Plasticized Polymer Electrolytes Research Articles

Investigation of ion transport in plasticized polymer electrolytes using electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) modeling

Investigation of ion transport in plasticized polymer electrolytes using electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) modeling

Making Plasticized Polymer Electrolytes Stable Against Sodium Metal for High‐Energy Solid‐State Sodium Batteries

AbstractSolid polymer electrolytes based on plastic crystals are promising for solid‐state sodium metal (Na0) batteries, yet their practicality has been hindered by the notorious Na0‐electrolyte interface instability issue, the underlying cause of which remains poorly understood. Here, by leveraging a model plasticized polymer electrolyte based on conventional succinonitrile plastic crystals, we uncover its failure origin in Na0 batteries is associated with the formation of a thick and non‐uniform solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and whiskery Na0 nucleation/growth. Furthermore, we design a new additive‐embedded plasticized polymer electrolyte to manipulate the Na0 deposition and SEI formulation. For the first time, we demonstrate that introducing fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additive into the succinonitrile‐plasticized polymer electrolyte can effectively protect Na0 against interfacial corrosion by facilitating the growth of dome‐like Na0 with thin, amorphous, and fluorine‐rich SEIs, thus enabling significantly improved performances of Na//Na symmetric cells (1,800 h at 0.5 mA cm−2) and Na//Na3V2(PO4)3 full cells (93.0 % capacity retention after 1,200 cycles at 1 C rate in coin cells and 93.1 % capacity retention after 250 cycles at C/3 in pouch cells at room temperature). Our work provides valuable insights into the interfacial failure of plasticized polymer electrolytes and offers a promising solution to resolving the interfacial instability issue.

EDLC performance of plasticized NBG electrolyte inserted with Ba(NO3)2 salt: Impedance, electrical and electrochemical properties

The great challenge in front of energy storage devices is to reduce the microplastics in the ocean and their potential harm to human health through drinking. The microplastics topic mainly results from the increasing usage of electronic devices and their components. Developing green electrolytes based on natural polymers and plasticizers is unique in overcoming microplastic issues. Natural beef gelatin (NBG) based plasticized polymer electrolyte films doped with barium nitrate (Ba(NO3)2) and glycerol (Gly) were fabricated using a solution casting process. The NBG electrolyte containing 12 wt.% Ba(NO3)2 and 50 wt.% Gly-has the maximum ionic conductivity, 4.87 × 10−5 S cm−1, at room temperature. The electrochemical performance of plasticized NBG:Ba(NO3)2 was examined utilizing impedance spectroscopy, with an emphasis on the dielectric characteristics and electric modulus parameters. With electrochemical stability up to 2.65 V, the plasticized specimen with the highest conducting demonstrated eligibility for use in energy storage devices. Transference number measurement (TNM) proved the dominancy of ions as a charge carrier in the plasticized NBG:Ba(NO3)2 system, yielding an electron transference number of 0.045 and an ion transference number of 0.955. The absence of redox peaks in the cyclic voltammograms suggests a capacitive charge accumulation in the plasticized electrolyte near to the electrode surface other than the Faradaic process. The triangle-shaped galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) plot shows a comparatively low drop voltage. The constructed electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) using activated carbon displays energy and power densities of 3.41 W/kg and 336.4 Wh/kg, respectively, at the first cycle. The EDLC performances of plasticized NBG:Ba(NO3)2 demonstrated the cell has potential industrial use as an energy storage device.

Electrical and Structural Properties of PEMA‐Based Plasticized Polymer Electrolyte

Electrical and Structural Properties of PEMA‐Based Plasticized Polymer Electrolyte

Optical, vibrational, electrical, and electrochemical studies of new plasticized methylcellulose‐based solid polymer electrolytes for supercapacitor application

AbstractIn this work, new plasticized solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are developed using MC (methylcellulose) as a polymer host, and sodium iodide (NaI) as a dopant via the solution casting method. Ethyl carbonate (EC) is used as a plasticizing agent to improve the properties of the SPEs. Polarized optical microscopy analysis reveals that the surface morphology of the MC‐NaI‐EC films contained porous amorphous regions owing to the presence of EC. The complex formation between MC, NaI, and EC is confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared spectra. The addition of EC in the MC‐NaI polymer salt matrix enhances the electrochemical properties of the prepared films. The highest ionic conductivity of 5.06×10−3 S/cm is achieved for the composition: MC+50 wt. % NaI +10 wt. % EC. The linear sweep voltammetry test reveals that the optimal plasticized‐SPE can withstand up to 2.5 V. The ionic transference number analysis reveals that 99% of ions contribute to the total conductivity. The optimized SPE film and graphene oxide‐based electrodes are used to manufacture a solid‐state electrical double‐layer capacitor. The coulomb efficiency of the supercapacitor cell is 100%, and the specific capacitance of the supercapacitor is found to be 18.56 F/g utilizing impedance data at low frequency.

Ethylene carbonate plasticized polymer electrolyte for chloride ion batteries with enhanced reversible capacity

Chloride ion batteries (CIB) are attracting more and more attention in recent years because of abundant chloride sources, high energy density, and high safety. The electrode dissolution into the liquid electrolyte remains a great challenge in CIBs. Exploring solid polymer electrolyte provides a feasible solution to address this issue. Herein, a novel gel polymer electrolyte composed of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a host polymer, tributylmethylammonium chloride (TBMACl) as a salt, and ethylene carbonate (EC) as a plasticizer was prepared by a solution casing method. The addition of plasticizer can not only decrease the PEO crystallinity but also increase salt dissociation. As a result, the ionic conductivity of the plasticized PEO-TBMACl-EC polymer electrolyte reached 5.27 × 10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature, which is much higher than 3.45 × 10−7 S cm−1 of the unplasticized PEO-TBMACl polymer electrolyte. When assembled into CIBs with the FeOCl/Li electrode couple, higher reversible capacities were achieved with the plasticized PEO-TBMACl-EC polymer electrolyte compared to unplasticized PEO-TBMACl polymer electrolyte.

Impedance analysis of PEG plasticized PEO-based composite polymer electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries

Solid-state sodium-ion batteries (SSIBs) will be the next generation batteries due to the high safety, low price, and availability of sodium resources. Composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) are promising electrolytes because of easy fabrication, good stability, and high flexibility facilitating a good electrolyte-electrode interface, although their ionic conductivities are still unsatisfied. In this work, a CPE made of polyethylene oxide (PEO), Na3Zr2Si2PO12, and NaClO4 has been fabricated. To further enhance the ionic conductivity and a good electrolyte–electrode interface, polyethylene glycol (PEG) is added as a plasticizer. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrates effect on conductivity by introducing PEG.

Electrical and Structural Properties of PEMA‐Based Plasticized Polymer Electrolyte

AbstractTo resolve the challenges that portable devices confront, polymer electrolytes should be developed. Polymer electrolytes have a number of advantages, including nonflammability, low cost, high stability, no leakage, and a long lifespan. In the present research work, PEMA host polymer with potassium iodide salt enclosure is used with ethylene carbonate (EC) plasticizer to enhance mechanical strength and ionic conductivity. The PEMA+40% wt Kl sample conductivity is measured by complex impedance spectroscopy technique and the maximum conductivity obtained is 3.80×10−6 S cm‐1 at room temperature. When EC is added into the solution, there is an increase in conductivity, and the maximum conductivity measured is 4.65×10−5 S cm‐1 with sample PEMA+40% wt KI+ %60 wt EC. The prepared electrolyte structural changes and complex formation are subjected to FTIR and XRD characterization techniques. The pore nature of the synthesized polymer electrolyte is investigated using surface electron microscopy.

Conductivity Study on Proton-Conducting Nanocomposite Plasticized Polymer Electrolytes: A Review

Abstract:This paper reviews proton-conducting polymer electrolytes comprising different polymers, salts, and acids. The ionic conductivity of plasticized polymer electrolytes has been found to increase with the addition of plasticizers due to the dissociation of ion aggregates or undissociated salt/acid present in the electrolytes, i.e., σ (plasticized polymer electrolytes) > σ (unplasticized polymer electrolytes). Proton-conducting nonaqueous nanocomposite plasticized polymer electrolytes containing poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymers; different ammonium salts and acids as proton conductors; ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMA), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) as plasticizers; fumed silica and alumina as nano-fillers have been discussed in details. Conductivity studies (effect of salt/acid, effect of plasticizers, effect of nano-fillers, and effect of temperature), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry/thermal gravimetric analysis (DSC/TGA) studies for these electrolytes have been discussed and reported in the paper. Nanocomposite plasticized polymer electrolytes showed high ionic conductivity (in the order of 10-1 to 10-2 S/cm) at room temperature along with good thermal and mechanical stability due to the simultaneous addition of both plasticizers and nano-fillers. These nanocomposite polymer electrolytes are the best candidates for use in various electrochemical devices like solid-state batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, sensors, separators, and other electrochromic devices.

Proton conducting polymer blend electrolytes based on MC: FTIR, ion transport and electrochemical studies

In this work, the free-standing plasticized solid polymer electrolyte films were made utilizing methylcellulose (MC) and dextran (DN) doped with ammonium fluoride (NH 4 F) and plasticized with glycerol by a typical solution casting approach. Based on the characterizations, MC-DN-NH 4 F electrolyte has been shown to improve the structural, electrical, and electrochemical properties resulting from the dispersion of glycerol plasticizer. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement for the highest inclusion of plasticizer revealed a conductivity of 2.25 × 10 -3 S/cm. The electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) model has established the circuit elements for each electrolyte. The variation trend of dielectric constant and DC conductivity was matched and confirmed by the EIS data. The fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis displayed credible confirmation of polymers-ion-plasticizer interactions. The dielectric study is extra highlighted the conductivity behavior. The dielectric constant and loss (ε′ and ε″) quantities were reported to be high at low frequencies. On the other hand, the irregular shape of the imaginary part of modulus (M“) spectra denotes the non-Debye behaviors of relaxation. The ion transference number (t ion ) value for the maximum plasticized system is 0.944, where the ions are the primary components for the charge transfer process. Stability of the highest conducting sample is determined to be 1.6 V, using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV).

Exploring the Interplay between Composite Cathode Design and Cell Performance for Solid-State Lithium Batteries

To accelerate the mass market adaptation of electric vehicles (EVs), raising the gravimetric energy density of batteries to > 250 Wh/kg while maintaining a cost target of < $ 120/kWh is of critical importance (the ultimate targets of the U.S. Department and the advanced battery consortium).[1] Solid-state batteries are widely recognized as excellent prospects for application in the next generation of EVs and other energy storage devices, with the promise to realize higher energy densities, superior safety and environmentally friendly characteristics. At the cell level, the development of SSBs has been hampered by challenges with the interface originating from the poor interfacial stability between the solid-state electrolytes (SSE) and the electrodes. By eliminating the liquid electrolyte, conductive pathways throughout the whole thickness of the positive electrode and at the solid-solid interface become less efficient causing large polarization and diminished cell performance. This can be exacerbated by the current urge to use thicker electrodes in an attempt to increase the energy density which is a common practice in the currently widely adapted lithium ion batteries employing liquid electrolytes. Notably, increasing cathode thickness beyond a certain limit leads to a point of diminishing returns in terms of energy density. This is mainly attributed to the dominating effect of porosity at higher cathode thickness.[2,3] For instance, it has been found that cells with NMC cathodes thinner than 155 μm (< 6.5 mAh cm-2) showed excellent cycling stability and no capacity losses for C-rates up to 0.5C.[4] To address this challenge, one approach is to formulate the cathode (positive electrode) using a small fraction of ionic conductors (Catholyte) that are mostly derived from the solid electrolyte formulation. In addition, this approach could be complemented with the application of a 10 μm intermediate SSE coating at the cathode surface. The use of catholytes has a second advantage of replacing the non-green polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) which is currently the most commonly used binder. Having fluorine in its structure, PVDF is non-recyclable and a potential source of environmentally harmful fluorocarbons.[5] We have begun studying the interfacial stability between composite cathodes using LiFePO4 (LFP), a safe, environmentally-friendly, 3.4 V cathode material, and different SSEs including ceramic electrolytes, polymer electrolytes and polymer-ceramic composite electrolytes. In this work, an optimally designed DOE was planned to study the impact of varying active material mass loading in composite cathodes, and the significance of intermediate coating on SSB electrochemical performance. The SSE used is a plasticized polymer electrolyte with the following optimized formula: 77 % PEO, 13% LiTFSI and 10% Succinonitrile (SN) while the composite cathode was composed of 86% LFP, 4% C65 conductive carbon and 10% of the aforementioned SSE as the catholyte. The active material mass loading was varied between 1 – 12 mg cm-2 in 1 mg cm-2 increments and all composite cathodes were tested with and without the intermediate coating layer. This powerful and contemporary statistical approach aims to provide an enhanced design strategy for a popular and very promising SSB chemistry (Li/PEO/LFP). Finally, our findings shed light on a new approach that can be adopted to explore other battery chemistry with higher voltages such as oxide cathodes, non-oxide solid or semi-solid electrolytes.

Plasticizing effect on polyethylene oxide doped ammonium perchlorate

Plasticized polymer complex films of polyethylene oxide with ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4) are synthesized by using solution cast technique. Propylene carbonate (PC) used as dopant to enhance conductivity of polymer electrolyte. The prepared films are characterized in detail using X-ray diffraction, infrared spectral analysis, transient ionic current, and electrochemical impedance studies. Plasticized polymer electrolyte shows high ionic conductivity (∼10−4 S/cm) which appear as novel electrolyte for electrochemical devices.

The study of impedance, ion transport properties, EEC modeling, dielectric and electrochemical characteristics of plasticized proton conducting PVA based electrolytes

In this work, a facile and efficient way is presented for preparation of plasticized polymer electrolytes (PEs) of PVA with ammonium iodide (NH4I) using solution cast method. The impact of glycerol plasticizer on improving electrochemical and electrical properties of PVA:NH4I electrolyte is confirmed. The EIS measurement has shown a conductivity of 8.57 × 10−4 S cm−1 after plasticization. The EEC modeling was used to fit the EIS data and also to determine the circuit elements desired for each electrolyte. Both dielectric constant and DC conductivity have similar trend of variation when modifications have been performed. The shift in position of relaxation peaks to the higher frequency emphasizes decreasing of resistivity within the samples. The non-Debye behaviors of relaxation are identified from the asymmetric shape of Mi spectra. The ion transference number (tion) has a value of 0.868 for the maximum plasticized system, confirming ion conduction dominancy in the PE system. The decomposition potential of the PE starts at 1.35 V using LSV. From the CV measurement, the capacitive behavior of the PE are proved. The specific capacitance of the EDLC are measured using CV curve and found to be 72.25 F/g at 10 mV/s.

Characteristics of Plasticized Lithium Ion Conducting Green Polymer Blend Electrolytes Based on CS: Dextran with High Energy Density and Specific Capacitance.

The solution cast process is used to set up chitosan: dextran-based plasticized solid polymer electrolyte with high specific capacitance (228.62 F/g) at the 1st cycle. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) pattern revealed the interaction between polymers and electrolyte components. At ambient temperature, the highest conductive plasticized system (CDLG–3) achieves a maximum conductivity of 4.16 × 10−4 S cm−1. Using both FTIR and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods, the mobility, number density, and diffusion coefficient of ions are measured, and they are found to rise as the amount of glycerol increases. Ions are the primary charge carriers, according to transference number measurement (TNM). According to linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), the CDLG–3 system’s electrochemical stability window is 2.2 V. In the preparation of electrical double layer capacitor devices, the CDLG–3 system was used. There are no Faradaic peaks on the cyclic voltammetry (CV) curve, which is virtually rectangular. Beyond the 20th cycle, the power density, energy density, and specific capacitance values from the galvanostatic charge–discharge are practically constant at 480 W/Kg, 8 Wh/Kg, and 60 F g−1, for 180 cycles.

Design of potassium ion conducting PVA based polymer electrolyte with improved ion transport properties for EDLC device application

This work presents a report on the preparation of plasticized polyvinyl alcohol PVA-based polymer electrolytes using solution cast technique and their characteristics using a number of electrochemical techniques. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and transfer number measurement (TNM) techniques were examined on the prepared films to determine the conductivity, decomposition voltage and ion transference number, respectively. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge-discharging measurements were implemented on an assembled EDLC device to estimate the charge storage process and evaluate the device performance, respectively. The EIS was employed for measuring the direct current (DC) electrical conductivity of the films and calculating the ion transport parameters. The CV and charge-discharging responses were used to estimate the capacitance and stability, respectively. The influence of plasticization on the polymer electrolytes was investigated in terms of electrochemical properties. The TNM measurements were used to determine te and tion respectively. The obtained ionic transference number, tion for the electrolytes incorporated with 40 wt.% and 50 wt.% of glycerol content were found to be 0.969 and 0.944, respectively. The LSV study was used to identify the decomposition voltage of the sample. The absence of redox peaks was proved via CV technique, indicating the mechanism of the charge storing process that comprised ion accumulation at the interfacial region. The initial specific capacitance (Cs) of the fabricated EDLC displayed the value of 152.4 F/g.

Plasticized Sodium-Ion Conducting PVA Based Polymer Electrolyte for Electrochemical Energy Storage-EEC Modeling, Transport Properties, and Charge-Discharge Characteristics.

This report presents the preparation of plasticized sodium ion-conducting polymer electrolytes based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)via solution cast technique. The prepared plasticized polymer electrolytes were utilized in the device fabrication of electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). On an assembly EDLC system, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), transfer number measurement (TNM) and charge–discharging responses were performed. The influence of plasticization on polymer electrolytes was investigated in terms of electrochemical properties applying EIS and TNM. The EIS was fitted with electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) models and ion transport parameters were estimated with the highest conductivity of 1.17 × 10−3 S cm−1 was recorded. The CV and charge-discharging responses were used to evaluate the capacitance and the equivalent series resistance (ESR), respectively. The ESR of the highest conductive sample was found to be 91.2 at the first cycle, with the decomposition voltage of 2.12 V. The TNM measurement has shown the dominancy of ions with tion = 0.982 for the highest conducting sample. The absence of redox peaks was proved via CV, indicating the charge storing process that comprised ion accumulation at the interfacial region. The fabricated EDLC device is stable for up to 400 cycles. At the first cycle, a high specific capacitance of 169 F/g, an energy density of 19 Wh/kg, and a power density of 600 W/kg were obtained.

Dielectric studies and AC conductivity of PVDF-HFP: LiBF4: EC plasticized polymer electrolytes

Abstract Solid polymer electrolytes composed of PVDF-HFP polymer, LiBF4 salt and EC plasticizer electrolyte has been synthesized with the aid of solution cast technique. The effect of EC plasticizer on PVDF-HFP – LiBF4 polymer salt electrolyte is studied with measurements such as dielectric constant ( ∈ ' ) , dielectric loss ( ∈ ' ' ) and frequency dependent AC conductivity. It is observed that dielectric constant ( ∈ ' ) , dielectric loss ( ∈ ' ' ) is high at low frequency due to electrode polarization and decreases for high frequencies due to dipoles of polymer molecules which are unable to rotate parallel with respect to rapid periodic phase reversal of electric field leading to time lag between the frequency of dipole and that of electric field. Highest AC conductivity of 3.51 × 10 - 3 SCm - 1 is obtained for 40 wt ratio of EC as plasticizer in (PVDF-HFP: LiBF4: EC) polymer-salt plasticized electrolyte.

Optical, conductivity and dielectric properties of plasticized solid polymer electrolytes based on blends of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and polyethylene oxide

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on plasticized sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/polyethylene oxide (CMC/PEO) were successfully prepared using solution casting method. The prepared SPEs were investigated using different spectroscopic techniques. Ultraviolet–Visible absorption spectra (UV–Vis) revealed that changing PEO content in the polymer matrix causes the optical band gap energy to change and decrease. These changes indicate that there is a transfer of charge carriers within the polymer matrix. The variations occurring in the major structural units within the prepared CMC/PEO SPEs are retraced using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR results revealed that the polymeric materials suffer changes in their chemical structures and that complexation occurred between the individual polymers due to blending. Correlation between UV–Vis optical band gap and FTIR outcomes is established. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to study the conduction mechanism for the prepared SPEs. Impedance results showed that the CMC/PEO sample with blending ratio of 80/20 wt% (sample named B2) possesses the highest ionic conductivity of 1.18E−06 S/cm and the lowest activation energy of approximately 0.67 eV at ambient temperature.

Characteristics of Glycerolized Chitosan: NH4NO3-Based Polymer Electrolyte for Energy Storage Devices with Extremely High Specific Capacitance and Energy Density Over 1000 Cycles.

In this work, plasticized polymer electrolyte films consisting of chitosan, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and glycerol for utilization in energy storage devices was presented. Various microscopic, spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques were used to characterize the concerned electrolyte and the electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) assembly. The nature of complexation between the polymer electrolyte components was examined via X-ray diffraction analysis. In the morphological study, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to investigate the impact of glycerol as a plasticizer on the morphology of films. The polymer electrolyte (conducting membrane) was found to have a conductivity of 3.21 × 10−3 S/cm. It is indicated that the number density (n), mobility (μ) and diffusion coefficient (D) of ions are increased with the glycerol amount. The mechanism of charge storing was clarified, which implies a non-Faradaic process. The voltage window of the polymer electrolyte is 2.32 V. It was proved that the ion is responsible for charge-carrying via measuring the transference number (TNM). It was also determined that the internal resistance of the EDLC assembly lay between 39 and 50 Ω. The parameters associated with the EDLC assembly are of great importance and the specific capacitance (Cspe) was determined to be almost constant over 1 to 1000 cycles with an average of 124 F/g. Other decisive parameters were found: energy density (18 Wh/kg) and power density (2700 W/kg).

The Study of Structural, Impedance and Energy Storage Behavior of Plasticized PVA:MC Based Proton Conducting Polymer Blend Electrolytes.

In this study, structural characterization, electrical properties and energy storage performance of plasticized polymer electrolytes based on polyvinyl alcohol/methylcellulose/ammonium thiocyanate (PVA/MC-NH4SCN) were carried out. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) study displayed that the plasticized electrolyte system with the uppermost value of direct current (DC) ionic conductivity was the most amorphous system. The electrolyte in the present work realized an ionic conductivity of 2.903 × 10−3 Scm−1 at room temperature. The main charge carrier in the electrolyte was found to be the ions with the ionic transference number (tion) of 0.912, compared to only 0.088 for the electronic transference number (telec). The electrochemical stability potential window of the electrolyte is 2.1 V. The specific capacitance was found to reduce from 102.88 F/g to 28.58 F/g as the scan rate increased in cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis. The fabricated electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC) was stable up to 200 cycles with high efficiency. The specific capacitance obtained for the EDLC by using charge–discharge analysis was 132.7 F/g at the first cycle, which is slightly higher compared to the CV plot. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) increased from 58 to 171 throughout the cycles, which indicates a good electrolyte/electrode contact. Ions in the electrolyte were considered to have almost the same amount of energy during the conduction process as the energy density is approximately at 14.0 Wh/kg throughout the 200 cycles. The power density is stabilized at the range of 1444.3 to 467.6 W/kg as the EDLC completed the cycles.