pumping operation support at the Michner Chemical Plating Factory in Jackson, Michigan. Shortly after operations began at Michner, EPA Region 5 requested additional AST support with hazardous material categorization and contractor monitoring at the Hard Chrome Plating facility in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Both abandoned chemical facilities were in close proximity to schools, residential neighborhoods, and community spaces. Each facility contained highly toxic chemicals including hydrochloric acid, hydrogen cyanide, and chromic acid. At each location, AST responders used flexibility and technical knowledge to address emergent issues and long term response strategies. This paper explores many of the challenges faced by the EPA and the Atlantic Strike Team including accurate chemical categorization, determination of appropriate personal protective equipment for responders, and communication issues. This examination reinforces the need for a close working relationship between the EPA and Coast Guard during both coastal and inland incident responses as well as providing recommendations for considerations to be made during future chemical clean-up responses.

TCE longevity in the vadose zone and loading to the groundwater—The case of episodic NAPL releases from near-surface source

Abstract This paper quantifies, using numerical simulations, the longevity of Trichloroethene (TCE) in the vadose zone and the loading to the groundwater following episodic NAPL releases from a near-surface source. Specifically, the paper exploits the case of episodic leaks from metal plating factory sewer system, and its migration through a sandy unsaturated zone, down to the water table. The numerical investigation was carried out using the T2VOC code of the TOUGH family and the PetraSim2016 graphical user interface (GUI). 3D, multiphase, multicomponent simulaions demonstrated the effects of land-cover conditions (i.e. connection to atmosphere and interception of rain) and vadose zone depth on the distribution, partitioning, and fate of TCE. In all simulated cases, the NAPL plume spread only to a distance of several meters below the source. A general trend of increase TCE (aq) loads to the groundwater appears during the disposal period, followed by a substantial and immediate drop at its termination and a long-term gradual decrease in loads thereafter (‘Legacy’). However, each of the simulated cases shows somewhat different characteristics of the time-dependent load function. Ultimately, merely a small fraction (0.08%–3%) of the disposed TCE reached the 5–30 m deep water table during five decades; the cases of the covered (roofed) soils and thicker vadose zone resulted in the lowest loads.

めっきプラント（工場）からの排水処理とリサイクル

めっきプラント（工場）からの排水処理とリサイクル

Case Study on Sewage Treatment Measures of Technical Reform Project in a Company

This paper analyzed various water pollutants, their emissions and emissions concentration depending on the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Technical reform in an electrical company. It evaluated the capacity of implementing technical reform in this company’s wastewater treatment station and the feasibility of stability up to the discharge standard in order to find the reason Ni, one of the first class of pollutants, which was discharged by the outlets of plating factory sewage treatment facilities exceeded the standard in GB8978-1996 “Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard”. In addition, this paper proposed a reasonable treatment program which made the drainage of the wastewater treatment station reaching the standard requirements. From this paper, it reflected the important role the environmental impact assessment played to provide a technical guidance for environmental management in the technical reform project.

A Comparative Study on Toxicity Identification of Industrial Effluents Using Daphnia magna

In this study, acute toxicity monitoring and toxicity identification evaluation procedures were applied to identify causative toxicants in industrial effluents. Effluents from a metal plating factory and a rubber products factory were acutely toxic toward Daphnia magna and the toxicity varied over different sampling events (2.9-5.9 and 1.7-7.6 TU, respectively). For the rubber products effluent, it was confirmed that zinc (5.65-13.18 mg L(-1)) was found to be a major cause of toxicity, which is likely originated from zinc 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and zinc diethyldithiocarbamate used as vulcanization accelerators. For the metal plating effluent, it appeared that the presence of high concentrations of Cl(-) and SO(4)(2-) (8,539-11,400 and 3,588-4,850 mg L(-1), respectively) caused the observed toxicity. These toxicants likely originated from sodium bisulfate (NaHSO(3)) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) used as reducing and oxidizing agents. Though copper was found to be present in levels much higher than the EC(50) (50% effective concentration) value, this was not attributable to the toxicity of metal plating effluent likely due to complexation with dissolved organic matter.

DECONTAMINATION OF POLLUTED SOIL WITH CADMIUM AND ZINC USING GREENHOUSE PHYTOREMEDIATION

The paper presents studies concerning the decontamination of the soil samples polluted with cadmium and zinc, collected around the metal plating factory from Iasi County, Romania, using phytoremediation. Plants involved in the phytoremediation process (indian mustard, salad, spinach, wheat, rape, hemp and fescue) were grown in enameled steel pots in greenhouse conditions, being irrigated with constant amounts of water at every three days, during the entire experimental period of 70 days. Every plant species have been sowed in four replicate using the selected seeds. The main objective of this study is to show the removal performances toward cadmium and zinc ions, of the plants involved in soil decontamination and to establish the corresponding experimental conditions. Harvesting of plants was made at the end of vegetation period and distribution of cadmium and zinc ions content in roots, shoots and leaves was pointed out. The main investigations carried out in order to establish the heavy metals removal performances of each studied plant were: seed germination, shoot length, the heavy metal total content of each plant, and the total quantity of biomass production. The contents of cadmium and zinc in both soil and plants samples were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Tacking into consideration the best removal performances and the biomass production, the recommended plants for phytoremediation of soil polluted with cadmium and zinc, under the green house conditions are rape and fescue.

A comparative study of toxicity identification using Daphnia magna and Tigriopus japonicus: Implications of establishing effluent discharge limits in Korea

In Korea, the new permission criteria for industrial effluents based on Daphnia magna acute toxicity tests will be gradually implemented starting from 2011. Thus, in this study, toxicity assessment and identification using a marine species (Tigriopus japonicus) and the freshwater species (D. magna) was comparatively investigated. Effluent from an acid mine drainage treatment plant showed acute toxicity toward both organisms due to low pH, which was removed by neutralization of the effluent. Additionally, evaluation of the effluent of an electronics company revealed that Cu was attributable to the observed toxicity, and the effluent was more toxic toward T. japonicus than D. magna. Moreover, effluents from a metal plating factory were acutely toxic toward D. magna (6.50 TU), while they were not toxic against T. japonicus. Toxicity identification revealed that the high level of Cl− (12,841mgL−1) was the cause of toxicity. Thus, the effluents had no effect on the marine species, T. japonicus. These findings suggest that a marine species rather than a freshwater species is more desirable for toxicity assessment of industrial effluent discharged into the saltwater, and thus should be considered in the legislation of toxicity-based discharge limits in Korea.

Silicate-Based Passivation Technique on Alkaline Electrodeposited Zinc Coatings

In order to reduce the environmental pollution from chromate used in plating factories, one new kind of non-chromium passivation solution containing silicate, hydrogen peroxide and fluoride ion, etc. has been explored to form blue-white conversion film on alkaline electrodeposited zinc coatings. The conversion films on zinc coatings with both glossy blue-white surface and high anti-corrosion performance have been obtained by optimizing the experimental conditions. The results show that silicate-based passivation technique is able to be widely applied to solve the problem of pollution caused by waste from plating industry in the future.

Management of wastewater from ink production and metal plating industries in an Egyptian industrial city

This study focuses on selecting an appropriate treatment technology for wastewater discharged from two metal plating and one ink production factories. All located in an Egyptian industrial city. The study aims to form a useful guideline and reference for application by operating units in similar types of industry. Metal industry in the city was responsible for the highest quantity of waste-water discharge per day (2096 m3/day). Ink production was characterized by higher organic load than other industries (COD: 30,500 mg/l, TSS: 7490 mg/l, Oil & grease: 409 mg/l, Cu: 22 mg/l). The metal plating factories under investigation produce 30 and 5 m3/d, besides they are close-by so it was found economically feasible to combine the effluent from the two factories in one treatment unit. Analysis of the mixed samples of the metal plating factories indicated that the waste-water was acidic and contaminated with heavy metals. The concentration of zinc, chromium and nickel was 25.8, 4.0 and 2.5 mg/l, respectively. Chem...

Development of economical treatment system for plating factory wastewater

Development of economical treatment system for plating factory wastewater

Biodegradation of propionitrile by Klebsiella oxytoca immobilized in alginate and cellulose triacetate gel

A microbial process for the degradation of propionitrile by Klebsiella oxytoca was studied. The microorganism, K. oxytoca, was isolated from the discharged wastewater of metal plating factory in southern Taiwan and adapted for propionitrile biodegradation. The free and immobilized cells of K. oxytoca were then examined for their capabilities on degrading propionitrile under various conditions. Alginate (AL) and cellulose triacetate (CT) techniques were applied for the preparation of immobilized cells. The efficiency and produced metabolic intermediates and end-products of propionitrile degradation were monitored in bath and continuous bioreactor experiments. Results reveal that up to 100 and 150 mM of propionitrile could be removed completely by the free and immobilized cell systems, respectively. Furthermore, both immobilized cell systems show higher removal efficiencies in wider ranges of temperature (20–40 °C) and pH (6–8) compared with the free cell system. Results also indicate that immobilized cell system could support a higher cell density to enhance the removal efficiency of propionitrile. Immobilized cells were reused in five consecutive degradation experiments, and up to 99% of propionitrile degradation was observed in each batch test. This suggests that the activity of immobilized cells can be maintained and reused throughout different propionitrile degradation processes. A two-step pathway was observed for the biodegradation of propionitrile. Propionamide was first produced followed by propionic acid and ammonia. Results suggest that nitrile hydratase and amidase were involved in the degradation pathways of K. oxytoca. In the continuous bioreactor, both immobilized cells were capable of removing 150 mM of propionitriles completely within 16 h, and the maximum propionitriles removal rates using AL and CT immobilized beads were 5.04 and 4.98 mM h −1, respectively. Comparing the removal rates obtained from batch experiments with immobilized cells (AL and CT were 1.57 and 2.18 mM h −1 at 150 mM of propionitrile, respectively), the continuous-flow bioreactor show higher potential for practical application.

Functionalized activated carbons for the removal of inorganic pollutants

Activated carbon (AC) is an effective adsorbent for organic molecules but not for small and polar compounds, such as metals and oxyanions. This study presents preliminary results of a series of commercially prepared specifically modified activated carbons, aiming at removal of oxyanions and heavy metals. Breaktrough experiments were performed for chromate, arsenate, perchlorate and nickel, with concentrations between 700–9000 ppb. Complete removal of pollutants is observed for hundreds to thousands of bed volumes depending on the pollutant concentration. Exhausted columns with chromate were regenerated for reuse during at least seven cycles, and performance was slightly reduced (270 pore volumes at the 7th cycle, compared with 300 pore volumes at the 1st cycle). A pilot filtering device of 60 l was established in a metal plating factory, which has operated successfully for five months at least. A sorption kinetics experiment was performed at the pilot site, by adding a known amount of chromate and measuring reduction in its concentration with time. Measured results follow first order sorption kinetics, coinciding fully with theoretically evaluated rate constant, indicating complete removal.

Toxicity identification in metal plating effluent: Implications in establishing effluent discharge limits using bioassays in Korea

Because of complexity and diversity of toxicants in effluent, chemical analysis alone gives very limited information on identifying toxic chemicals to test organisms. Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) techniques have been widely used to identify toxicants in various samples including industrial wastewater as well as natural waters. In response to new regulation for effluent discharge in Korea, which will be effective from 2011, a necessity of studies emerges that investigates toxicity levels in industrial effluents. This work was a preliminary study examining toxicity levels in effluent from one metal plating factory using Daphnia magna (48 h immobility) and identifying toxicity-causing substances. Toxicity tests showed variability on different sampling occasions and the results of TIE methods indicated that both organic compounds and metals contributed to the observed toxicity in metal plating effluent. Further studies are necessary to help reduce effluent toxicity especially from direct dischargers, who will have to comply with the new regulation.

A Qualitative Risk Assessment of Farmland Heavy Metal Pollution in Taiwan

P-793 Introduction: We used a qualitative approach to explore the environmental health risk of heavy metal pollution in Chang-Hua County, Taiwan. We investigated how rice paddies were polluted by waste water from nearby electric plating factories, and traced the discovery of and the responses to environmental health problems by local residents, legislators, the mass media, the government and the scientific community. Methods: We used an ethnographic approach to study the case. Our methods included participant observations, in-depth interviews, policy analyses, media analyses, and content analyses of documents. Results: There were broad concerns from the mass media and the Legislative Yuan of Taiwan regarding the heavy metal pollution in farmlands. In 2003, large-scale environmental remediation projects were started in order to clean up the polluted farmlands. The environmental epidemiological studies of the health effects, however, were still in progress at the time. While local residents were concerned with the health effects of the pollution, they were also skeptical of the effectiveness of the remediation, and the reusability of their farmland. Discussion and Conclusions: Although quantitative data have not yet determined the existence of environmental health effects in this case, qualitative data are valuable in understanding how lay people experience and act on their environmental health problems. We suggest that qualitative methods be incorporated with quantitative environmental health risk assessment.

Performance of Dead Azolla filiculoides Biomass in Biosorption of Au from Wastewater

Dried milled biomass of Azolla filiculoides removed up to 98.2% of gold from wastewater from a gold plating factory containing 5 mg gold/l in solution in batch biosorption. The gold uptake capacity of the biomass was 98 mg/g. Whole dried biomass used in a continuous flow column removed up to 100% of gold from diluted wastewater. A similar column was linked to a sulphide precipitation process to provide a two-step system which was able to remove 98% of gold from undiluted wastewater containing 41 mg Au/l. The lifetime of the column was five days.

Industrial Sludge Solidification by Using Clinoptilolite

The sludge from metal plating industry is generally considered as “hazardous waste” due to its toxic heavy metal content. Solidification/stabilization techniques which are applied as prior to landfill give good results for the disposal of especially inorganic sludges into the landfill in a safe manner. The research is aimed to investigate an effective and low cost solidification technique for the sludge of a metal plating factory by using different particle sizes of clinoptilolite. Clinoptilolite is a kind of natural zeolite and it was used due to its good pozzolanic characteristic and its abundant reserves in Turkey. According to the results, clinoptilolite was found as a successful solidification additive yielding products with high unconfined compressive strength and low leaching.

Removal of heavy metals in rinsing wastewater from plating factory by adsorption with economical viable materials

The removal of heavy metals from plating factory wastewater with economical materials was investigated by the column method. Montmorillonite, kaolin, tobermorite, magnetite, silica gel and alumina were used as the economical adsorbents to wastewater containing Cd(II), Cr(VI), Cu(II) and Pb(II). This removal method of heavy metals proved highly effective as removal efficiency tended to increase with increasing pH and decrease with increasing metal concentration. The removal percentages by adsorption onto montmorillonite, tobermorite, magnetite, and silica gel showed high values for all metals. From the results for the heat of adsorption, the adsorption process in the present study might be chemisorption. The proposed method was successfully applied to the removal of Cd(II), Cr(VI) and Cu(II) in rinsing wastewater from plating factory in Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Since the economical adsorbents used can be obtained commercially because they are easily synthesized, the wastewater treatment system developed is rapid, simple and cheap for the removal of heavy metals.

Microflora involved in textile dye waste removal.

Textile dyes are heavily used in factories for coloring different cloth materials. This work was designed to identify microorganisms capable of removing textile dyes, either by biodegradation or by biosorption. We expected to isolate microorganisms adapted to high dye concentrations from sites near textile industry complex. An experiment was conducted to study the efficiency of the isolates in removing textile dyes. The tested dyes were used as carbon and nitrogen sources for isolation of soil and/or water microorganisms capable of removing textile dyes wastes from factories effluent. The results indicated the low efficiency of both bacteria and actinomycetes in clean-up the effluent from the waste dyes in 10-21 days. On the other hand six fungal isolates were obtained by plating factory effluent on Martin's medium and media containing dyes as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen for growth. These isolates fell in two genera, Aspergillus and Trichoderma. Results of these studies revealed the potential capacity of these fungi to decolorize the tested dyes in comparatively short time (2-24 hours) indicating strong efficiency of dye bioremediation by the fungal isolates. Since the process involved is mostly fast interaction between the fungal mycelium and the dye in the media, the possible mechanism could be based on a biosorption of such chemicals on the intact fungal biomass, rather than direct biodegradation of the compounds.