Plastic Jerry Cans Research Articles

Aïda Muluneh's Homebound: A Journey in Photography & Addis Foto Fest: Nine Years Survey

Aïda Muluneh's Homebound: A Journey in Photography & Addis Foto Fest: Nine Years Survey

Assessment of Bacteriological Quality of Vended Water in Jerry Cans for Domestic Use in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria

The practice of vending water in plastic jerry cans for domestic use has become a major source of household drinking water in Zaria due to inadequate pipe-borne water. The unhygienic practice of the water vendors and poor sanitary condition of the jerry cans and the water sources are of public health concern. Accordingly, this research was conducted to examine the bacteriological quality of vended water from jerry cans in Zaria city, Kaduna state, Nigeria. Water samples from five different vendors from twenty different locations were collected and used for isolation and enumeration of bacterial loads. The isolation and biochemical characterizations of the isolates revealed the presence of seven genera represented by eight bacterial species namely: Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Corynebacterium sp, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter freundi and Bacillus subtilis. Escherichia coli is the most predominant bacterial species among the vended water samples (44.44%) followed by S. typhi (18.52%) while Proteus mirabilis, Corynebacterium sp and Citrobacter freundi are the least prevalent with 3.70%. Most of the identified bacterial species in the samples were pathogenic. More so, the bacterial loads associated with the jerry cans water ranged between 1.0x106–8.0x106 CFU/mL from the plates count which is above WHO standard limit of ˂1.0x101 CFU/mL. It was therefore inferred that the bacterial counts associated with the jerry cans can pose public health risk. Proper sanitation and orientation on personal hygiene to the vendors are urgently needed.

Consumer Preferences of Packaged Cooking Oil in Bandar Lampung City

Packaged cooking oil is a food product that is needed by every households. In the market, packaged oil products have various brands and packaging forms such as refillable plastic packaging, plastic bottles, and plastic jerrycans. The purpose of this study is to determine the combination of attributes packaged cooking oil that are most preferred by consumers and attribute that have the highest importance value for consumers of packaged cooking oil. The research method uses survey methods and the analytical method used is conjoint analysis to determine consumer preferences for packaged cooking oil. research reveals more detailed results. Most research consumers are between 38-52 years old, with 4-6 family members, total family income between Rp 8,000,000-Rp 15,000,000 per month, and the last education of housewives is high school. The most widely used brand of packaged cooking oil is Bimoli with the type of plastic packaging and the size of 2 liters, with an average household consumption of 3.714 liters per month. Based on conjoint analysis, it is concluded that consumers prefers price combination of Rp 11,000-Rp 13,000 per l, 2 liters packaging size, clear, and the bottled packaging. The most important attribute is the clarity of packaged cooking oil with value of 29,693.

Hygienic Production and Post-Harvest Handling Practices of Raw Camel Milk in Degahbour District of Jarar Zone, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess hygienic production and postharvest handling practices of raw camel milk in Degahbour district. The survey studies were based on a total of 120 (2 production systems * 2 rural kebele * 30 households) milk producers, which were selected from Degahbur district using stratified sampling technique. Data from the selected producers were collected using questionnaire survey and field observation. The results showed that the majority of the sampled household heads in pastoral (93.3%) and agro-pastoral (76.6%) production systems were illiterate. Moreover, none of the respondents in the study area had training on hygienic milk production and postharvest handling practices. The study result also indicated that none of the respondents in the study area washed the udder of milking camel before milking. Moreover, only 6.6% of pastoralists and 25% of agro-pastoralists wash their hands before milking. Equipment made of wooden materials are mainly used for milking, whereas, plastic jerry-cans were most commonly used for storage. About 45% of the pastoralists and 81.6% of the agro-pastoralists were cleaning milk vessels regularly; however, majority of the respondents both production systems were using water from non-tap sources for hygienic practices. Bosciaminimifolia, Acacia ethaica and Blanitesgalabra were the most commonly used plant species for smoking in the study area. Therefore, hygienic production and postharvest handling practices should be followed to improve the quality and suitability of camel milk for its intended use in the study area.

Bacteriological Quality Assessment of Water Sold in Plastic Jerry cans within Katsina Metropolis, Katsina State, Nigeria.

Water is the second most important compound after air for the sustenance of life on our planet. It is the most abundant molecule in living cells, essential for the proper functioning of cells. It is one of the cheap vehicles that transport gastro-intestinal diseases. Therefore, water for human consumption must be free from chemical substances and microbes that may cause disease in man. This study was carried out to determine bacteriological quality of water sold in jerry cans within Katsina metropolis. Twenty different water samples (Five each from Kofar kaura, Kofar marusa, Dakitara and Filin polo) were collected and transported to the laboratory for analyses. Temperature and pH values of each sample were measured accordingly. The samples were subjected to aerobic mesophilic bacterial count, Coliform count and detection of Escherichia coli. The result showed temperature values in the range of 23oC to 26oCwhile pH measurements were in the range of 6.9 to 7.3. Samples from Kofar kaura, Kofar marusa, Daki tara and Filin polo had mean bacterial counts of1.718×106, 1.052×106, 2.042×106 and 1.612×106colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) respectively, and mean coliform counts of 25.2, 122.6, 77 and 128 CFU/mL respectively. All samples from all the sampling points contained E. coli. The study stresses the need for environmental and personal hygiene by all water vendors. It is, however, recommended that water retailing by truck pushers be monitored and regulated to avoid the risk of a point-source epidemic.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, USE OF QUALITY WASTE AND TEACHERS IN BREAST TANK ON GAS BIO PERFORMANCE

The aim of research to determine the effect of temperature and the use of livestock waste quail (LTP) and waste octopus (LG) in a digester tank is made of plastic curigen to the performance of gas bio production and nutrient content of sludge that is generated. The materials used are LTP and LG. The research method used 1) Randomized Block Design with 2 factors and 2) Completely Randomized Design with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The first factor is the waste with 6 treatments are P0: 100% LTP, P1: sludge 90% and 10% LTP LG, P2: sludge 80% LTP, and 20% of LG, P3: s ludge 70% LTP, and 30 LG, P4: LTP and 20% LG, P5: sludge 50% LTP and 50% LG. The second factor with lamps, namely P01: without lamps, P02: use 1 lamp, P03: use 2 lamps. Furthermore, LTP and LG are diluted with water until they reach 7% dry matter and stored in a digestion tank (made of 24 plastic jerry cans with a volume of 25 liters ). The analysis showed that the effects of temperature, the use of LTP and LG have influence which is not significantly different (P > 0.0 1 ) against the pressure, the volume of gas bioand H 2 S. Apart from that, it was also very significant (P <0.01) on the total N content, P elements and K elements, but the highest average total N and K element content was obtained in P0 sludge with a percentage of 100% LTP concentration. The conclusion of this study is that the effect of temperature, LTP, and LG affects the increase in gas bio production but not significantly different and the treatment of LTP and LG affects the increase in nutrient content.

Determinants for the adoption of residential rainwater harvesting systems on the slopes of Mt. Elgon, East-Africa. How do they perform?

In recent years, the mountainous regions are becoming more susceptible to devastating climatic shocks causing food insecurity and environmental degradation. In response, farmers with small landholding are gaining interest in deploying Residential Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RRWHS) to improve water supplies in homes, though diminutive consideration has been given to the performance evaluation of these systems in a mountainous landscape in the tropics. Our study intended to explicitly understand the determinants for the household adoption of RRWHS and evaluate their performance to improve domestic water supplies in the study area. The study took a cross-sectional design were 444 respondents were selected using a cluster sampling method, and administered with semi-structured questionnaires. The indicators used to assess system performances were: reliability, cost-effectiveness and efficiency. The results of this study showed that system/component price-subsidies, household income-status, landholding-size, availability of technical support and farmer education-level were the most significant determinants for the uptake of RRWHS (P < = 0.05). Performance-wise, the most reliable systems were corrugated metallic-tanks and concrete-ferro-cement tanks. The most cost-effective system was plastic jerrycans; while the most-efficient were concrete ferro-cement and plastic tanks. This study reveals that tax exemptions on the manufacture and importation of RRWHS components can increase their acquisition. The high-capacity storage RRWHS systems are preferred by the farmers due to improved water supplies to sustain domestic usage and farming requirements but also safeguard the environment from surface run-off and overexploitation. Plastic-storage facilities are preferred, because they did not react with water compared to metallic systems.

Contribution of Rainfall on Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting and Saving on the Slopes of Mt. Elgon, East Africa.

Despite the achievements reported from using rainwater harvesting systems, the contribution and drawbacks that affect their usage in mountainous landscapes have received little attention. The uptake and usage of domestic rooftop rainwater harvesting systems (RRWHS) in developing countries is on the increase due to increasing water scarcities. We explored the effect of rainfall variability on water supply and the downsides of using the systems by rural households in Uganda. The objectives were to assess the variability of rainfall (1985–2018), categorise RRWHS used, and examine the influence of slope ranges on the placement of systems and also to quantify the harvested and saved rainwater and establish the factors that affected system usage. Rainfall variability was assessed using a Mann–Kendall test, while system contributions and drawbacks were examined using socioeconomic data. A representative of 444 households were selected using a multicluster sampling procedure and interviewed using semistructured questionnaires. Findings revealed that the months of March, April, September, August, and October experienced an upward trend of rainfall with a monthly coefficient of variation between 41 and 126%. With this, households responded by employing fixed (reinforced concrete tanks, corrugated iron tanks, and plastic tanks) and mobile RRWHS (saucepans, metallic drums/plastic drums, jerrycans, and clay pots). At the high altitude, households deployed mostly plastic jerrycans and industrial plastic/metallic drums to harvest and save water. Overall, the mean annual volume of rainwater harvested on the slopes of Mt. Elgon was 163,063 m3/yr, while the potential to save water ranged from 4% to 7% of the annual household water demand. The factors that hindered the deployment of RRWHS to harvest and save water were high operational costs, price fluctuations, unreliable rainfall pattern, inadequate funds, and limited accessibility. The rainfall received if well-harvested and saved can redeem households of water insecurity, though there is an urgent need of subsidies from the government to increase accessibility of the systems.

Camel milk production and marketing: Pastoral areas of Afar, Ethiopia

Dromedary camels produce more milk for a longer period of time than any other milk animal held under the same harsh conditions. Produced milk is a primary source of some pastoralists’ food, nutrition and income security all year round. However, there are limited research efforts on exploiting camel milk potential and its promotion for consumption and marketing. Thus, a cross-sectional survey was conducted on 100 camel herders; nine traders and three cooperatives during March to April 2017 in Afar region of Ethiopia. Besides, discussions were held with district leaders, end consumers and local elders. Collected data were analysed using descriptive statistical tools, figures and diagrams. The survey result revealed that 56.6% camel herds were lactating. Milking was done by men twice (67%) and three times (33%) per day with an average of 4.2 L per camel. A total of 82% of the camel herders were marketers, and women were dominant. Camel herders sold an average of 14.3 L milk per day at an average price of USD 0.95 per litre, whereas middlemen sold an average of 35.8 L at USD 1.22 per litre. The milk trade was done at herders’ farm gate (18.3%), main road-sides (58.5%) and nearest towns (23.2%) using small plastic pots (68.3%) and plastic jerrycans (31.7%). Amongst the three marketing channels, 69.9% of the milk was directly sold to end consumers and fetched a higher price than other marketing channels, but the routes are limited to local markets. The camel herders perceived that they satisfied with milk for its nutritional, medicinal, social and economic values. Therefore, interventions need to focus on exploiting opportunities, addressing challenges/constraints in camel milk production and its marketing chain efficiency and effectiveness.

Social Lifecycle Impact Assessment of Informal Petroleum Products Retailing in Nigeria

Our economic activities have both the desired and undesired environmental and socioeconomic consequences. The severity of impacts varies with stakeholders. Social lifecycle assessment helps us to evaluate how a product or process affect the workers, the consumers, the community, the value chain and the society. Unlicensed retailers buy petroleum products such as petrol, kerosene and diesel in plastic jerry cans when they hear the news of impending strike by petroleum workers or impending price hike. These unlicensed retailers often hoard the products in their homes with the aim of selling them later to the consumer’s exorbitant prices. This study utilizing the 2009 UNEP/SETAC’s social lifecycle assessment (sLCA) guidelines and the associated sLCA methodological sheets evaluated the socioeconomic impacts of illegal petroleum products retailing on the retailers, the consumers and the community. Preliminary results showed that it serves as an alternative employment opportunity. Due to high tendency for fire hazards, it poses health and safety risks to retailers, consumers and the community alike. This study is expected to serve as an eye opener to policy makers, law enforcement agencies and the general public on the need for preventive care against the attendant consequences of informal petroleum products retailing.

Effectiveness of the sanitation regimes used by dairy actors to control microbial contamination of plastic jerry cans’ surfaces

The most common milk handling containers used by dairy actors along the informal milk value chain in developing countries are plastics jerry cans which are difficult to effectively be cleaned thus contributing immensely to milk contamination and consequently post-harvest losses. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of some common cleaning regimes used by the dairy actors in Kenya against reduction of surface microbial load on jerry cans. Milk handling plastic jerry can containers (n = 16) were obtained from dairy actors and then subjected to four different commonly used cleaning regimes alongside a control experiment of aluminium cans (n = 4). These containers were aseptically swabbed in three replicates before and after the application of a cleaning regime and the swabs (n = 120) analyzed for Total Viable Count (TVC), Total Coliform Count (TCC) and Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). The quantitative mean difference of the bacterial load reduction between before and after the application of a cleaning regime was used as the measure of its effectiveness. The study found out that irrespective of the cleaning, the type of container was significant (P < 0.001) in the reduction of microbial contaminants, whereby the aluminium cans had the highest microbial load reduction of 86, 85 and 96 % for TVC, TCC and LAB respectively as compared to 40, 28 and 42 % for TVC, TCC and LAB respectively for plastic jerry cans. The use of a commercial scourer in the cleaning was found to significantly reduce (P < 0.05) only TVC and TCC. The results from this study explains the unsuitability of plastic jerry cans in handling of milk and a risk factor for milk post-harvest losses in Kenya through microbial contamination.

A large diversity of lactic acid bacteria species is involved in the fermentation of wheat used for the manufacture of lemzeiet

Algerian couscous named lemzeiet is manufactured from fermented wheat. Historically performed in underground silos called matmor, the fermentation of wheat is now generally carried out in plastic jerrycans with or without addition of vinegar at the beginning of the fermentation. Culture-dependent and culture-independent methods (PCR-TTGE) were used to characterize lactic acid bacteria and to determine their dynamic and diversity over a two-year period, with and without the addition of vinegar. Fungi, physicochemical characteristics, and volatile compound profiles were also monitored. The isolates obtained from different stages of fermentation and from both processes were characterized by coupling different molecular methods (16SrRNA/pheS/rpoA gene sequencing, species-specific PCR, RAPD and PFGE). PCR-TTGE revealed very similar profiles for both processes. Sixty-nine isolates were identified as belonging to six genera of 16 species (Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Weissella, and Streptococcus). The profiles of volatile aroma compounds showed a marked effect of the fermentation process, compared to non-fermented wheat, with 35 of the 40 volatiles detected at amounts 20- to 30-fold higher in fermented wheat samples. This study gives the first insight into lactic acid bacteria population diversity and activity in fermented wheat and will contribute to a better control of the fermentation process.

Pathogen and indicator inactivation in source-separated human urine heated by the sun

Source-separation of urine enables energy-efficient recycling of large quantities of high quality plant nutrients from the wastewater system to food production. To manage the risk of diseases transmission the urine should be sanitised, which is commonly done by storage. The sanitisation of urine at three ambient exposures, resulting in fluctuating storage temperatures, was studied in 10 L plastic jerry cans in Kampala, Uganda. Follow-up studies using similar temperature cycles were performed under laboratory conditions. Daily mean mid-point temperature in jerry cans in full sun, adjacent to a wall and indoors was 24, 24 and 22 °C (amplitude 7.5, 4.7 and 1.2 °C), respectively. In urine stored at full sun (total ammonia nitrogen 4 ± 1.5 g L−1, pH 9) Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Enterococcus spp. (initially 105–106cfu mL−1) were not detected (&amp;lt;101cfu mL−1) after 11 h, 14 h and 50 d, respectively. No viable Ascaris suum eggs were found after 40 d. The t90 for enterobacteria phage MS2, coliphage Φx 174 and Salmonella typhimurium phage 28B in sun-exposed cans was 8.2, 37 and 55 d respectively. Fluctuating temperatures in combination with ammonia gave faster inactivation of bacteria and Ascaris suum eggs than the same constant mean temperature.