Plate Migration Research Articles

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Triptonide in Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Approach Involving Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation.

Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (ACC) is characterized by a highly invasive and slow-growing pattern, and its etiology remains unidentified. Triptonide (TN) has demonstrated efficacy as a pharmacotherapeutic agent against ACC. Nonetheless, the specific targets and mechanism of molecular action underlying the effectiveness of TN in treating ACC have not been elucidated. By integrating network pharmacology within laboratory experiments, this research delves into the prospective targets and molecular mechanisms associated with the application of TN in treating ACC. Initially, pertinent targets associated with TN against ACC were acquired from public databases. Subsequently, a combination of network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis was utilized to screen the top 10 hub targets and key signal pathways of TN-treating ACC. Finally, in vitro experiments involving various molecular assays were conducted to evaluate the biological phenotypes of cells following TN treatment, encompassing assessments of apoptosis levels, plate migration, and other parameters, thereby validating pivotal genes and pathways. A total of 23 pertinent targets for TN in relation to ACC were identified, with the top 10 hub genes being MAPK8, PTGS2, RELA, MAPK14, NR3C1, HDAC1, PPARG, NFKBIA, AR, and PGR. There was a significant correlation between the TNF signaling pathway and the treatment of ACC with TN. In vitro experiments demonstrated that TN treatment elevated RELA phosphorylation while concurrently reducing MAPK14 phosphorylation and inducing G2/M arrest. TN exhibited the ability to enhance the apoptosis rate through increased caspase-3 activity, elevated levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), mitochondrial dysfunction, and inhibition of cell migration. There is a potential therapeutic role for TN in the treatment of ACC through the activation of the TNF signaling pathway. Among the identified candidates, MAPK8, HDAC1, PTGS2, RELA, NR3C1, PPARG, NFKBIA, AR, and PGR emerge as the most pertinent therapeutic targets for TN in the context of ACC treatment.

Effect of Osteoporosis on Clinical and Radiological Outcomes Following One-Level Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion.

Retrospective study. This study aimed to evaluate how osteoporosis affected the clinical and radiological outcomes of patients who underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with plating. The incidence of complications associated with implants is high when ACDF is performed in patients with poor bone quality. In total, 101 patients without (T-score ≥1.0, group A) and 25 with (T-score ≤-2.5, group B) osteoporosis who underwent single-level ACDF with plating were followed up for >2 years. The clinical and radiological outcomes were compared between the two groups. The fusion rate and implant-related complications were evaluated. Although clinical outcomes such as visual analog scale scores for the arm (2.0±2.3 vs. 2.4±2.9, p=0.490) and neck pain (1.4±1.9 vs. 1.8±2.2, p=0.343) and neck disability index (7.7±7.1 vs. 9.9±7.5, p=0.225) were slightly higher in group B, no statistically significant difference was noted. Cage subsidence (13.9% vs. 16.0%, p=0.755) and plate migration (7.9% vs. 8.0%, p=1.000) rates did not differ between the two groups. The fusion rate at 1 year postoperatively was higher in group A than in group B (80.3% vs. 68.2%, p=0.139) and slightly increased in both groups (94.6% vs. 86.4%, p=0.178) at the final follow-up. Osteoporosis did not significantly affect the rate of cage subsidence or plate migration after cervical fusion. After ACDF, increased cage subsidence and implant migration rates had no significant effect on clinical outcomes.

＜Editors' Choice＞ Hook plate fixation versus locking plate fixation for distal clavicle fracture: a multicenter propensity score-matched study.

Hook plate fixation and locking plate fixation are two standard internal fixation implants for treating distal clavicle fractures. We aimed to clarify the following: 1) Does the locking plate offer better clinical outcomes than the hook plate? 2) Is bone union better with a locking plate than hook plate? and 3) Are complications different between the locking plate and hook plate? We conducted a retrospective multicenter study of 338 patients who underwent surgery from 2014 to 2018 in our 10 hospitals, which comprise the TRON group. Of them, 208 patients treated using any plates were eligible. After 30 patients were excluded for various reasons, 178 patients were included. We classified them into two groups, locking plate group (Group L) and hook plate group (Group H), using propensity score matching. We confirmed bone union with an X-ray, evaluated the UCLA shoulder score, and compared the frequency of complications. After matching, Group L and Group H included 49 patients each. The UCLA score was higher in Group L than in Group H at each follow-up point. We confirmed bone union in all patients in Group L, but it was not confirmed in three patients (6.1%) in Group H. No statistically significant differences were observed except for plate migration, which was observed in nine patients (18.4%) in Group H but in no patients in Group L. The postoperative UCLA score was significantly better in Group L. We recommend the locking plate as a surgical treatment for distal clavicle fractures.

Conventional Cranioplasty for Craniosynostosis

Conventional cranioplasty is a basic operative procedure for craniosynostosis. This procedure is more invasive, but can be completed in shorter treatment period than distraction osteogenesis. This surgery can allow delicate cranial reshaping, and is indicated in most age groups. The operative procedures may differ depending on the skull shape. During this procedure, complete brain release from the skull compression must be achieved. In most patients, bone flaps float from the dura mater after completion of craniotomy. The bone flap must be reshaped to the ideal form, and should be fixed with absorbable plates instead of titanium plates to avoid plate migration. To close the scalp, the galea should be sutured tight to avoid wound trouble. After the operation, patients should be followed up at an out-patient clinic; the skull and face shape should be checked by a neurosurgeon and plastic surgeon as the treated skull has risk of backslide, and development should be regularly checked by a pediatrician.

Additional lateral plate fixation has no effect to prevent cage subsidence in oblique lumbar interbody fusion

BackgroundFor lumbar degenerative diseases, cage subsidence is a serious complication and can result in the failure of indirect decompression in the oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) procedure. Whether additional lateral plate fixation was effective to improve clinical outcomes and prevent cage subsidence was still unknown. This study aimed to compare the incidence and degree of cage subsidence between stand-alone oblique lumbar interbody fusion (SA-OLIF) and OLIF combined with lateral plate fixation (OLIF + LP) for the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases and to evaluate the effect of the lateral plate fixation.MethodsThis was a retrospective comparative study. 20 patients with 21 levels underwent SA-OLIF and 21 patients with 26 levels underwent OLIF + LP. We compared clinical and radiographic outcomes between two groups. Clinical evaluation included Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for back pain and leg pain, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Radiographical evaluation included disc height (DH), segmental lordosis angle (SL), and subsidence rate on standing lateral radiographs. Cage subsidence was classified using Marchi’s criteria.ResultsThe mean follow-up duration was 6.3 ± 2.4 months. There were no significant differences among perioperative data (operation time, estimated intraoperative blood loss, and complication), clinical outcome (VAS, ODI, and JOA) and radiological outcome (SH and SL). The subsidence rate was 19.0% (4/21) in SA-OLIF group and 19.2% (5/26) in OLIF + LP group. 81.0% in SA-OLIF group and 80.8% in OLIF + LP group had Grade 0 subsidence, 14.3% in SA-OLIF group and 15.4% in OLIF + LP group had Grade I subsidence, and 4.8% in SA-OLIF group and 3.8% in OLIF + LP group had Grade II subsidence (P = 0.984). One patient with severe cage subsidence and lateral plate migration underwent revision surgery.ConclusionsThe additional lateral plate fixation does not appear to be more effective to prevent cage subsidence in the oblique lumbar interbody fusion, compared with stand-alone technique. If severe cage subsidence occurs, it may result in lateral plate migration in OLIF combined with lateral plate fixation.

Surgical outcomes of Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation with plate fixation using vicryl sutures or no plate fixation.

To summarize the surgical outcomes of Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation with plate fixation with vicryl absorbable sutures or no plate suturing. This study was a retrospective case series that included all glaucoma patients who underwent AGV implantation surgery with vicryl absorbable sutures for plate fixation or without plate fixation by a single surgeon between 2014 and 2019. We reviewed their medical records and retrieved clinical data on intra- and postoperative complications, best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and number of IOP-lowering medications. Twenty out of 29 eyes (29 patients, mean age 61.04 ± 27.1 years, 17 men) underwent AGV implantation without plate fixation and nine had AGV implantation with fixation with vicryl sutures. Complications were observed in 15 cases (51.7%). Nine of these were defined as failure due to the need for removal or repositioning of the AGV or for further surgery for uncontrolled IOP, of which five were no-fixation cases (5/20, 25%) and four were vicryl-fixation cases (4/9, 44.4%). Six of all surgical failures were related to AGV migration (6/9, 66.6%). There were three cases of extrusion and one case of plate migration in the no-fixation group, and two cases of plate migration and one case of extrusion in the vicryl-fixation group. AGV implantation without suture plate fixation or with vicryl suture fixation had a high complication and failure rate, often necessitating reoperation and AGV removal. The high rate of tube-related complications observed after both techniques does not favor either of them. The use of non-absorbable sutures for suturing of the AGV plate is recommended.

Dysphagia after esophageal perforation from anterior cervical osteosynthesis plate migration

Dysphagia after esophageal perforation from anterior cervical osteosynthesis plate migration

Migration and accumulation of bacteria with chemotaxis and chemokinesis

Bacteria can chemotactically migrate up attractant gradients by controlling run-and-tumble motility patterns. In addition to this well-known chemotactic behaviour, several soil and marine bacterial species perform chemokinesis; they adjust their swimming speed according to the local concentration of chemoeffector, with higher speed at higher concentration. A field of attractant then induces a spatially varying swimming speed, which results in a drift towards lower attractant concentrations—contrary to the drift created by chemotaxis. Here, to explore the biological benefits of chemokinesis and investigate its impact on the chemotactic response, we extend a Keller–Segel-type model to include chemokinesis. We apply the model to predict the dynamics of bacterial populations capable of chemokinesis and chemotaxis in chemoeffector fields inspired by microfluidic and agar plate migration assays. We find that chemokinesis combined with chemotaxis not only may enhance the population response with respect to pure chemotaxis, but also modifies it qualitatively. We conclude presenting predictions for bacteria around dynamic finite-size nutrient sources, simulating, e.g. a marine particle or a root. We show that chemokinesis can reduce the measuring bias that is created by a decaying attractant gradient.Graphic abstract

Dysphagia after esophageal perforation from anterior cervical osteosynthesis plate migration

Dysphagia after esophageal perforation from anterior cervical osteosynthesis plate migration

Growth modulation for fixed flexion contracture of the knee: a comparison of two techniques.

Growth modulation has become a mainstream treatment for frontal plane angular lower extremity deformities in children. Few articles address the effect of growth modulation on sagittal deformity. Our aim is to compare two anterior distal femoral growth modulation techniques for fixed knee flexion contracture. Electronic medical records were reviewed for patients who underwent anterior femoral growth modulation for fixed flexion contracture. Patients were excluded if adequate preoperative/postoperative radiographs were unavailable. A cohort was subdivided based on surgical technique: screws alone versus dual tension-band plates. Complications were recorded; radiographs were evaluated preoperatively and at hardware removal. Posterior distal femoral angle (PDFA), posterior proximal tibial angle (PPTA), and anterior cortical line (ACL) angle were evaluated. Of 35 patients identified, 20 patients (29 knees) were included. Thirteen knees were treated with dual anterior tension-band plates; 16 knees had transphyseal screws. Sagittal alignment improved in both groups. Statistically significant PDFA changes were observed in the tension-band plate group (P = 0.0095); a trend was noted toward improvement in ACL angle (P = 0.08). PPTA did not change. No changes reached significance in the transphyseal screw group (PDFA: P = 0.181, ACL: P = 0.64). Tension-band plate migration was noted in one (7.7%) of 13 knees, and transphyseal screw migration in nine (56.3%) of 16 knees (P < 0.01). Anterior distal femoral growth modulation improves sagittal alignment without significant remodeling at the proximal tibia. Hardware migration occurred more often with transphyseal screws (P < 0.01). We recommend dual anterior tension-band plating over placement of paired screws for sagittal growth modulation to treat knee flexion contracture.

U–Pb ages of Miocene near-trench granitic rocks of the Southwest Japan arc: implications for magmatism related to hot subduction

AbstractWe present a new dataset of zircon U–Pb ages that document igneous activity in the SW Japan arc during middle Miocene time and discuss its relationship with the opening of the Japan Sea, Philippine Sea plate migration, and subduction of the young hot lithosphere of the Shikoku Basin. Precursory magmatism, characterized by dike and stock intrusions, startedc. 15.6 Ma in both Kyushu and the Kii Peninsula. Most plutonism occurred between 15.5 and 13.5 Ma in an area 600 km long and 150 km wide. No along-arc trend was recognized in the U–Pb ages of igneous activity near the trench. Our data indicate that all near-trench middle Miocene igneous activity occurred immediately after the opening of the Japan Sea ceased, i.e. after 16 Ma, implying that melt extraction and the emplacement of granites in the near-trench region had some influence on the back-arc opening. Our data also imply that the trench–trench–trench-type triple junction between the Japan arc and the Izu–Bonin–Mariana arc must have reached the east side of the Kii Peninsula by 15.6 Ma. The wide distribution of contemporaneous magmatic activity along the arc requires a trench-parallel heat source, such as the subduction of a trench-parallel ridge or a young and highly segmented ridge–fracture zone system in addition to the hot wedge mantle condition related to the opening of Japan Sea.

Treatment of the moderate leg length discrepancy in children using temporary bilateral blocking of the growth plate with plates and screws: first experience

The results of applying of temporary bilateral blocking (TBB) of the growth plate (GP) for moderate leg length discrepancy (LLD) treatment showed sufficient efficacy and safety. It is known some studies are skeptical to use this method.Objective: to evaluate the results of moderate LLD treatment in children using TBB of the GP with plates and screws.Methods: 33 patients (14 boys and 19 girls) with moderate LLD were treated using TBB of the GP with non-blocking plates with screws: in 24 patients TBB of the distal femoral GP, in 2 patients — TBB of the proximal tibial GP and in 7 patients — combined TBB of both GP was performed. The mean age of patients was 10.7 ± 2.6 years. LLD before treatment ranged from 2 to 5.5 cm (mean — 2.9 ± 0.68). Evaluation of LLD after TBB of the GP was performed in dynamics every 6–12 months using clinical and radiological methods. For assessment of the secondary deformities formation during treatment, we measured mLDFA and MPTA angles and the mechanical axis zone (MAZ).Results: during the observation period, 25 patients have completed the treatment, 8 continued the treatment. Correction of the LLD of different values was noted in all patients (p &lt; 0.05). At the time of TBB completion and removing of fixators, the mean LLD was 0.75 ± 0.82 cm. A good treatment results were obtained in 14 children (77.8 %), of which 7 children achieved a complete correction (50 %), fair — in 3 children (16.7 %), poor — in 1 child (5.5 %). The difference between the mean values of mLDFA and MPTA before and after the treatment was considered statistically insignificant (p &gt; 0.05). Among the complications it should be noted moderate pain syndrome for 2 weeks — 2 cases (6 %), hemarthrosis — 1 case (3 %), contracture of the knee joint — 1 case (3 %), plate migration — 1 case (3 %), secondary angular deformation — 1 case (3 %).Conclusions: the TBB of the GP with plates and screws using for moderate LLD treatment is effective and safe method. The amount of complications that required surgical intervention was 6 %.

Response of a Rheologically Stratified Lithosphere to Subduction of an Indenter‐Shaped Plate: Insights Into Localized Exhumation at Orogen Syntaxes

AbstractThis study investigates the influence of the 3‐D geometry of a down‐going plate, the rheological structure of the upper plate, and the migration of the overriding plate toward the trench in relation to the overall subduction velocity on the exhumation pattern in orogen syntaxes. Using a thermomechanical numerical code (DOUAR), we analyze the strain localization, rock uplift, and exhumation response of a rheologically stratified continental lithosphere to subduction of a convex‐upward‐shaped indenter. The models consider three thermorheological lithospheric profiles that determine the degree of mechanical coupling between the upper crust and lithospheric mantle. These models include a strong, cratonic lithosphere; a weaker, younger (and hotter) continental plate; and an intermediate case. The strongly coupled case predicts a localization of high rock uplift rates along narrow linear bands crossing the entire model domain parallel to the trench. In contrast, in a weakly coupled lithosphere, rock uplift is concentrated within a curved ellipse region of anomalously high exhumation rates located above the indenter apex. The aspect ratio of the localized area of rapid rock uplift is controlled by the initial width of the rigid indenter and the relationship between boundary velocities. In particular, the combination of little or no upper plate migration with a narrow indenter causes a nearly circular region (~100‐km diameter) of rapid exhumation that resembles the pattern of thermochronometer ages observed in orogen syntaxes such as the Southeast Alaska and the Olympic Mountains of the Cascadia subduction zone (western USA).

Effectiveness of eight plate in correcting angular deformity around knee: A study at tertiary care hospital

Background: Angular deformity around the knee is the common problem in growing childs. Genu valgum & Genu varum causes short term & long term effects on knees like Patellar maltracking, Osteoarthritis, ligament laxity & instability.so the study was done to evaluate effictiveness of temporary hemiepiphysiodesis using eight plate in the Indian population at tertiary care centre. Method and Materials: Retro-prospective study was carried out in Orthopaedic dept at Dr R N Cooper hospital, Mumbai over the period of 2 yrs from June 2014 to May 2016. The study includes 31 patients i.e. 58 knees between the age group 4 yrs to 13.5yrs which were operated with Eight plate fixation for angular deformity correction. Every 3 month followup with clinical & radiological assessment for the period of 1 yr or till implant removal was done. The results were tabulated & analysed statistically using test of significance (chi square, ANOVA & Student t test) whenever necessary. Result: In our study we found average rate of correction of a) IMD/ICD was 1.17cm/month, b) mLDFA was 0.58 degrees / month, c) mPTA was 0.52 degrees / month, d) Mechanical axis was 1.17mm/ month, e) Tibiofemoral angle was 0.30 gegrees / month. We also had two complications i.e. overcorrection in one case & found no correction in one patient. Conclusion: Guided growth for angular deformity around knee using eight plate provides faster correction rate as compared to staples and transphyseal screws. It does not cause physeal arrest. It provides reversible growth. Minimal implant related complications like plate migration, plate bending and Breakage. Guided Growth using Eight plate is a safe and effective method for surgical correction of angular deformities around Knee Joint.

40Ar/39Ar geochronology and volume estimates of the Tasmantid Seamounts: Support for a change in the motion of the Australian plate

New volume estimates and 40Ar/39Ar ages for the Tasmantid Seamounts are reported to investigate the origin of volcanism and potential links between volcanism and changes in the speed and direction of migration of the Australian plate during the Cenozoic. The results show that the average extrusive volume of individual volcanoes along the seamount chain is 2587±3078km3 (1s), and that volumes generally increase towards the south. An exception, the Britannia Guyot, located in the middle of the seamount chain, is the most voluminous (11,374km3). Nineteen new 40Ar/39Ar ages, from Wreck to Gascoyne, show that the emplacement of the Tasmantid Seamounts occurred between 33.2±1.5 and 6.5±0.6Ma. A single linear regression applied to the age versus latitude data, assuming volcanism to be caused by plate migration over a stationary hotspot, reveals a plate migration rate of 62±2 kmMa−1 (R2=0.97; n=27) between ~33 and 6Ma. However, the bend in the seamount track, corresponding with the period of largest eruptive volumes, suggests three distinct segments in the Tasmantid age versus latitude data. The northern segment is consistent with a plate migration rate of 75±10 kmMa−1 (R2=0.88; n=10) and the southern segment reveals a plate migration rate of 64±4 kmMa−1 (R2=0.94; n=17). The period between these two segments, from ~25 to 19Ma, overlaps with the period of slow migration and change in the direction of the Australian plate derived from the age versus latitude distribution of continental central volcanoes. The new Tasmantid Seamount results support the interpretation that there were changes in the velocity and direction to Australia's northward trajectory, possibly resulting from a series of collisional events.

Contrasting patterns of postglacial range shifts between the northern and southern hemisphere in Herbertus (Herbertaceae, Marchantiophyta)

The leafy liverwort genus Herbertus exhibits considerably variable morphology and widely disjunct distributions in both hemispheres. Here, the biogeographic history of the genus and its phylogenetic relationships with the focus on the taxonomically difficult, northern hemispheric disjunct species, were investigated. We conducted a time-calibrated, molecular-based phylogenetic analysis using psbA, trnL-F, and ITS1-2 loci and different approaches for ancestral range inference of the genus. Herbertus is inferred to have originated in the Cenozoic era about 51 million years ago, in an ancestral area including southern South America, the Neotropics, Oceania, and South-east Asia. The current distribution of the genus is supported to have resulted from long-term in situ persistence, short and long distance dispersals, extinctions and recolonizations. Postglacial range shifts between the southern and northern hemisphere in the genus show distinct patterns. In the southern hemisphere, Herbertus is characterized by in situ persistence, not showing further dispersal until the uplift of the Andean Cordillera. Species of the northern hemisphere showed wide range expansions and repeated recolonizations, including north- and southward dispersals, recolonizations and extinctions. Our results support that the ancestor of South-east Asiatic Herbertus had a Gondwanan origin and arrived in Asia via Indian Plate migration. The uplift of high mountains must have had a strong influence in the diversification and dispersal of the genus. Our results further suggest that climate changes must have had a profound effect on the evolution and biogeography of the species of Herbertus in the northern hemisphere, and might also have influenced the reproductive strategies of the genus. Few genetic differentiations amongst currently recognized species H. aduncus, H. dicranus, H. hutchinsiae, H. stramineus, H. delavayi, and H. kurzii, and amongst H. sendtneri, H. armitanus, and H. circinatus were shown, suggesting that the morphological characters that are currently used for delimiting species should be re-evaluated.

Effects of water transportation on subduction dynamics: Roles of viscosity and density reduction

The effects of water on subduction dynamics, e.g., plate migration rate, slab geometry, stress field, and back-arc spreading, are investigated by using a 2-D self-consistent model for lithosphere subduction and whole mantle convection. We solve water transportation coupled with hydrous mineral phase changes. Mantle flows and water transportation are interactive through constitutive and state equations for hydrous rocks. Our model has successfully reproduced the water distribution in a mantle wedge and along the slab with sufficient resolution comparable to that of previous models that focus on the mantle wedge structure. As a result, low density owing to hydration reduces subduction rates, back-arc spreading, and slab stagnation on the phase boundary at 660-km depth, whereas low viscosity owing to hydration enhances rapid subduction, trench migration, and slab stagnation. We attribute these results to mechanisms that cause the hydrous buoyancy of subducting plates to reduce the slab pull force and the accompanying tensile stress on overlying lithosphere. In addition, hydrous weakening diminishes the mechanical coupling of the subducted slab with the wedge mantle and overriding lithosphere. Thus, water is capable of generating two opposite situations in the stress field of the overlying lithosphere and the subduction rate. Water is therefore expected to be an important mechanism for generating broad styles of the subduction structure and kinematics, as observed in actual subduction zones such as Tonga and Mariana. Such observed variation in the subduction mode can be caused by variation in buoyancy corresponding to the water content from relatively dry to several thousands of parts per million for the wedge mantle and slab surface, whereas the extremely buoyant case does not appear to occur in nature. Water in the mantle is thus key to better understand the whole-mantle-scale slab dynamics as well as island arc volcanic processes.

Clinical outcomes of early repair for open orbital fracture

To investigate the clinical outcomes following early repair for orbital fracture and soft tissue simultaneously for open orbital fractures. Retrospective clinical study. This study comprised of 19 patients(20 eyes) with open orbital fracture who underwent surgery within 48 hours in the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University between August 2011 and August 2014. The wounds were evaluated at the same time and the surgical debridement was done. The surgical exposure was achieved through direct approach and auxiliary cosmetic incisions. Titanium mesh and plate was used for orbital reconstruction. Local flaps or island flaps were used for soft tissue repair. With the post-operative CT scan, the condition of the soft tissue which was herniated, the orbital rim and orbital wall were observed. The measurement of the exophthalmos of both eyes was performed using Hertel exophthalmometer. Compared with the intact eye, the globe displacement (upward or downward) of the reconstructed eye was measured. The follow up duration was 12-24 months. The eye movement, diplopia, restriction of mouth opening, depression of midface, the condition of soft tissue and scar as well as post-operative complications were recorded. Comparison of the reconstructed eye's globe displacement before and after operation were analyzed with wilcoxon signed ranks test. Comparison of the exophthalmos of the reconstructed eye relative to the intact eye were analyzed with t-paired test. In all 19 cases (20 eyes), fractures were anatomically reconstructed, and no cases of infection, titanium mesh and plate migration and rejection occured during the follow-up. Seven cases had eyeball hypoglobus with median 3.0 mm (min 2.0 mm, max 4.0 mm) pre-operatively. The Reconstructed eye globe were corrected in 6 cases and 1 case had residual hypoglobus of 1.0 mm ,median 0.0 mm (min 0.0 mm, max 1.0 mm). The amount of the eye globe displacement between pre-and post-operation was statistically significant(z=-2.40, P<0.05). Enophthalmos was corrected in 16 cases (the mean of posterior globe displacement in reconstructed orbit relative to intact orbit was less than or equal to 2.0mm), but in 2 patients the residual enophthalmos was 3.0 mm. The difference of the exophthalmos of both eyes was not obvious (t=-0.46,P>0.05). Among 20 eyes, 16 patients had restrictive eye movement. After 12 months follow-up, 13 eyes with restrictive eye movement were corrected while the other 3 showed improvement. Eight patients of restriction of mouth opening or midface depression were corrected and no infection complications were noted. There was no flap necrosis in 13 patients of soft tissue defect. Surgical treatment of open orbital fractures with simultaneous repair of orbital fracture and soft tissue within 48 hours after trauma could correct enophthalmos, hypoglobus and eye movement function effectively and improve periorbital aesthetics. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 273-277).

Sphingosine-1-phosphate/sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 signaling is required for migration of naive human T cells from the thymus to the periphery

The mechanisms that govern the egress of mature thymocytes from the human thymus to the periphery remain understudied yet are of utmost importance to the field of basic immunology, as well as T-cell reconstitution in various immunodeficiencies. We examined the expression and function of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors in human thymocyte egress. We aimed to determine whether S1P receptors (S1P-Rs) play a role in mature human thymocyte egress and to identify the thymocyte population or populations that express S1P-Rs and respond to S1P by migrating across a concentration gradient. Human thymocytes were exposed to S1P in Transwell plate migration assays coupled to flow cytometry to evaluate the response to S1P of thymocytes at different stages of maturation. Constitutive S1P-R expression was quantified by means of real-time PCR in sorted thymocyte subsets and flow cytometry. S1P-R1 and Kruppel-like factor 2 expression were monitored after S1P exposure by using flow cytometry and quantitative PCR. S1P-R1 was the prevalent S1P receptor on mature human thymocytes (CD3(hi)CD27(+)CD69(-)), the population that also demonstrated the greatest response to S1P in migration assays. Pretreatment with FTY720, an S1P-R1 nonselective modulator significantly reduced migration and suggested a role for S1P-R2 in retaining thymocytes in the tissue. Lastly, surface S1P-R1 expression, as well S1PR1 and Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) transcripts, were significantly decreased in mature thymocytes on exposure to S1P. Mature human thymocytes rely on S1P-R1 to migrate toward S1P. Taken in the context of murine work demonstrating that S1P is required for thymocyte egress to the periphery, our data highlight a new key chemokine for human thymocyte egress.

Delayed Superior Orbital Fissure Syndrome After Reconstruction of Blowout Fracture

The superior orbital fissure syndrome (SOFS) has been known to be a condition caused by impairment of the nerves that cross the superior orbital fissure. Traumatic SOFS is an uncommon complication which occurs usually within 48 hours after a facial injury. A 25-year-old male sustained facial trauma following an altercation. Clinical findings on presentation included swelling, ecchymosis, hyphema, subretinal hemorrhage, and mild extraocular movement limitation upon lateral gaze on his right eyelids. Facial computed tomography scan confirmed fractures of the medial walls of the right orbit and herniation of orbital soft tissue without the incarceration of medial rectus muscle. Ten days after the trauma, the operation was performed. On postoperative day 16, the patient showed ptosis of the right upper eyelid with a fixed pupil, and there was a hypoesthesia over the distribution of the right supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves. The authors diagnosed as a delayed SOFS and prescribed 4 mg of methylprednisolone q.i.d. for 30 days. After steroid therapy, extraocular movement limitations improved progressively. After 8 months, movement was completely restored. The authors experienced delayed SOFS on posttrauma day 27, and it was treated by steroid therapy. Surgical intervention is required when there is an evident etiology such as underlying hematoma or plate migration. If the reason is not clear like our case, steroid therapy can be considered as one of the options. Particularly, the authors should give special attention to the patient who has congenitally narrow superior orbital fissure, like Fujiwara et al suggested.