Plastic Jugs Research Articles

Milk, mylk or drink: Do packaging cues affect consumers’ understanding of plant-based products?

The market growth of plant-based alternatives to animal food products pushes agencies around the world to discuss specific regulations regarding their communication, terminology, and packaging design. We created and tested 18 packages of plant-based milk and plant-based chicken meat varying the “animalness” of terminology, container, image, and claim. An online survey was answered by a sample of 600 US participants. The image (cow or soybean on milk; chicken or wheat on meat) had a significant effect on the expected origin (animal or vegetable) of the products, but terminology (“milk”, “mylk” or “drink”; “chicken”, “strips” or “seitan”), container (plastic jug or carton box; plastic tray or glass jar), sensory claim (“creamy” or “smooth” on milk) and nutritional claim (“no cholesterol” or “low sodium” on chicken) did not. We found significant effects of the type of container on the willingness to try the meat and of terminology on the willingness to try the milk. Finally, terminology and image significantly affected consumers’ expectations for the sensory characteristics of the two products. These findings can help agencies effectively regulate terminology and packaging aspects of plant-based substitutes, as well as inform industries, scientists, and designers.

The Flip-flop Toys of Saarenald T. S. Yaawaisan in the Bryn Mawr Art and Artifact Collections

The Flip-flop Toys of Saarenald T. S. Yaawaisan in the Bryn Mawr Art and Artifact Collections

US farmers prepare for herbicide shortage

Farmers in the US are preparing for a shortage next year of herbicides including glyphosate, the most commonly used herbicide in the US. Jeff Bunting, who leads the Crop Protection Division at the agricultural retailer Growmark, says his company has been struggling to get enough glyphosate for months. In late August, Hurricane Ida took Bayer’s main glyphosate production facility, located in Louisiana, offline for about 5 weeks. That facility is now back to full capacity, but Bunting says supply chain problems still plague the industry . “It might be the cardboard box, or it might be the plastic jug,” he says. “It might even be that little piece of aluminum foil that’s on those jugs that could be in tight supply.” Bill Johnson, an agricultural researcher at Purdue University, warns that glufosinate, another popular herbicide, is facing similar issues and could also be in short supply. In Indiana, Josh Cox,

Poems

Poems1 Khaled Mattawa (bio) INTO THE SEA Barely out of the jetty, the boat riseswith every wave, and in the backtwo or three fall into the sea. At sunset the boat starts to loseair, fills with water, mothersand babies fall into the sea. One side stays afloat. We clingto a rope, water up to our belliesand people fall into the sea. All night we grip and bleed.Rain so cold, waves five stories high.If only I could fall into the sea. Sunrise, a helicopter. I finda red shirt, wave it to them.They watch us fall into the sea. They fling a small inflatable boat.I am too weak to reach it.Others try and fall into the sea. A cargo boat throws a rope,get us on board. Alive at last,and we still fall into the sea. [End Page 437] MALOUK'S ODE2 I tap a few words to her on WhatsApp or Viberto blot out the day. I bring my nose close to the screento smell the photos she sends. Selfies of her by the gas stove, or the baby making a gesture,a smile or a yawn or a cry. Sometimes a videoof an old song. She asks about the sea; it's calm but the traffickers no show. She breaks me,a softness that turns me dusk, I, the poet dissidentwho labored to rephrase the nations' inflamed contract, who roved the bone sculptures made governments,the sanctuaries filled fear-bright eyes,my words now monosyllabic soft as sighs. There was blindness in my game, my epic of home.I hear the smugglers, their pupils shifting as if followinga maddened gull, some bootleg spasm and discharge. A blindness that cannot stop seeing,those eyes will keep shifting like this in their graves.I see my spirit too, a plastic cloud drifting in the breeze. With them is our last chance, for what?From the village drying up to sand, the town without jobs,the hands that never learned to write, the eyes that barely read, the soul hunger stump and trade.Am I writing my poem again?Have I become the exile I so mock and detest? [End Page 438] How to walk this sea?How to not believe that such is possible?Arrived in Kufra, the cramped 4x4s, the Hilux where spent bodies cling to wooden poles,IVECOs, hundred-packed swaying death's wave.Emptied in the camp, divided between sheets of galvanize, the courtyard littered—bottles, clothes, old photographs—like some carnival bacchanal the night before,a town facing massacre just fled. An empty, once-crowded barracoonwhere the signal is one ribbon strong.It is from here that I send her all my love. FUEL BURNS3 Gasoline canisters leakor get knocked over;gasoline mixes with seawater, and when the mixturetouches human skin,skin begins to burn. Women sitting in the bottomor the center of the boat [End Page 439] are at highest risk.Dinghies are fittedwith plywood floorsfixed with nails and screws that puncture people's feet.The wood soaks up water,expands, and then splits. Women and children oftenfall through the flooror are trampled and drown. People fight on the boat,the bodies of survivorsand the dead are full of scratches, bite marks,cuts and bruises but it'sfuel burns that horrify most. Survivors arrivehypothermic, dehydrated,barely conscious. They must showerwith soap to get relief,and need help stripping off their fuel-soaked clothes, butjust touching their clothingcan make latex gloves melt. [End Page 440] QASSIDA TO THE STATUE OF SAPPHO IN MYTILINI Kyria, why do you stand askance, facing neither sea nor mountain,not even toward your wild flower fields? And the lyre on your shoulder was it meant to be the sizeof the plastic jugs shouldered by Moria's refugees? I saw them in Sicily too, home of your exile, where no rescuecould pause time's grating at their memories. Your island is empty of poets, Kyria. I came to meet them,to recall the trembling earth under my...

Plastic world

Plastic world

Identification and characterization of fluid milk consumer groups

Consumption of fluid milk has steadily declined over the last few decades. Understanding the attributes of fluid milk products that are attractive to specific consumer groups may provide a sound basis for education and marketing to encourage increased dairy consumption and reverse the downward trend. The objective of this study was to identify the attributes of fluid milk that specific consumer groups find attractive and attributes that suggest a higher purchase likelihood. An adaptive choice-based conjoint (ACBC) survey was designed to assess attributes of fluid milk. The ACBC survey included Kano, importance, labeling identification, and beliefs questions to determine the key attributes that dictated consumer purchase and consumption. Self-reported purchase habits and attitudes for organic food products were also collected. Attributes in the ACBC exercise included fat content, package type, shelf life, and label claims. Maximum difference scaling was used to rank the importance of attributes in fluid milk that affected purchase. Maximum difference scaling was also used to rank qualities and issues associated with organic milk that were most motivating for those who identified as organic milk consumers. Results were analyzed by univariate and multivariate statistics. A total of 1,163 fluid milk consumers completed the survey, and of those, 434 were regular purchasers of organic milk. The ideal fluid milk from conjoint analysis was 2% milkfat, organic, packaged in a plastic jug, conventionally pasteurized, and contained no additives or label claims. The belief that "organic milk is healthier" was the most important motivator for purchases of organic milk, followed by the beliefs that "organic milk production encourages ethical treatment of animals" and "organic milk production supports local farms and farmers." Conjoint importance scores of all fluid milk consumers showed that milkfat content was the most important attribute, followed by flavor, package size, and price. For all milk consumers, designation as organic was ranked as the 8th most important of 14 attributes. Evaluation of these results on both aggregate and individual levels suggest that fluid milk consumers are not a homogeneous consumer group and that underlying consumer groups are led to purchase decisions by specific product features or expectations.

A Home-Made Trap Baited With Sex Pheromone for Monitoring Spodoptera frugiperda Males (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Corn crops in Mexico.

Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), populations are monitored with a variety of commercial sex pheromone-baited traps. However, a number of trap-related variables may affect the number of FAW males captured. In this study, we tested the effect of trap design, trap size, and trap color for monitoring FAW males in corn crops in Mexico. We found that plastic jug trap (a home-made trap), captured significantly more FAW males than a commercial trap (Scentry Heliothis) and water bottle trap (another home-made trap). We also found that size of plastic jug traps (3.78, 10, or 20 liters) did not affect the captures of FAW males. Our results indicated that plastic yellow jug traps captured significantly more males than blue and black traps. Plastic jug white, red, and green traps captured a similar number of FAW males than plastic jug yellow, blue, and black traps. Plastic jug blue, white, and yellow traps captured more nontarget insects compared to black traps. The number of nontarget insects captured by green and red traps was similar and not significantly different to that caught by blue, white, yellow, and black traps. Traps captured more individuals from Diptera than Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. Overall, the results suggest that yellow plastic jug may be used for monitoring FAW males in corn and sorghum crops in Mexico.

English

The objective of this study was an assessment of on-farm storage practices for Bambara groundnut and roselle grains in Niger. It is based on a random sample of 164 farmers producing both crops in the Dosso and Maradi regions using a semi-structured questionnaire. Analysis of the data used Probit regression and budgeting. Fifty four percent of respondents use some type of potentially hermetic container for storage of Bambara groundnut and 46% use that type of container for roselle. Potentially, hermetic containers include metal drums, plastic jugs, and single, double and triple layer plastic bags. About 67% of the quantity of Bambara groundnut stored was in potentially hermetic containers and 58% of roselle. Triple layer Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags were used mainly by Bambara groundnut farmers storing larger quantities. While only about 10% of the respondents reported storing Bambara groundnuts in PICS bags. The quantity stored by those respondents is quite large, so about 39% of the total quantity of Bambara groundnut stored by the respondents was stored in PICS bags. For roselle, PICS bags were used by 4% of respondents for only 3% of quantity stored. Profitability of using PICS bags for one or two years is comparable to that achieved with the common practice of storing in woven bags with insecticide. While PICS bags use does not increase profitability substantially compared to insecticide use, it does allow the producer to reduce pesticide exposure and the associated health risks. Key words: Adoption, Bambara groundnut, hermetic storage, profitability, roselle.

Realistic and Inexpensive Ultrasound Guided Paracentesis Simulator Using Pork Belly with Skin

Author(s): Kei, Jonathan; Mebust, Donald | Abstract: ABSTRACT: Audience: The pork belly paracentesis simulator is designed to instruct Emergency Medicine (EM) residents and Emergency Medicine-bound students. Introduction: Abdominal paracentesis is a common procedure done in the Emergency Department (ED) that must be mastered by EM residents and students. The purpose of a paracentesis is to remove accumulating ascites from the peritoneum. Diagnostic paracentesis is indicated with new cases of ascites or to detect the presence of infection in patients with already known or suspected ascites.1 Therapeutic paracentesis is often conducted in the ED setting to relieve any cardiorespiratory and gastrointestinal manifestations of tense ascites.2 While this procedure has been described in modern medical literature for over a hundred years, the addition of ultrasound can enhance the safety of the procedure and can help detect as little as 100 ml of fluid.3 Objectives: By the end of this instructional session learners should be able to: 1) Discuss the indications, contraindications, and complications associated with abdominal paracentesis; and 2) competently perform an ultrasound-guided abdominal paracentesis on a simulator and remove fluid. Methods: This paracentesis simulator uses a porcine skin with underlying muscle and fascia to replicate the feel of human tissue undergoing this procedure. A gallon water jug is used to simulate the peritoneal cavity filled with ascites. Placing a small hand towel or sterile blue towel in the water jug acts as a wonderful mimic of bowel loops “floating” in the peritoneal fluid when ultrasound is used. A layer of ultrasound gel is placed liberally on one side of the water jug, and then the pork belly is layered on top of that. This tissue is secured to the jug with 3M microfoam surgical tape (or other adhesive-like duct tape). This model has a realistic feel and can be used with ultrasound to replicate intraperitoneal contents. The thickness of the plastic jug will give a realistic “pop” into the peritoneum with the paracentesis needle. Also, this trainer can be used multiple times by different learners before being replaced. This model will allow the learner to conduct a realistic paracentesis procedure while removing actual fluid.Topics: Paracentesis, ascites, ultrasound-guided procedure, simulation.

Practices and attitudinal behavior about drinking water in an urban slum of district Rohtak, Haryana: A community-based study.

Background:Globally, approximately, one billion people lack access to safe drinking water and 1.59 million deaths per year are because of contaminated water, primarily in children age <5 years. WHO reported that more than 90% of diarrhea cases can be prevented by enhancing the availability of clean water and improving hygiene measures.Methodology:The study was conducted in an urban slum of Rohtak district. Investigator interviewed the mothers at their home having children age less than 5 years using study tools in their vernacular language.Study Design:The study was a community based epidemiological study with cross-sectional design.Study Participants:400 mothers having children less than 5 years.Results:Most of subjects (59%) were in the age group of 15-25 years followed by in 25-35 years. One third of subjects belonged to upper caste and 29% of subjects from backward class. The study found that 80% of mother store water in earthen pitcher followed by plastic jug (14%). 78% of mothers said that their source of drinking water was tap while 12% had Hand pump. 83.5% of subjects said that they drink water as such ie without filtering, boiling or chlorination.Conclusion and Recommendations:The study concluded that the prevalence of diarrhea is more among children < 5 years this is because of poor knowledge, poor attitude and inadequate storage water practices of water. The study recommends creating awareness how to diminish contamination of water at household level, creating community groups for women to learn about treatment of water at household level.

Actividad de Liriomyza huidobrensis de acuerdo a las diversas horas del día y tipos de muestreo en relación a la fenología del cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum).

The assay was conducted on the northern zone of Cartago, Costa Rica, at an altitude of 2320 masl, from August to November of 1990. The objectives of the trial were: 1- to determine the type of sampling, according to the crop's age, which can be used for monitoring adult populations of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) and 2- to observe the daily activity of L. huidobrensis throughout the day and during one crop's cycle of Solanum tuberosum. The traps used were: entomological net at 90º and 180º, count per minute, greased one gallon plastic jugs and yellows cards at three different heights. There were highly significant differ-ences among all the traps and, each one, helped to forecast particular behaviors of the flies at a given moment. The 180º net captures flies standing on or flying over the crop. The 90º net captures flies from the base to the top of the plant, helping us to forecast their vertical movement on the plant and the count per minute gives us an estimate of the number of flies on the leaves. The yellow cards help us to forecast the fly population at each stratum (high, medium and low) of the potato plant. The largest population of L. huidobrensis was found from the pre-blooming to the blooming stage with the plastic jugs and yellow cards.

Adoption of cowpea hermetic storage by women in Nigeria, Niger and Burkina Faso

In this study, 2741 randomly selected rural women were interviewed about their cowpea storage practices in 101 villages in Burkina Faso, Niger and Nigeria in late 2010 and early 2011. The overall objective was to determine their cowpea storage practices and identify the most important factors in choosing Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) triple bag storage. About two thirds of women said they used some type of hermetic storage. The hermetic containers included metal drums, plastic jugs, double bags and triple bags. The weighted percentage of women using PICS triple layer bags is 46%. Quantity of cowpea stored by technology showed similar patterns. Overall the percentage of cowpea in hermetic storage was 64%. The study estimated that women stored 50% of their cowpea in PICS bags. The percentage of cowpea in hermetic storage overall and in PICS bags specifically is higher for women than for men in a parallel 2012 ten-country study of mostly male household heads. In PICS villages, the women cite PICS technicians as the most important source of information. In Non-PICS villages, radio was the most important. Most women say that higher income is the major benefit of PICS. The 2009–2010 three country weighted average of the net cash flow from cowpea storage in PICS bags is $10.81/100 kg bag and $39.27 per respondent. Overall, the women indicated that local unavailability was the primary constraint to use of PICS bags. The LOGIT regression analysis shows that the most important factor influencing use of PICS technology is living in a village where PICS demonstrations occurred. The regression shows that radio and the PICS technicians have key roles as information sources. Being able to attend mixed gender meetings was statistically significant only in Burkina Faso where PICS did not organize many women-only PICS activities.

Range Expansion of Western Bean Cutworm, Striacosta albicosta (Noctuidae), into Michigan and Ohio

The western bean cutworm, Striacosta albicosta (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is native to the western United States, where it was first described as a pest of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) (3). On corn, fourth and fifth instar larvae feed in the ear, reducing yield and grain quality. Since 2000, the western bean cutworm has spread eastward through Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, and Missouri (1,2,4), into Indiana in 2005, and Wisconsin in 2006 (6). Before 2006, there were no records of western bean cutworm in the Michigan State University A. J. Cook Arthropod Collection or in collections at The Ohio State University, nor reports of larval injury to corn in Michigan or Ohio. In the summer of 2006, five and ten pheromone traps were set up in Michigan and Ohio, respectively (Fig. 1). Each trap was constructed from a one-gallon plastic milk jug cut to leave open side panels (5), and baited with a Scentry western bean cutworm pheromone lure (Great Lakes IPM, Vestaburg, MI) hung under the cap (Fig. 2). Traps were filled with a 50:50 mixture of water and commercial antifreeze and hung 1.5 m above the ground near corn. Traps were checked once per week from 1 July through late August; lures were changed once in late July. In Ohio, a total of three adults were captured, one in each of three counties during the first week of July (Fig. 1A). In Michigan, adults were captured later in the season, one each during the weeks of 8 to 14 and 15 to 21 July in Van Buren Co. and on the night of 24 July in Kalamazoo Co. (Fig. 1A). These were the first western bean cutworm adults recorded from either state.

Dangerous Gifts: Lamia Joreige's Objects of War

Lamia Joreige's Objects of War is in a sense a redundant artwork, since virtually everything in Lebanon is already an object of war. Properly questioned, almost any object will reveal its perspective on Lebanon's history from the beginning of the civil war in 1975 to the present. Objects are monads that way, highly curved lenses that can perceive the entire universe from their very particular point of view. Every brick and tree and plastic jug and sound recording in Lebanon, and of course the dust into which some of these things have been ground over time, has a perspective on the history of the war. In short, posing questions to any material object, whether through radiography, spectrometry, or asking somebody what she knows about it, will cause it to give up certain of its histories. There are not too few war stories but too many stories— repressed, willfully forgotten, or remembered with fierce selectivity.

Epiphora

Epiphora Tara Cottrell (bio) In the spring, I moved from an apartment near the university into a rented house on the scrubby southeast edge of Tucson. In deciding on the house, I'd focused on small things I liked: white hexagonal tile set in black grout in the bathroom, a bedroom closet I could lie down in. The scope of something as large and crucial as location was well beyond me, and so I found myself in the kind of neighborhood where everyone has dogs but nobody walks them. I heard them all the time, barking, howling, carrying on in their penned yards. I knew a couple of the neighbors. Steve next door worked a night shift somewhere—I'd hear his truck rattle into his driveway around five most mornings. Across the narrow street from me lived Candace. Candace was about three hundred pounds, with the arms of an overfed baby. It was hard to tell how old she was, the way it sometimes is with the very fat. When I moved in we had a short conversation about the shoes I was wearing. She wanted to know where I got them. "Italy," I said, which was a lie. "Oh," she crowed, "I knew it," like she could recognize a pair of Italian shoes anywhere. Predictably, Tucson was unable to produce a spring; March and April were flat, colorless things with too many days. Then, at the end of April, I started hearing gunshots. "It's that time of year," Steve said. I was standing out in my dirt yard trying to decide what to do about it. Will had been dead eight months, and I had a notion that if I could get some grass going I'd feel better about things in general. Steve was cleaning out the back of his truck. In one hand he held a hose that he directed into the flatbed, in the other, a plastic jug of bleach that he splashed around randomly. Shots were going off behind us—maybe on the next block. I flinched. "What time of year? Spring?" "Fourth of July." He paused, coughing into his elbow. "They gear up early around here." "Fourth of July? It's April," I said. He tossed the empty jug in the direction of his garage and picked up a new one from the drive. He coughed again, a burst that caught him off guard. "You better watch it, too," he said, uncapping the new jug. "People get crazy." [End Page 176] During the day I worked downtown at a museum. I was the junior inventory controller of the Native American Department, which meant I catalogued a lot of arrowheads found by industrious ten-year-old boys. I liked the boys that came in; they were without manners or subtlety. They stared at my bad eye and asked about it, while their mothers stood behind them, murmuring about politeness. I'd been through a windshield face first, and though my face had mostly held together, my eyelid had been severed by a cut that zigzagged from my hairline to the inner corner of my eye. The tear duct leaked on and off now, regardless of need or appropriateness. Epiphora, the doctors called it, a condition in which the tears accumulate in the eye and trickle over the cheek. It was a term people often got wrong: epiphone, epidermis, epiphany. Also, the way the eyelid had been put back together made one eye seem higher than the other. It gave me a slightly tilted look, so that I appeared to be perpetually trying to make sense of things. After work I'd come home, heave all the windows open and crank the evaporative cooler, an appliance that blew warmish damp air. Under its grinding and spewing, I could still hear the dogs barking. "Shut up!" I yelled out the window once, but they kept on going. When it got dark out, I ate dinner in front of true crime dramas, then went to bed, flipping the pillow all night to get the cool side next to my face. Weekends, I pulled plugs of weeds out of the dirt and tried to coax green shoots...

Instrumentation or how many sows' ears does it take to make a silk purse?

To the uninitiated the challenge may seem mind-boggling: When a seismic wave is emitted at the earth's surface and reflected by a deep target, it typically generates a displacement in the order of a few Angstroms (10−10 meters) on its return to the earth's surface. How can we seriously expect the geophone—a rather crude contraption involving a magnet and a moving coil inside a plastic jug mounted on a spike, stomped into the ground by a restless doodlebugger—to be sensitive to such infinitesimal displacements? To complicate matters, noise—whether ambient or source-generated—induces displacements of up to a millimeter (107 times the magnitude of signal). How on earth (an apt expression in this case) can seismic reflection possibly work?

A Plastic Jug of Heavy Water

This article reviews that neutrinos are one of the fundamental building blocks of nature and a cornerstone of the standard theory of elementary particles. Three types are known to exist: the electron neutrino, the muon neutrino, and the tau neutrino. Electron neutrinos are emitted in vast numbers by the nuclear reactions that energize the sun. They are notoriously hard to detect and require the use of massive, sophisticated devices such as the Sudbury detector. The neutrino detector identifies the interaction between a solar neutrino and a molecule of heavy water inside the acrylic vessel. Bonding structural acrylic panels together is not like gluing a model together; it's more of a casting process so the light does not reflect off the bonds. The curing rate is important because air bubbles can get trapped in the bonding syrup if it hardens too quickly. With a tolerance on the bond gap of an eighth to a sixteenth of an inch, particularly when applied to a 40-foot-diameter sphere, the accuracy of the bonding process is critical.

Chemical and microbial stability of fluid milk in response to packaging and dispensing

Chemical and microbiological stability of milk packaged in one litre pouches, a two litre paperboard box (with plastic liner) or a one gallon plastic jug were compared. The cardboard box gave the greatest protection against light induced lipid oxidation while significantly higher microbial populations were found in the larger containers (gallon jug and paperboard box) than in the smaller containers (one litre pouches) after one week of storage. Microbial populations were also greater in milk whose package had been opened and dispensed from previously than from milk found in an unopened package. These microbial data would suggest that one gallon of milk would remain fresher for the consumer when packaged in multi‐unit packages than if packaged in one single container.

Effects of Three Hotcap Designs on Temperature and Tomato Transplant Development

Hotcaps are covers used to protect individual plants from suboptimal temperatures. Temperature, solar energy, photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplant development were compared for three hotcap designs: 3.8-liter, opaque plastic jugs (PJs); 24-cm-tall wax paper (WP); and Wall-O-Water water-filled plastic teepees (PTs). The average solar energy inside the hotcaps was 57.3%, 67.6%, and 28.9% of full sun at midday and PPF was 44.7%, 49.7%, and 43.8% of full sun at midday for WP, PJs, and PTs, respectively. The rate of temperature decline in a growth chamber was fastest for PJs and slowest for PTs. In the field, air and soil temperatures inside hotcaps were higher than ambient during sunny periods and essentially the same during cloudy weather. The overall mean and mean maximum daily soil and air temperatures for all hotcaps were higher than ambient. PTs had the highest minimum daily soil and air temperatures—2.0 and 1.9C above ambient, respectively. The meantime to first ripe fruit was reduced by 10.7 days for PTs, 6.7 days for WP, and increased by 5 days for PJs compared to noncovered plants. Plants grown under hotcaps weighed less and produced fewer fruit on the first cluster. PJs could not maintain night air temperatures above ambient and were not effective hotcaps.

Measurement of Milk Container Preferences

Consumer preference for container types for fluid milk was investigated for gallon and half gallon containers using conjoint analyis. Consumers clearly preferred plastic jugs to paperboard for gallon containers, which explains the nearly complete capture of the gallon milk market by plastic. They prefer paperboard for half gallon containers, which corresponds to the failure of plastic to penetrate that size container very well. Relative prices of container types are adjusted for the utility consumers see in the containers. Utility adjusted prices of plastic gallon containers make them very competitive relative to alternative packaging materials. Prices of plastic half gallon containers make them less competitive once utilities are accounted for.