Platanus Research Articles

Removal of polystyrene microplastic from aqueous solutions with London Plane bark biochar: Pyrolysis temperature, performance and mechanism

The seasonally shed bark of London Plane tree is an ideal source for biochar due to its high lignin content. Microplastics derived from plastic wastes has become a hot topic due to its potential threats to ecosystems. The aim of this work is to convert the shed bark into efficient London Plane bark biochar (LBC) adsorbents and investigate its application in microplastics adsorption. The effects of pyrolysis temperature on LBC structure, surface properties and microplastic adsorption were investigated and the best adsorption performance of 60.05 mg/L was found at the 550 °C-pyrolyzed LBC. The wet sieve-weighing method was applied to assess the adsorption effect of LBC and verified with thermogravimetric analysis. The adsorption of polystyrene (PS) particles on LBC was in accordance with the Sips isothermal model and the second-order-kinetics model. The robustness of LBCs and the adsorption mechanism were investigated. With the analysis from pore size distribution, SEM images, FTIR and XPS spectra, physical trapping, surface complexation, hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction all play key roles in the adsorption of PS onto the LBC surface. This study not only provides a new approach for the removal of microplastics, but also offers a broad perspective on the treatment of biomass waste.

The production of a novel adsorbent from forest waste (Platanus orientalis L.) for dye adsorption: Adsorption process optimization and experimental design

In the study, a novel activated carbon material was produced using forest waste commonly found in nature. The activation was completed by modifying the surface of the material with H3PO4. Using this adsorbent material, we investigated the adsorption of the hazardous dyestuff, methylene blue, from the water environment. The adsorbent was characterized using BET, SEM, and FT-IR analyses. The characterization processes revealed that the adsorbent has a wealth of functional groups and many cavities and protrusions on its surface. Moreover, according to the BET analysis result, it was observed that it is an adsorbent with a high surface area (876.01 m2 g−1). Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies have been conducted to fully understand the nature of methylene blue adsorption. The pseudo-second order kinetic model best represents the adsorption process data, and the Langmuir isotherm aligns with the equilibrium data. According to the Langmuir isotherm data, the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) was determined to be 198.01 mg g−1. The thermodynamic results showed that the process of adsorption of methylene blue on various surfaces is spontaneous and occurs via physisorption. Additionally, in addition, the effects of the parameters (adsorbent dose, time, and concentration) determined for the methylene blue adsorption process were optimized using the surface response method. Activated carbon from plane tree fruits (Platanus orientalis L.) has the potential to be a novel adsorbent due to its unique surface morphology and strong adsorption capabilities.

Transport Pollution Impact Assessment on the Platanus orientalis L. Physiological Properties

The influence of vehicle pollution on the physiological properties of the woody plant Oriental plane tree (Platanus orientalis L.) in the conditions of the city of Baku (Azerbaijan) is considered. To assess the physiological state of plants, a comparative analysis of indicators of delayed chlorophyll a fluorescence of leaves of trees growing in areas located at different distances from the highway was carried out. The pattern of changes in the various phases of the induction curve of the millisecond component of the delayed fluorescence of chlorophyll a was used to assess the state of photosystem II. The results of the study showed that both the donor side of photosystem II and the acceptor side exhibit a fairly high sensitivity to vehicle pollution. As a result, the efficiency of the photosynthesis process deteriorates under polluted conditions. This makes it possible to use P. orientalis as an indicator plant to assess environmental quality.

IgE to cyclophilins in pollen-allergic children: Epidemiologic, clinical, and diagnostic relevance of a neglected panallergen

Background– Cyclophilins are ubiquitous panallergens whose epidemiological, diagnostic, and clinical relevance is largely unknown and whose sensitization is rarely examined in routine allergy practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological, diagnostic, and clinical relevance of cyclophilin in seasonal allergic rhinitis and its comorbidities. Methods– We examined a random sample (25%, n 253) of 1263 Italian children affected by seasonal allergic rhinitis from the “Panallergen in Pediatrics” (PAN-PED) cohort. Patients’ disease phenotype had been already fully characterized through questionnaires (ARIA), skin prick tests (ALK), IgE tests to extracts, major and cross-reactive allergenic molecules of a comprehensive variety of allergenic pollen (immunoCAP), and carbohydrate cross-reacting determinants (CCD) (NOVEOS). We also performed nested studies of sensitization prevalence, correlation and allergen extract inhibition in patients (A) sensitized to birch pollen extract but lacking IgE to Bet v 1, Bet v 2, and Bet v 4, (74/1263) or with the highest serum level of IgE to Bet v 1 (26 within 1263), and (B) in patients with sensitization to extracts of ragweed (18), mugwort (18), pellitory (20), Plantago (19), and plane tree (20), but not to their respective major allergenic molecule, profilins and polcalcins. IgE to cyclophilin was detected with recombinant Bet v 7 (ImmunoCAP) and extract inhibition tests were performed with the same rBet v 7. ResultsIn the randomized population, IgE to rBet v 7 was detected in 43/253 (17%) patients. It was associated with asthma (p<0.028) and oral allergy syndrome (p<0.017) in univariate, but not in a multivariate analysis adjusted for IgE to profilins (Phl p 12), PR.10s (Bet v 1), and LTPs (Pru p 3). IgE to r Bet v 7 was also highly prevalent (47/74; 63%) among patients with unexplained sensitization to birch pollen extract. In patients with unexplained sensitization to ragweed, mugwort, pellitory, Plantago and plane tree pollen, the levels of IgE to those extracts correlated with the levels of IgE to rBet v 7, and they were also significantly inhibited by rBet v 7 (inhibition range 45%-74%). Conclusions– IgE sensitization to cyclophilin is very frequent in pollen-allergic patients living in temperate areas and can produce “false” positive outcomes in SPT and IgE tests to many different pollen extracts. The spectrum of pollen species containing allergenic cyclophilins is probably broader than previously known. Our results suggest that guidelines of molecular diagnostics should include this allergen family and that new tests based on plant cyclophilins should be produced and used with sera of pollen-allergic patients for a more precise identification of the culprit pollen extract and a tailored prescription of allergen immunotherapy.

Extraction of Lightweight Platanus orientalis L. Fruit's Stem Fiber and Determination of Its Mechanical and Physico-Chemical Properties and Potential of Its Use in Composites.

Natural fibers extracted from plants are preferred as an alternative to synthetic products. The main reasons for this preference are their affordable cost, light weight and good mechanical properties. However, finding new natural raw materials is challenging due to growth limitations in different geographical areas. Platanus orientalis L. (Eastern plane tree) is a tree with abundant fruits that can grow in many regions of the world. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanical (tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation), physical (density, fiber diameter) and chemical (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) properties of Platanus orientalis L. fruit's stem by fiber extraction from the stems of the tree. It was determined that the extracted fiber had good mechanical properties and cellulose content of 42.03%. As a result of thermogravimetric analysis, it was determined that the plane tree fruit's stem fiber had thermal resistance of up to 299 °C. The tensile strength value was 157.76 MPa, the tensile modulus value was 1.39 GPa and the elongation value was 22.01%. It was determined that it is suitable for use in fiber reinforcement in thermoplastic-based composites at temperatures below 299 °C. According to the results obtained by the mechanical, chemical and physical analysis of Platanus orientalis L. fruit's stem fiber (PoLfs), it could be recommended as a suitable alternative as a reinforcing fiber in thermoplastic and thermoset composites.

Component-resolved diagnosis of tree pollen allergen: identify key allergens to develop treatment plans

With the increasing global prevalence of tree pollen allergies, there has been a significant impact on the quality of life for populations. In North and Central China, birch pollen, cypress pollen, and plane tree pollen are the most common allergens for springtime pollen allergy sufferers. The distribution of plants and patterns of pollen transmission in different geographical areas result in varying pollen exposure outcomes, further complicating the challenges in diagnosis and individualized treatment. This article delves into the research progress and clinical application of tree pollen allergies based on the "Molecular Allergology User's Guide 2.0 (MAUG 2.0) " published by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). It discusses major allergen families and component proteins of tree pollen such as PR-10 proteins, profilins, polcalcins, as well as cross-reactive components that may cause pollen-food allergy syndrome. Allergen component diagnostics can distinguish true allergy sufferers from those with multiple allergen reactions, enabling more targeted selection of allergens for specific immunotherapy, thus enhancing treatment effectiveness. Bet v 1 and Cup a 1, for instance, are specific indicators for immunotherapy in birch and cypress allergy patients. Overall, this article provides cutting-edge information for professionals in the field of tree pollen allergies, offering in-depth exploration of tree pollen allergen component proteins, clinical manifestations, and treatment-related research, aiding in better understanding and addressing the challenges of tree pollen allergies.

Digital interpretation of the botanical heritage through biodesign

The paper presents two digital studies through the study of botanical heritage and plant morphology as inspiration for biodesign. The goal was to create conceptual urban 3D models as potential tools for solving climate challenges faced by selected cities, as well as for raising awareness of botanical heritage. For the first study carried out for the city of Nairobi from Kenya, the inspiration for biodesign was the species Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. This plant species is recognized as a symbol of the battle for the environment in Kenya. The inspiration for the second conceptual model of biodesign was the protected sycamore (Platanus x acerifolia (Aiton) Willd.) in Topcider Park in Belgrade (Serbia). As a natural monument of botanical character, this plane tree is about 200 years old. The same methodology was applied in both studies, which included field research, identification of the desired morphological pattern of plants, and digital modeling and visualization using appropriate digital (computer) tools. Two conceptual solutions are presented as the results of this research.

Hazard indicators in urban trees. Case studies on Platanus x hispanica Mill. ex Münchh and Morus alba L. in Mendoza city-Argentina

Urban forests significantly benefit cities and people´s wellbeing. However, under suboptimal growth conditions, they can pose risks. The tree risk and tree hazard assessments in public spaces bring together several protocols for preventing damage to people and property. This article aims to strengthen the database on forest resources at the urban scale and to identify key characteristics of relevant species of street trees in Mendoza-Argentina. In terms of methodology, trees of Platanus hispanica (London Plane tree) and Morus alba (Mulberry tree) were evaluated in situ by indicators related to the probability of failure such as defects, injuries and stress signals. The results show deterioration of part of the urban forest, as well as the greater resilience of P. hispanica when compared to M. alba. We conclude that systematically implementing these assessments will provide guidelines for the sustainable management of urban trees, improving forest infrastructure under sustainable development guidelines. Highlights : Trees growing in cities are conditioned by certain variables compromising their performance. Risk assessment of urban trees considers several measurement protocols, including the rapid visual method. The main problems identified in P. hispanica were cankers with decay, combined with poor branch architecture. M. alba showed more hazardous defects, with an "imminent" likelihood of failure and presence of cankers combined with decay.

Comparing the effectiveness of ferric chloride chemical coagulant and natural coagulant of plane tree leaves in turbidity removal from industrial wastewater

Comparing the effectiveness of ferric chloride chemical coagulant and natural coagulant of plane tree leaves in turbidity removal from industrial wastewater

0-6 Yaş Babaların “Baba Olma” Deneyimine İlişkin Metaforik Algılarının İncelenmesi

The current study aims to determine the metaphors expressed by fathers of 0-6 years old children regarding their "becoming a father" experiences and to explore the underlying elements of these metaphors. Thus, the study was carried out with a phenomenological method, one of the qualitative research methods. The study group of the research consists of 90 fathers with children between two months and six years. The data of the research was collected both online and face-to-face. Obtaining data on the experience of "becoming a father" was "becoming a father …. like/similar; Because, …" was obtained by filling in the blanks of the expression. The content analysis method, frequently used in qualitative research methods, was analyzed using the MAXQDA (20.2.2) program. For the reliability of the data, the mean reliability index of the encoders was checked, and the reliability index in this study was obtained as 81%. Fathers stated a total of 96 metaphors, and the metaphors they expressed the most were listed as "being a superhero," "great plane tree," "good news," "school," "rainbow," "being a cloud," "rebirth," "gift." These metaphors are emphasized as positive expressions. According to the analysis of the generated metaphors, a total of 3 themes (Interaction with the Child, Contributing to the Well-Being of the Fathers, and Perceived Fatherhood Duties) were determined. A total of two categories were analyzed in the theme of Interaction with the Child: The learning-teaching process and gamification. There are three categories in the theme of contributing to the father's well-being: Relaxing metaphors and positive life news that are stated as a basic need. Two categories were analyzed in the theme of perceived paternity duties: "Responsibility and Accessibility" and "Being a Role Model."

TS-STNN: Spatial-temporal neural network based on tree structure for traffic flow prediction

Traffic flow prediction effectively supports the sustainable expansion and operation of modern transport networks, one of the emerging research areas in intelligent transportation systems. Currently, most common traffic flow prediction methods use deep learning spatial–temporal models based on graph convolution theory, which cannot deeply explore the spatial hierarchy and directional information of traffic flow data due to their structural characteristics. To address this problem, a spatial–temporal neural network based on tree structure (TS-STNN) is created to anticipate future traffic flow at a specific time at a target location. The principle of this method is to use the characteristics of the tree structure to construct a plane tree matrix with hierarchical and directional features, which is finally fused into a spatial tree matrix to extract the spatial information. Meanwhile, the temporal correlation of traffic flow data in the traffic network is analyzed by TS-STNN using Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs). By comparing with the existing baseline methods, it is verified that the TS-STNN model has high prediction accuracy in both Random Uniformly Distributed (RND) and Small-Scale Aggregation of Node Distributed (SSAND) scenarios. It is further demonstrated through ablation experiments that the developed tree convolution module greatly impacts the TS-STNN accuracy.

Distribution of Aedes (Stegomyia) cretinus in Türkiye.

Aedes cretinus, a white and black stripped Aedes species, shares morphological similarities with Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti which are among the most important vectors and invasive species in the world. Due to its limited distribution and low population density, information on the biology and ecology of the species has been limited so far. This study aimed to determine distribution of Ae. cretinus in Türkiye. Field works have been carried out in the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara Regions of Türkiye. Larval samples were collected by larval dippers while adult mosquito catches were performed using the human landing catch method and CDC-light traps. A total of 44 different Ae. cretinus populations were identified in the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara Regions of Türkiye. The larval specimen collected from small containers, tires, tree holes and natural small habitats. A plane (Platanus orientalis), walnut (Juglans regia), Türkiye oak (Quercus cerris), chestnut (Castenea sativa) and cedar (Cedrus libani) tree holes are the main larval habitats in which the specimen collected. In some localities, larvae were found together with Anopheles plumbeus, Anopheles claviger and Aedes geniculatus larvae in tree holes. Human landing catch method captured a greater number of females than CDC-light traps. This study determined the distribution of Ae. cretinus in Türkiye for the first time. Information on respective geographic distribution of Ae. cretinus is fundamental for effective control programmes. Further studies are needed to understand the biology and ecology of these species.

Sensitization to nsLTP: A Retrospective Study in An Italian Pediatric Population over the Last Decade.

Food allergy is common in the Mediterranean, especially concerning lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) allergy. LTPs are widespread plant food allergens in fruits, vegetables, nuts, pollen, and latex. Also, LTPs are prevalent food allergens in the Mediterranean area. They can sensitize via the gastrointestinal tract and cause a wide range of conditions: from mild reactions, such as oral allergy syndrome, to severe reactions, such as anaphylaxis. LTP allergy in the adult population is well described in the literature, concerning both the prevalence and clinical characteristics. However, there is poor knowledge about its prevalence and clinical manifestation in children living in the Mediterranean. This study, including 800 children aged from 1 to 18 years, investigated the prevalence of 8 different molecules of nonspecific LTP over time in an Italian pediatric population visited over the last 11 years. About 52% of the test population was sensitized to at least one LTP molecule. For all the LTPs analyzed, sensitization increased over time. In particular, using the years 2010 through 2020 as a comparison, the major increases were observed for the LTPs of the English walnut Jug r 3, the peanut Ara h 9, and the plane tree Pla a 3 (about 50%); the increase of the LTP of the Hazelnut Cor a 8 was about 36%, and that of the LTP of the artemisia Art v 3 was approximately 30%. The latest evidence in the literature indicates an increase in food allergy prevalence in the general population, including children. Therefore, the present survey represents an interesting perspective about the pediatric population of the Mediterranean area, exploring the trend of LTP allergy.

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A k-plane tree is a plane tree whose vertices are assigned labels between 1 and k in such a way that the sum of the labels along any edge is no greater than k+1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$k+1$$\\end{document}. These trees are known to be related to (k+1)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(k+1)$$\\end{document}-ary trees, and they are counted by a generalised version of the Catalan numbers. We prove a surprisingly simple refined counting formula, where we count trees with a prescribed number of labels of each kind. Several corollaries are derived from this formula, and an analogous theorem is proven for k-noncrossing trees, a similarly defined family of labelled noncrossing trees that are related to (2k+1)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(2k+1)$$\\end{document}-ary trees.

The Difference of Zagreb Indices of Halin Graphs

The difference of Zagreb indices of a graph G is defined as ΔM(G)=∑u∈V(G)(d(u))2−∑uv∈E(G)d(u)d(v), where d(x) denotes the degree of a vertex x in G. A Halin graph G is a graph that results from a plane tree T without vertices of degree two and with at least one vertex of degree at least three such that all leaves are joined through a cycle C in the embedded order. In this paper, we establish both lower and upper bounds on the difference of Zagreb indices for general Halin graphs and some special Halin graphs with fewer inner vertices. Furthermore, extremal graphs attaining related bounds are found.

Functional characterization of three TERMINAL FLOWER 1-like genes from Platanus acerifolia.

TFL1-like genes of the basal eudicot Platanus acerifolia have conserved roles in maintaining vegetative growth and inhibiting flowering, but may act through distinct regulatory mechanism. Three TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1)-like genes were isolated and characterized from London plane tree (Platanus acerifolia). All genes have conserved genomic organization and characteristic of the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) family. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that two genes belong to the TFL1 clade, designated as PlacTFL1a and PlacTFL1b, while another one was grouped in the BFT clade, named as PlacBFT. qRT-PCR analysis showed that all three genes primarily expressed in vegetative phase, but the expression of PlacTFL1a was much higher and wider than that of PlacTFL1b, with the latter only detected at relatively low expression levels in apical and lateral buds in April. PlacBFT was mainly expressed in young stems of adult trees followed by juvenile tissues. Ectopic expression of any TFL1-like gene in Arabidopsis showed phenotypes of delayed or repressed flowering. Furthermore, overexpression of PlacTFL1a gene in petunia also resulted in extremely delayed flowering. In non-flowering 35:PlacTFL1a transgenic petunia plants, the FT-like gene (PhFT) gene was significantly upregulated and AP1 homologues PFG, FBP26 and FBP29 were significantly down-regulated in leaves. Yeast two-hybrid analysis indicated that only weak interactions were detected between PlacTFL1a and PlacFDL, and PlacTFL1a showed no interaction with PhFDL1/2. These results indicated that the TFL1-like genes of Platanus have conserved roles in repressing flowering, but probably via a distinct regulatory mechanism.

PREVALENCE OF SENSITIZATION TO AIRBORNE ALLERGENS IN PATIENTS WITH ALLERGIC RHINITIS AND ASTHMA IN UKRAINE

Background. The distribution of sensitization among children and adolescence with allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma and their impact on various allergic symptoms have been analyzed.&#x0D; Aim: investigate the distribution of sensitization among children with AR and asthma of the Ukrainian population.&#x0D; Material and methods. The study involved 280 children with AR and asthma aged 2–18 years. They were tested for sIgE on the most common allergens among Ukrainians - Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, dog, cat, cockroach, birch (t03, Bet v1, Bet v2, Bet v4), plane tree, timothy (g06, Phl p1, Phl , Phl p6, Phl p7, Phl p12), ragweed, mugwort and Alternaria. Measurements of sIgE were performed by Western blotting according to the manufacturer's protocol (Simesta-Medivis, Ukraine-Germany).&#x0D; Results. Among the sensitized subjects, 165 were sensitive to pollen allergens, sIgE was positive to birch in 64 subjects (22.5%), to mugwort ‒ 65 subjects (25.4%), ragweed ‒ 110 subjects (42.5%), timothy ‒ 69 subjects (24.6%), plane tree ‒ 12 subjects (5%). Positive sIgE to feline allergen was found in 114 (43.3%), dogs ‒ 77 (32.1%), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus ‒ 66 (24.6%), Dermatophagoides farinae ‒ 32 (12%), Alternaria ‒ 38 (15 %), cockroaches ‒ 25 (10%).&#x0D; Conclusions. Sensitization to airborne allergens is significantly associated with asthma and AR. The most important inhalant allergens consist of pollens (trees, grasses, and weeds), house dust mites, molds and animal dander. Among sensitive subjects to pollen allergens, allergy to ragweed was most spread.

Potential of hydrochar/pyrochar derived from sawdust of oriental plane tree for stimulating methanization by mitigating propionic acid inhibition in mesophilic anaerobic digestion of swine manure

VFAs accumulation in anaerobic digestion systems can lead to disturbance of the acid base balance, which has brought major challenges for methane production. Meanwhile, less research explored the potential of biochar derived from wood wastes of oriental plane tree (Platanus orientalis L.) for stimulating methanization in mesophilic anaerobic digestion. In this study, the effects of pyrochar and hydrochar derived from sawdust of oriental plane tree on mesophilic anaerobic digestion of swine manure were compared for the first time. Fourier infrared transform analysis indicated that more functional groups existed on the surface of hydrochar, whereas higher ash content and BET specific surface area were found in pyrochar. The maximum methane production rate during anaerobic digestion was observed in the pyrochar treatment, which increased by 59.5% compared with the control without biochar. Although stimulative effects on dissolved organic carbon and volatile fatty acids production were both observed in the pyrochar and hydrochar treatments, the pyrochar treatment was much easier to trigger multipath methanogenesis and direct interspecific electron transport and subdue propionic acid accumulation compared to the hydrochar treatment. Moreover, redundancy analysis indicated that the variations in acetic acid and dissolved organic carbon were mostly associated with microbial succession. These results suggest that pyrochar has better promoting effects than HC in terms of methane generation and propionic acid inhibition alleviation owing to its special porous structures, functional groups (e.g., C=O, C–O and O–H), and physicochemical properties. These excellent properties play a greater role in recruiting functional archaea and bacteria to regulate the levels of volatile fatty acids and dissolved organic carbon to enhance the methane yield of anaerobic digestion. This study provides novel and valuable information for further engineering applications of pyrochar and hydrochar derived from sawdust of oriental plane tree in energy production and environmental waste treatment.

Comparative Analysis of ANN-MLP, ANFIS-ACOR and MLR Modeling Approaches for Estimation of Bending Strength of Glulam

Multiple linear regression (MLR), adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system–ant colony optimization algorithm hybrid (ANFIS-ACOR) and artificial neural network–multilayer perceptron (ANN-MLP) were tested to model the bending strength of Glulam (glue-laminated timber) manufactured with a plane tree (Platanus orientalis L.) wood layer adhered with different weight ratios (WR) of modified starch/urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive containing different levels of nano-ZnO (NC) used at different levels of the press temperature (Tem) and time (Tim). According to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and stress–strain curves, some changes in the behavior of the product were seen. After selecting the best model through determining statistics such as the determination coefficient (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and sum of squares error (SSE), the production process was optimized to obtain the highest modulus of rupture (MOR) using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) combined with MLP. It was determined that the MLP had the best accuracy in estimating the response. According to the MLP-GA hybrid, the optimum input values for obtaining the best response include: WR—49.1%, NC—3.385%, Tem—199.4 °C and Tim—19.974 min.

Green fabrication of hierarchically porous carbon microtubes from biomass waste via self-activation for high-energy-density supercapacitor

Developing high-efficiency electrode materials is always desired for supercapacitor, in order to improve the energy density. Herein, we found that hierarchically porous carbon microtubes (HPCMTs) derived from plane tree fruit fluff via self-activation method demonstrated prominent supercapacitor performance as electrode materials, since they possessed hierarchical pore structure consisting of abundant micro- and mesopores, high specific surface area (SSA) and good wettability with electrolyte. The HPCMT-1100-6 with the largest SSA (2805 m2/g) and maximal total pore volume (1.98 cm3/g) was obtained at 1100 °C with dwelling time of 6 h. The HPCMT-1100-6-based cell in organic electrolyte showed an ultrahigh energy density of 46.3 Wh/kg at high power density of 1106 W/kg in 1.0 M TEABF4/AN, as well as splendid rate capability and impressive long-term cyclic stability. The energy density still can retain 35 Wh/kg even at an ultrahigh power density of 83.8 kW/kg, the capacitance retention maintains 96.4% after 10000 cycles at a current density of 10 A/g. This study provided a novel practical sustainable strategy for converting the abundant and low-cost biomass waste into high-valued porous carbons by the green self-activation method for high-energy-density supercapacitor.