Properties Of Plates Research Articles

Analysis and comparative studies of different thin orthotropic plates

The orthotropic materials are of a great importance and interest in the field of the modern industrial technologies’ applications such as: mechanics, aeronautics, civil engineering and biomechanics due to their hardness, their lightness and their super elasticity. During their working operation and under the effect of the external efforts, these materials can be submitted to cracks or ruptures which can cause disaster of their structure. In order to avoid these types of problems, the analysis of these materials is necessary in order to predict their mechanical characteristics and thus to augment their lifespan. This analysis is based essentially on the internal structure of material, its geometry, its boundary conditions and the external applied conditions. Our work consists of the analysis of the static and dynamic behavior of thin orthotropic bi- dimensional plates under the effect of external efforts using the numerical methods and of modulating based on the finite element methods. The strain and stress in any node of the orthotropic plate have been found for various types of loading (random and harmonic), with and without damping comparatively with those of an isotropic plate of the same dimension. And good effectiveness and reliabilities of the mechanical properties of the orthotropic plate were observed compared to those of orthotropic one.

Simulation of Fluid Flow through Orifice Meter

The modeling of fluid flow using an orifice meter is an engineering endeavor aimed at thoroughly investigating and optimizing fluid flow measurement in various industrial applications. Orifice meters are highly regarded for their accurate measurement of fluid flow rates as they pass through a specifically designed orifice plate, utilizing the principles of fluid dynamics. The primary objective of this project is to develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model capable of simulating the intricate fluid flow through an orifice meter. The simulation encompasses detailed geometric features of the orifice meter, including the precise dimensions of the orifice plate, pipe diameter, and any relevant taper angles. Additionally, the model takes into account various fluid parameters, boundary conditions, and factors such as velocity and pressure at different points within the system. The comprehensive study visualizes and quantifies key fluid properties, such as velocity profiles, pressure differentials, and flow velocities, across the entire length of the orifice meter using CFD analysis. This in-depth analysis provides crucial insights into the dynamic performance of the orifice meter. The obtained information holds significant potential to revolutionize flow rate measurement accuracy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness in diverse industries, including water management, chemical processing, and oil and gas. The project's methodology for simulating fluid flow through orifice meters can bring about substantial improvements in the understanding and optimization of fluid flow in industrial processes.

The Effect of Preformed Anatomic Provisional Restorations on Peri-Implant Mucosal Dimensions with Immediate Tooth Replacement Therapy.

Immediate Tooth Replacement Therapy (ITRT) has become popular due to its ability to reduce treatment time and provide immediate esthetic results. However, long-term challenges, such as mid-facial recession and labial bone resorption, have been reported. Anatomic temporary cylinders (ATC), which allow for efficient fabrication of provisional transitional restorations in the esthetic zone, were designed to mimic the natural emergence profile and guide mucosal tissue healing. This study examines the effect of ATCs on the fabrication of provisional restorations compared to conventional non-anatomic temporary cylinders (CTCs) in terms of peri-implant mucosal preservation and stability in patients undergoing ITRT using the dual-zone grafting technique. Parameters evaluated were peri-implant mucosal tissue thickness (PIMTT), Pink Esthetic Score (PES), and radiographic outcomes, including labial plate dimension (LPD). The use of ATCs resulted in a statistically significant increase in PIMTT compared to CTCs, suggesting better preservation of peri-implant mucosal architecture. Additionally, the ATC group exhibited a positive change in LPD, although this difference was not clinically significant. The findings indicate that ATCs may offer advantages in maintaining peri-implant mucosal stability, contributing to the esthetic and functional outcomes of implant-supported restorations. Further long-term studies are needed to validate these preliminary results. The use of anatomic temporary cylinders (ATC) in immediate tooth replacement therapy (ITRT) demonstrated improved peri-implant mucosal tissue thickness, suggesting enhanced maintenance of peri-implant mucosal architecture. This can contribute to healthier and more esthetic outcomes while potentially reducing the risk of complications such as mid-facial recession.

LJF of thin-walled gapped uni-planar K-type tubular steel joints with collar under brace balanced axial loads

This paper investigates the efficacy of the collar plate in improving the Local Joint Flexibility (LJF) of thin-walled circular hollow section (CHS) K-joints under axial loads. Initially, a finite element model (FEM) was created and verified against data from 14 available experimental tests. Subsequently, an extensive series of 136 unreinforced and reinforced K-joints was simulated to analyze the influence of parameters such as collar plate dimensions (η and λ), brace angle (θ), and joint geometry (β, ξ, and γ) on the LJF factor (fLJF) and the fLJF ratio (χ). The FEMs incorporated plate-to-member contact and weld modeling. Findings indicate that the utilization of the plate reduces the fLJF by 73 %. Additionally, it was observed that plate length significantly affects the fLJF compared to plate thickness. While the impact of γ, θ, and ξ on χ is marginal, β, η and λ emerge as a noteworthy determinant of χ. Despite the pivotal role of fLJF in joint behavior, there exists a gap in studies and equations specifically addressing fLJF in collar-plate reinforced K-joints under axial loads. To address this gap, leveraging the FE results, a design equation is proposed. This equation is subsequently validated with high coefficients of determination and standards set by the UK Department of Energy.

Experimental and numerical investigations on flexural behavior of apex joints in aluminum alloy portal frames

Aluminum alloy portal frames (AAPFs) find extensive applications in lightweight and temporary structures owing to their light weight, excellent corrosion resistance, and ease of installation and disassembly. Existing design equations for cold-formed steel portal frame (CFSPF) apex joints are not applicable to AAPF apex joints due to significant differences in structural configuration. Therefore, dedicated research is needed to develop design guidelines for AAPF apex joints. Consequently, this paper conducts experimental and numerical investigations on flexural behavior of AAPF apex joints. Initially, bending tests are conducted on three AAPF apex joints, revealing failure modes including clamping plate buckling and beam failure. The flexural behavior of apex joints throughout the entire process is analyzed based on moment-rotation curves and moment-strain curves. Subsequently, finite element (FE) models are established and validated by comparing the FE results with the experimental results. Following this validation, parameter analysis is conducted considering the influence of beam cross-sectional dimensions, clamping plate dimensions, bolt dimensions, and layout. Finally, based on theoretical and numerical investigation, the calculation equation for the flexural capacity of AAPF joints is derived, offering valuable reference for engineering design.

A new analytical model for predicting the welding deformation of large welded plates with equivalent moments

The efficient prediction of welding deformation is important for the deviation control of large welded structures. In this paper, an analytical model is proposed to predict the welding deformation of large aluminium alloy plates. The welding-induced equivalent moments are calculated based on the inherent strain of a small-scale welded plate. The large welded plate is regarded as a corner-supported plate subjected to the equivalent moments. The welding deformation of the large welded plate is analytically derived by using the reciprocal theorem of work, and is validated by the experimental data. The effect of heterogeneous weld properties and plate dimensions on the welding deformation is quantitatively discussed. The proposed model can facilitate the deformation prediction of large welded structures.

A Novel Approach for Improving Midface Aesthetics: A Pilot Study.

Asian individuals often seek solutions to address midface depression and enhance nasal alar base morphology to achieve Western facial aesthetics. Current treatment options, including injections and invasive procedures, have limited efficacy and safety. To address these challenges, we introduced the "modified A-10 surgery," which integrates the Point A-Koji method, titanium plates, and artificial dermis insertion. The efficacy of the modified A-10 surgery was illustrated using a case study of a 22-year-old woman. Surgical planning was based on dental cone-beam computed tomography data, with lateral cephalometric radiographs used to determine the titanium plate dimensions. The surgery involved customized plate alignment, fixation, and artificial dermis insertion. The modified A-10 surgery substantially improved facial aesthetics and structural parameters. Facial convexity increased from 15.5 degrees to 23.2 degrees, enhancing the 3-dimensionality. The nasolabial angle shifted from 91.9 degrees to 110.2 degrees, achieving the desired mouth projection. Other measurements, such as the E-line to the lower lip and the distance from point A to the subnasal point, contributed to refined aesthetics. The nasal alar base thickness increased by 2.2 mm (19.5%), correcting the depression. The modified A-10 surgery represents a minimally invasive and comprehensive solution for midface depression and nasal alar base enhancement. By combining the Point A-Koji method, titanium plates, and artificial dermis insertion, this surgery successfully achieved improved facial aesthetics and contours. The results validate its potential as a long-term solution, with implications for antiaging interventions and promising avenues for future research.

Nonlocal buckling analysis of five-layer laminated nanocomposites on kerr foundation: A refined zigzag theory approach

In this paper, the buckling analysis of a five-layer laminated nanocomposite resting on a Kerr foundation is presented. In order to describe the non-continuous behavior of composite plate through its thickness, the displacement field is determined using the Refined Zigzag Theory (RZT). Additionally, the constitutive relations of piezo electromagnetic isotropic materials, orthotropic composites, and Functionally Graded Porous Materials (FGPMs) are presented. With respect to Bi- and Uniaxial loading in the nanoplate, the Hamilton’s principle is utilized to derive the equation of motion of this nanoplate. To study the small-scale effect in nanoplates, both Nonlocal Eringen Theory and Nonlocal Strain Gradient Theory (NSGT) are employed to account for nonlocal effects. Finally, the coupled equations of motion are solved using the Differential Quadrature Method (DQM). This paper introduces the newly used Kerr foundation and its effect on the buckling analysis. It also investigates the influence of plate dimensions, piezo electromagnetic terms, boundary conditions, and loading on the dimensionless critical buckling load.

Experimental study on the fatigue behavior of CFRP-strengthened cracked steel plates under eccentric axial tension

In this paper, an experimental investigation has been conducted to study the fatigue behavior of single edge-notch steel plates strengthened with CFRP (laminates/sheets). The plates have been subjected to eccentric fatigue under axial loading conditions. The experimental study includes fourteen specimens and has been tested under axial loading until failure. The constant parameters in the study are steel material grade, steel plate dimensions, and fatigue loading conditions. Meanwhile, the studied parameters are steel plate initial edge crack size, CFRP configurations (length, one or two-sided, and laminates or sheets), and adhesive material strength. The experimental results revealed that the fatigue life for specimens strengthened with CFRP sheets or CFRP laminates can be improved by a factor of 1.15 to 3.87 and 1.47 to 6.32, respectively, compared with the un-strengthened specimens. The results show that using CFRP can be considered an efficient way to repair the initial cracks in steel elements under eccentric axial fatigue loading.

Determination Of Weld Thickness In Hollow Section Connection Under Local Buckling Effect

Hollow section profiles are widely used in the structural steel industry. An important point to take into consideration in such connections is the continuous transfer of internal forces from element to element. One of the measures taken to ensure this continuity is to use end plates. The connection between plates and elements is mainly provided by welds. The aim of this study is to determine an optimum weld thickness for connections subjected to local buckling of box-beam-columns under bending. Corner and circular fillet welds were used to join the designed plates with box columns and beams. Hollow section profile connections were experimentally studied in the Steel Structure Laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering of Süleyman Demirel University. Results were used to develop numerical models. Ansys Workbench was used in numerical models to analyze the corner welds of different thicknesses and lengths depending on plate dimensions and to examine their behavior.

Analysis of Vibration Electromechanical Response Behavior of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Piezoelectric Films

Studying the electromechanical response behavior of piezoelectric thin films under different loading conditions is of great value for the development and optimization of piezoelectric sensors and flexible portable electronic devices. This paper establishes the theory of large deflection vibration of rectangular four-edge simply supported piezoelectric thin films using the energy method, and analyzes the electromechanical response characteristics of vibration force (including resonant frequency and nonlinear vibration). Meanwhile, the electromechanical response behavior of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films under different loading conditions (static and harmonic vibration) is analyzed. The study investigates the nonlinear vibration characteristics and resonance frequency variations under different film sizes and thickness conditions in the case of various loading conditions. The developed model can predict the resonance frequency associated with the plate dimensions. This study is of great significance for the research and application of laminated piezoelectric film sensors.

PERANCANGAN STRUKTUR MENARA LATTICE UNTUK TURBIN ANGIN DARRIEUS TIPE-H DAYA KECIL

The structure of the lattice tower is designed to be able to withstand the loads that occur, namely the wind force, and the gravity that occurs in the H-type Darrieus wind turbine. Structural calculations can be carried out by considering all the maximum forces affecting and then analyzing them for each part or structural component. The tower is designed with dimensions t x l x p, namely 2500 mm x 500 mm × 500 mm, 5 angle iron rods, the dimensions of the steel plate are 500 mm long × 500 mm wide × 3 mm thick, with ASTM A36 carbon steel as the material. The stress from the simulation outcomes must be equal to or below the allowable stress value where the allowable stress is 83.3 MPa, the von misses stress is 0.110526 MPa, and the results of the simulation show that the stress value fulfills the design requirements. Angle iron specifications yield with the requirements of ASTM A36 carbon steel with a yield strength (250 MPa). Calculation of checking the von misses stress. Keywords: Tower, Stress, Materials.

Investigation on activation performance of adhesive bonding connection between Fe-SMA and steel plates

Steel structures are extensively utilized in civil engineering because of their advantageous characteristics. However, cyclic loading can induce cracks in steel structures, resulting in a decline in mechanical properties and increased life cycle costs. In recent times, iron-based shape memory alloys (Fe-SMAs) have gained recognition as promising materials for structural reinforcement due to their distinct shape memory effect. The adhesive bonding connection between Fe-SMA and steel offers an efficient solution for reinforcing steel structures, enabling uniform stress transfer without introducing defects. This study investigates the influence of the geometric dimensions of Fe-SMA plates and the structural adhesive on the stress of steel plates through activation tests and finite element simulations. A multiple regression model has been proposed to describe the relationship between the size of Fe-SMA plates, structural adhesive, and the stress of steel plates. In addition, the temperature of the adhesive during activation is determined through activation tests. According to test results, a temperature distribution model for the adhesive has been developed, allowing for an accurate theoretical calculation of the adhesive softening length. The adhesive softening significantly impacts the stress distribution of the steel plate, making this model considerably valuable. This study provides valuable experimental data and a theoretical basis for the practical implementation of Fe-SMA in metal structural reinforcement.

Seismic performance of high-strength steel octagonal double-sided plate joints in wall-type concrete-filled steel tubular columns connected to steel beams

This study explores the use of a novel octagonal double-sided plate joint made from high-strength steel for connecting steel beams to wall-type concrete-filled steel tubular (WCFST) columns, which is a new solution to the problem of traditional side plate extending from the wall and interfering with wall panel installation. Two full-scale test specimens were developed and assessed under cyclic loading. The results illustrate that the joint specimens exhibit considerable energy dissipation capacities. After experimental verification, a reliable finite element model was obtained and used for a parametric analysis of side plate dimensions. The results suggest that the height, thickness, and strength grade of the side plate should be 1.2 times the beam height, 1.0 times the beam flange thickness, and Q460C, respectively. Hence, the well-designed proposed joint can be employed with less steel and is superior to previous joints in terms of load capacity and energy consumption.

Clinical Workflow Algorithm for Preoperative Planning, Reduction and Stabilization of Complex Acetabular Fractures with the Support of Three-Dimensional Technologies.

Background: Treatment of pelvic injuries poses serious problems for surgeons due to the difficulties of the associated injuries. The objective of this research is to create a clinical workflow that integrates three-dimensional technologies in preoperative planning and performing surgery for the reduction and stabilization of associated acetabular fractures. Methods: The research methodology consisted of integrating the stages of virtual preoperative planning, physical preoperative planning, and performing the surgical intervention in a newly developed clinical workflow. The proposed model was validated in practice in a pilot surgical intervention. Results: On a complex pelvic injury case of a patient with an associated both-column acetabular fracture (AO/OTA-62C1g), we presented the results obtained in the six stages of the clinical workflow: acquisition of three-dimensional (3D) images, creation of the virtual model of the pelvis, creation of the physical model of the pelvis, preoperative physical simulation, orthopedic surgery, and imaging validation of the intervention. The life-size 3D model was fabricated based on computed tomography imagistics. To create the virtual model, the images were imported into Invesalius (version 3.1.1, CTI, Brazil), after which they were processed with MeshLab (version 2023.12, ISTI-CNR, Italy) and FreeCAD (version 0.21.2, LGPL, FSF, Boston, MA, USA). The physical model was printed in 21 h and 37 min using Ultimaker Cura software (version 5.7.2), on an Ultimaker 2+ printing machine through a Fused Deposition Modeling process. Using the physical model, osteosynthesis plate dimensions and fixation screw trajectories were tested to reduce the risk of neurovascular injury, after which they were adjusted and resterilized, which enhanced preoperative decision-making. Conclusions: The life-size physical model improved anatomical appreciation and preoperative planning, enabling accurate surgical simulation. The tools created demonstrated remarkable accuracy and cost-effectiveness that support the advancement and efficiency of clinical practice.

Influence of shielding gas flow on the TIG welding process using stainless steel 304 material

A common issue encountered with main heat exchanger equipment is improper operation, which can lead to the development of cracks in the stainless-steel pipes. The welding process alters the metal microstructure in the heat-affected zone, thereby affecting the mechanical properties of the welded joint. To mitigate this issue, TIG welding with argon shielding gas is employed. This method helps prevent oxidation and ensures the formation of a stable welding arc in 304 stainless steel, which is renowned for its excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of variations in shielding gas flow on the mechanical properties of 304 stainless steel plates during the TIG welding process. The aim is to determine the optimal settings for producing robust and long-lasting welded joints. To assess the hardness of the welded joints, we employed a Brinell-type Hardness Tester FB-3000LC machine. A Brinell steel ball indenter measuring 5 mm on the HBW scale and applying a load of 125 Kgf was utilized. At a protective gas flow rate of 8 L/min, the average tensile stress was 44.72 N/mm², strain was 0.177, modulus of elasticity was 2518 MPa, and hardness was 99.712 HBW. Increasing the gas flow rate to 13 L/min resulted in an average tensile stress of 47.50 N/mm², strain of 0.189, elastic modulus of 2525 MPa, and hardness of 105.522 HBW. Further increasing the gas flow rate to 18 L/min led to an average tensile stress of 49.69 N/mm², strain of 0.192, modulus of elasticity of 2597 MPa, and hardness of 106.704 HBW. Based on the research findings, it was observed that the weld area exhibited an increase in hardness values due to the heat generated during the welding process. The use of protective gas flow during welding is deemed effective in producing well-formed welded joints, as it prevents fractures from occurring within the weld area during the tensile test process. The choice of protective gas is determined by the dimensions of the material plate.

Management of mandibular angle and body fractures using miniplates and 3D plates.

Mandibular angle fractures have the greatest recorded rate of postoperative complications of any mandibular location and hence they present an especially difficult task for surgeons. Therefore, it is of interest to compare the conventional miniplates and three dimensional (3D) plates in management of mandibular angle fracture and body fractures.60 patients with isolated non-comminuted mandibular angle fractures and body fractures were randomly assigned into two groups by lottery. Utilizing Champy's osteosynthesis standards, group one (n = 30) received treatment with 2-mm standard miniplate and group two (n = 30) had treatment with open reduction and internal fixation utilizing 2-mm 3D locking stainless steel plates. The mean operative time was greater in conventional miniplate category as compared to three dimensional plates. Need for postoperative occlusion correction was lesser n 3 dimensional plate category. The incidence of postoperative infection was comparable in both categories. Incidental tooth damage was lesser in three-dimensional plate's category three-dimensional locking plates are an alternate strategy that has a comparable result profile to miniplates.

UTILIZING FIBER MESH AND NYLON ROPE AS NON-STEEL REINFORCEMENT FOR SANDWICH CONCRETE PLATE PRECAST IN COASTAL AREA STRUCTURES

Reinforced concrete, a popular construction choice, is often selected due to the limited availability of materials like wood and increased familiarity with concrete. However, coastal structures using steel bars in reinforced concrete usually face corrosion issues. Corrosion can be mitigated by increasing concrete compressive strength and enlarging the concrete cover to protect the steel from saltwater. These measures are challenging for small structures due to the small dimensions of columns, beams, and plates, making thick concrete covers difficult. Additionally, small structures are often built manually or semi-manually, complicating the achievement of higher compressive strength and watertightness. However, there is hope. Researchers have developed reinforced concrete with non-metal reinforcement, such as fiber mesh and nylon rope, and combined regular and lightweight concrete to reduce dead loads, creating a sandwich concrete slab. Test results show that the slab has sufficient strength for light construction, with a strong bond between mortar and foam concrete. Although fiber mesh and nylon rope do not yet increase the slab's flexural strength, nylon rope prevents brittle failure. This promising research paves the way for further studies and potential improvements in the future.

Behavior of wire arc additively manufactured 316L austenitic stainless steel single shear bolted connections

This paper aims to investigate the behavior of single shear bolted connections made of wire arc additively manufactured 316L austenitic stainless steel. A set of 44 wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) 316L austenitic stainless steel single shear bolted connections were included with consideration of various bolt positions, surface conditions and loading orientations respective to the printing layer direction. The geometric dimensions of the WAAM austenitic stainless steel plates were measured with the assistance of non-contact 3D laser scanning prior to tensile testing. Monotonic tensile tests were carried out to investigate the load-deformation responses, failure patterns and resistances determined by both the deformation and strength criteria of the single shear bolted connections. The effects of geometric and printing parameters on the single shear bolted connections were analyzed. Due to the absence of codified design provisions for WAAM austenitic stainless steel bolted connections, the suitability of the existing design rules originally developed for traditionally manufactured carbon steel and stainless steel bolted connections was examined. Design resistances calculated by the Eurocode 3 (prEN 1993-1-8 and prEN 1993-1-4), the American Specification (ANSI/AISC 370-21) as well as the prevalent design recommendations proposed in existing literature were compared with the obtained experimental results. It is shown that the abovementioned design methods offer conservative predictions for the resistances of WAAM 316L austenitic stainless steel single shear bolted connections. Further study is needed to improve the accuracy of design resistance predictions.

Estimation of Additional Costs by Seismic Safety in Shallow Foundations Projects

Additional costs for seismic safety in shallow foundation projects for five reinforced concrete buildings with different dimensions in plan and prop, in the city of Santiago de Cuba, an area of greatest seismic danger in Cuba are evaluated. Costs of foundation plates for seismic, wind load and gravity loads are compared separately. Physical mechanical properties were obtained from testing soil samples by SPT test at the construction area. Requirements for designing foundation plates result from the structural modeling using SAP 2000 NL version 14 for combination load according to current Cuban regulations. The book Excel DISCAR 3.0 was used for designing the geotechnical and structural foundation. Budgets were calculated by using the PRESWIN program, showing increases costs for seismic safety of foundation plates between 34 to 66% in relation to similar costs obtained by wind loads or gravitational loads, significantly increasing the dimensions of foundation's plates, concrete and excavation volumes as well as total reinforcing steel weight for seismic loads.