Plasticized Poly Vinyl Chloride Materials Research Articles

Synthesis of a polyester plasticizer from rubber seed oil for polyvinyl chloride

Abstract A polyester plasticizer (RSOP) for polyvinyl chloride based on rubber seed oil (RSO) was synthesized. Firstly, RSO monoglyceride were synthesized by the transesterification of RSO with glycerol at 220–240 °C. Secondly, RSOP was synthesized from RSO monoglyceride and adipic acid by esterification. The polyester plasticizer was characterized by GPC, FT-IR, 1H NMR and DSC. Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials with RSOP and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in varying ratios were prepared via thermal melting process, RSOP was used as a second plasticizer. The properties of the plasticized PVC materials were characterized by a universal testing machine, TGA, DMA and solvent extraction resistance. The obtained PVC materials showed improved thermal stability and lower glass transition temperature than PVC. Solvent extraction resistance and plasticization of plasticized PVC were also improved. This study provides a new strategy for preparing bio-based polyester plasticizer from RSO.

Internally plasticized PVC by four different green plasticizer compounds

In this work, the phthalate-free internally plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials were developed by covalent attachment of tributyl citrate (TBC), propargyl ether tributyl citrate (PrTBC), oleic acid, and poly(dimethylsiloxane) diglycidyl ether terminated (PDMS, Mn ≃ 800) to the PVC matrix. The obtained modified PVC (M-PVC) materials through different synthesis routes abbreviated with PVC-TBC1, PVC-TBC2, PVC-Oleic, and PVC-PDMS, respectively. The M-PVCs were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, GPC, TGA, DSC, tensile and migration stability tests. The TGA thermograms indicate the M-PVC materials, especially PVC-PDMS and PVC-Oleic, have higher thermal stability than PVC. The internally plasticized PVCs show the lower Tg compared to PVC. The Tg of the neat PVC is 84 °C, meanwhile, the Tg of the PVC-PDMS, PVC-TBC1, PVC-Oleic, and PVC-TBC2 were decreased to 62.6, 53.0, 42.8, and 41.0 °C, respectively. By substitution of chlorine atom with plasticizers, tensile strength decreased from 41.35 MPa down to 25.01 MPa and the elongation at break increased from 40.80% up to 90.27%. Besides, no migration was observed for these M-PVCs in petroleum ether, 30% (w/v) acetic acid, 10% (v/v) ethanol, and distilled water. Hence, the results showed that plasticization of the PVC was successfully performed by these covalent plasticization without any migration. These strategies are expected to be scalable, and provide a viable alternative to the use of phthalates, thus decrease the human health threat and environmental risks.

Toxic phthalate-free and highly plasticized polyvinyl chloride materials from non-timber forest resources in plantation

In this study, dehydroabietic acid derivatives containing primary amine groups were synthezied from one of the most important non-timber forest resources in plantation. Phthalate-free and highly plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials were produced via substituting chlorine of PVC with dehydroabietic acid derivatives containing primary amine groups. Performance of phthalate-free and highly plasticized PVC materials including pyrolysis and tensile property, solvent extraction resistance and lattice structure, the relationship between plasticizing property and hydrogen bond were investigated and compared with plasticized PVC materials containing toxic phthalate plasticizers. The phthalate-free and highly plasticized PVC materials exhibited more flexible than PVC and higher solvent extraction performance than plasticized PVC materials with phthalate plasticizers. Some environmental performance such as releasing less asphyxiating gases during thermal degradation than PVC, not containing toxic phthalate esters and no plasticizer migration was obtained. The highly plasticized PVC materials are promising to find application in various fields as a replacement of plasticized PVC materials containing toxic phthalate plasticizers. The study provides new way for chemical transformation and improving added value of non-timber forest resources in plantation.

The Effects of Epoxidized Acrylated Castor Oil (EACO) on Soft Poly (vinyl chloride) Films as a Main Plasticizer

Abstract In this work, an environmentally friendly type plasticizer was introduced. The synthesis consisted of two steps. In the first step, castor oil (CO) was acrylated and then the acrylated castor oil (ACO) was epoxidized with the presence of formic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the second step. The epoxidized acrylated castor oil (EACO) was characterized by FTIR and 1H-NMR techniques. The EACO was used as a main plasticizer to obtain plasticized PVC materials and compared with DOP. The results showed that EACO improved polyvinyl-chloride (PVC) plasticization performance and reduced Tg from 81.06°C to 1.40°C. Plasticized PVC materials with EACO showed similar mechanical properties and better thermal stability than DOP. EACO had better volatility stabilities, migration and solvent extraction in PVC than DOP. EACO can be used to replace DOP to prepare soft films.

Specific Features of the Modification of Polyvinyl Chloride with Polystyrene Plastics

We determine the influence of the nature of polystyrene modifiers on the compatibility of polymers in plasticized polyvinyl-chloride materials. The revealed good compatibility of polyvinyl chloride with polystyrene suspensions, as compared with the impact-resistant polystyrene, is confirmed by the results of scanning electron microscopy. We establish the influence of the content of polystyrene modifier and fine polymer-silicate composites on the physicomechanical and thermal properties of modified polyvinyl- chloride plastics. It is shown that if we insert different amounts of polystyrene modifiers, then it is possible to regulate the physicomechanical properties of plastics and, especially, their elasticity. At the same time, we can increase the thermal stability of the material by adding finely divided metalcontaining polymer-silicate fillers.

Associations of Plasticized Wall and Floor Coverings With Asthma and Allergies Among Tropical Preschool Children

ISEE-441 Objective: Recent epidemiologic studies carried out in Scandinavia and Russia have shown relations between the amount of wall material and plasticized polyvinyl chloride materials at home, and asthma, bronchial obstruction, lower respiratory symptoms and allergies among children. We are interested to see if there are similar associations among preschool children in the tropics. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study design involving 4759 randomly selected preschool children aged 1.5- to 6-years-old was undertaken. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) written questionnaire was used for asthma and allergies outcomes. Exposure to emissions from home wall covering and plastic flooring materials, respectively, was assessed by questionnaire information on the presence of wall papers and vinyl flooring in the room the child sleeps. Computation of adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% CI is by using modified Cox proportional hazard regression model with constant risk period assumption controlled for other confounders. Results: Wall papers in the children's bedroom was significantly associated with increased risk for doctor-diagnosed asthma (PR 2.21, 95% CI: 1.14–4.39), current rhinitis (PR 1.68, 95% CI: 1.01–2.78), current eczema (PR 2.54, 95% CI: 1.44–4.47), and current flexural rash (PR 2.12, 95% CI: 1.12–4.02). The risks for symptoms were higher to children exposed to more than 1 room with wall papers in the homes highlighting a dose-response relation. No relation was observed for symptoms with vinyl floor coverings. Conclusions: These findings are coherent with increasing evidences from other countries demonstrating increased risk of asthma and allergic symptoms with wall paper exposures. Phthalate esters in plasticizers used in wall papers could be responsible in driving the associations. Degradation products of phthalates have been shown to contribute to inflammatory processes whereas murine studies have demonstrated showed enhanced allergy-related immune response.

Effect of plasticizer and surface topography on the cleanability of plasticized PVC materials

A quantitative radiochemical measuring procedure was used to investigate soil adhesion on laboratory-made polyvinyl chloride (PVC) surfaces. The materials contained different plasticizers and microstructures. Both the quality and amount of plasticizers and the microstructure affected the cleanability of the PVC samples. The surface topography and structures were examined with a contact angle meter, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and a contact profilometer.

β‐radiation effects on PVC materials: Methodology for studying chemical modifications

AbstractThe radiosterilization of plastic packaging theoretically induces two types of chemical modifications, namely reticulation and cleavage, that depend not only on the chemical structure of the polymer, but also on the kind and dose of radiation. This article proposes a methodology for studying plasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC) behavior submitted to β radiation. Analytical techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled with a light scattering detector were used in this study. SEC has informed us directly on the modifications (reticulation, scission) that intervened after a radiotreatment; TGA allowed us to highlight polymer structural changes. In addition, FTIR was employed to demonstrate an intermolecular dehydrochlorination following the radiotreatment. The results of these investigations permitted us to demonstrate both a reticulation and a scission phenomena within the PVC polymer. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Evaluation of Various Solvent Systems for Modeling Solute Sorption with Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Materials

The partitioning behavior of 16 chemically diverse model solutes was determined for four model solvents (octanol, hexane, heptane, and chloroform) and two components of plasticized polyvinyl chloride [PVC; PVC resin and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) plasticizer]. Interactions between these model solutes and four plasticized PVC polymers, differing in their PVC-to-DOP weight ratio, were studied. The data were used to evaluate the utility of the solvents and components to act as PVC interaction models (correlating the interaction constant of the plastic with the solvent-water partition coefficients of the solute). The ability of any single solvent to model the material-solute interaction was limited because of the multiple mechanisms by which the PVC and the solute can interact. Several bimodal solvent systems, including octanol and hexane, DOP and PVC resin, and octanol and heptane, mimic the behavior of polymers studied with a higher degree of accuracy. The success of these pairings is directly related to their ability to target different potential material-solute interaction mechanisms. The interaction properties of the test plastics are strongly impacted by the amount of plasticizer in the material. The interaction properties of the materials studied could be effectively represented as a mass-related average of the interaction properties of the major components of the material.