Plastic Funnel Research Articles

DECOLOURISATION OF SUGAR SYRUP BY USING ACTIVATED CARBON GENERATED FROM SUGARCANE BAGASSE WITH A COMPARISON TO COMMERCIAL ACTIVATED CARBONS

Six bagasse based activated carbons were evaluated for efficiency in the level of decolorization sugar syrup. The effect of activated carbon dosage in the range 0.2 –1.0 g per 100 ml syrup was determined. Test samples of syrup 63.0 Brix were diluted, adjusted to pH 7.0 using 0.1M HCl and Thymol Blue as buffer. The absorbance reading at 420 nm was taken by a Hitachi U-3200.Spectrophotometer using a 10 mm cell. Samples of 100 g of syrup were placed in a water-bath at 80 0C shaken at 160 rpm, then activated carbon was added to each sample. At the end of 20 min, samples were removed and filtered through a Buchner plastic funnel containing a Whatman filter paper. About 1% of kieselguhr was added to the filtrate. Filtrates containing filter aid were moderately shaken on a water bath and heated until they reached 70 0C. The samples were then filtered through a membrane filtration assembly. The filtrates were passed through a 0.45 nm membrane. then their pH, and absorbance where measured. A blank containing the test syrup only was subjected to the same experimental conditions. The results were evaluated for the effectiveness for percent color removal from sugar syrup and compared with the two commercial activated carbons. The color removal capabilities of carbons were measured at 1/100 (w/w) dosage, and isotherms were determined. The results showed activated carbons from bagasse activated for 5h at a temperature of 600 0C possess the necessary characteristics, similar to commercial carbons for sugar refining and therefore an inexpensive precursor for AC.

Impacts and trapping of ambrosia beetles Euwallacea fornicatus and E. similis in Acacia plantations in Vietnam

There are over two million hectares of Acacia plantations in Vietnam and loss from infestations of ambrosia beetles is of increasing concern. In this study, we first determined the key taxa and the extent of damage, and then identified effective trap and lure combinations for trapping adult beetles, and finally quantified the seasonality of flight of Euwallacea for informing pest management decisions. Based on analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, the greatest threats were confirmed as Euwallacea fornicatus and E. similis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), which are native to Southeast Asia but known as invasive species in South Africa and elsewhere. The damage incidence of Euwallacea ranged from 16.7% to 34.9% in Acacia plantations throughout Vietnam. There were no significant differences in the numbers of beetles captured between the three trap types (plastic bottles, funnels and panels). Ethanol and quercivorol were more effective as lures than cubeb oil, α-pinene or a distilled water control. Trapping from June 2020 to May 2021 revealed a bimodal frequency of E. fornicatus and E. similis in A. mangium and Acacia hybrid plantations, with captures peaking in April (spring) and October (autumn). These findings can be applied to develop early detection and trapping control programmes for Euwallacea in Acacia plantations in Vietnam and elsewhere.

Elevation of depressed (pond) fracture in infant using a vacuum-assisted device: Technical note

Abstract Introduction: Pond fracture also called ping-pong fracture in children is caused due to direct impact on the skull. It is rare and many types of treatment modalities have been described. In this report, we describe a makeshift vacuum-assisted device to elevate the fracture, which is both cost-effective and efficient. Case presentation: A 5-month-old infant was brought to the emergency department with a history of fall of heavy object on the head resulting in pond fracture over the left parietal area and an episode of focal motor seizures. After ruling out an intracranial injury with a computer tomogram, we elevated the depressed fracture by a makeshift vacuum suction device using a plastic funnel connected to vacuum chamber. Post-procedure child had one episode of focal seizure and was discharged after a brief period of observation. Conclusion: Plastic funnel vacuum suction can be effectively used to elevate the Pond fractures in infants with appropriate precautions.

Surgical smoke: modern mobile smoke evacuation systems improve occupational safety in the operating theatre.

OBJECTIVESEvaluation of smoke capture efficiency of different mobile smoke evacuation devices with respect to volatile organic compounds and their noise emission.METHODSElectrosurgical incisions were performed on fresh porcine liver in an operating room with vertical laminar flow. The generated surgical smoke was analysed with proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry with and without the use of a mobile smoke evacuation system consisting of a smoke evacuator machine, a suction hose and a handpiece. The inlet of the mass spectrometer was positioned 40 cm above the specimen. Various devices were compared: a hard plastic funnel, a flexible foam funnel, an on-tip integrated aspirator of an electrosurgical knife and a standard secretion suction (Yankauer). Also, sound levels were measured at a distance of 40 cm from the handpieces’ inlet.RESULTSThe smoke capture efficiency of the secretion suction was only 53%, while foam funnel, plastic funnel and integrated aspirator were all significantly more effective with a clearance of 95%, 91% and 91%, respectively. The mean sound levels were 68 and 59 A-weighted decibels with the plastic and foam funnel, respectively, 66 A-weighted decibels with the integrated aspirator and 63 A-weighted decibels with the secretion suction.CONCLUSIONSCarcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic volatile organic compounds in surgical smoke can be efficiently reduced by mobile smoke evacuation system, providing improved protection for medical personnel. Devices specifically designed for smoke evacuation are more efficient than standard suction tools. Noise exposure for the surgeon was lowest with the flexible foam funnel and higher with the other handpieces tested.

Toxicity of palm oil mill effluent on the early life stages of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus 1758).

Harmful effects of several pollutants have been reported on early life stages of fish. However, the effects of palm oil mill effluent (POME) on fish early life stages are still unexplored. Therefore, the objective of this present study was to elucidate the impact of POME on the early life stages of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fertilized eggs of Nile tilapia were exposed to four concentrations of POME (0, 1.565, 2.347, and 3.130mg/L) in 20 plastic funnels. Each of the control and treatment groups was maintained in five replicates. The cumulative hatching rate, malformation rate, body length, and deformities of larvae were analyzed. Results showed that hatching rate and survival rate of Nile tilapia larvae significantly decreased with increasing concentrations of POME. In contrast to, malformation rate and heart rate were significantly increased. Furthermore, results showed several malformations of Nile tilapia larvae including lordosis, kyphosis, and curved tail when exposed to 1.565mg/L, 2.347mg/L, and 3.130mg/L of POME concentrations. Further research is required to understand the physiological mechanisms of different endpoints in the early stages of Nile tilapia induced by the toxicity of POME.

On Rolling of a Heavy Disk on a Surface of Revolution with Negative Curvature

In the problem on rolling of a heavy round homogeneous disk on a surface of revolution with a negative Gaussian curvature, the classical nonholonomic model is used in which, at each moment, the instantaneous velocity of the current drive point of the disk touching the support is zero. Stationary motions of the disk are found. We note that, within the nonholonomic model the tangential component of the reacton for a stationary motion can be larger than the pressure force. This means that such motion in practice cannot be implemented or observed if we assume that the force that provides the no-slip condition is the dry friction force with a coefficient between zero and unity. For stationary motions of the disk the conditions of the stability in the first approximation are obtained. The results of the numerical simulation of the rolling motion of the disk without slip while the mechanical energy dissipation occurs, are presented. The purpose of these studies was to verify the adequacy of the assumed nonholonomic model of coin movements observed in practice in the entertaining coinboxes of the plastic funnel type.

The influence of temperature and humidity on the flight activity of Culicoides imicola both under laboratory and field conditions

BackgroundInsight into the factors that regulate the circadian host-seeking flight activity of Culicoides vectors (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) will be of importance to assess the risk of transmission of Culicoides-borne pathogens. This study aimed to determine the impact of temperature and humidity on the flight activity of Culicoides imicola Kieffer, and other livestock associated Culicoides species, under both laboratory and field conditions.MethodsBatches of 500 field-collected C. imicola females were acclimatized at a predetermined range of temperatures (10–29 °C) and relative humidity (34–85%). After acclimatization, these females, prompted by a light source, were allowed to escape through a transparent plastic funnel into a paper cup, where they were counted after an hour. Flight activity under field conditions was determined seasonally by hourly light trap collections done overnight at four sites near cattle.ResultsExperiments conducted at various test conditions in the laboratory indicated that flight activity started at 13 °C. Peak in activity was observed between 16 °C to 18 °C, and temperatures above 20 °C seemingly inhibit flight. Under field conditions, a peak in numbers collected was observed immediately after sunset. With mean nocturnal temperatures below 19 °C, more than 74% of the Culicoides were collected within two to three hours after sunset. With mean nocturnal temperature above 19 °C, the peak in numbers at sunset was sustained until after midnight, with somewhat higher numbers collected after midnight once temperatures dropped below 20 °C. No peak in numbers was observed at dawn. Although very low numbers were collected during the day, which partly may have been a result of the collecting method, Culicoides were present throughout periods of 24 hours. Humidity seemed to play a minor role in the regulation of flight activity.ConclusionsAbundance and species diversity results as obtained in this study indicated a high level of risk of virus transmission in the first hours following sunset. A strong relationship was found between host-seeking activity, and hence trap efficiency, and within limits, temperature. Light traps primarily measure flight activity and may as such underestimate adult abundance of C. imicola if deployed at temperatures outside thresholds of 16–20 °C.

Development of a novel nutrient recovery urinal for on-site fertilizer production

Waterless urinals can save significant amounts of water but they can also be used to separate concentrated urine at source. Urine collection in established buildings is often costly because the plumbing system must be retrofitted for separate urine pipes. In addition, waterless urinals often have issues with blockages because of solids building up in the piping system.To solve these challenges, we have developed a fertilizer-producing urinal that uses no water and does not have to be connected to a conventional sewage line to operate. We designed and constructed the urinal using a plastic funnel and collection tank. The urinal recovered 11.23 ± 1.3 g of solid fertilizer per kg of urine and we found that 1000 nutrient recovery urinals could produce an income of $85/day. This novel approach offers a new and easy method for collecting urine within office blocks or other commercial buildings. In addition, the recycling of nutrients at source offers a more sustainable and environmentally method for fertilizer production since minimal energy is required and “waste” streams are converted into useful products.

Flights of Noctuidae and Crambidae of economic importance in Southeast Missouri – 2015, 2016

Growers of cotton and soybean in Southeast Missouri have expressed deep concern over increases in lepidopteran damage the past 2 years. Efforts to control fall armyworm, bollworm, Southwestern corn borer, and black cutworm with Bt varieties of corn or cotton and foliar insecticides generally meet with limited success. Therefore, we sought a more effective means to monitor and manage these moth populations in cotton, soybean, corn, and grain sorghum by use of pheromone traps and verification of degree-day models. Green plastic funnel traps baited with their respective lures were dispensed and monitored weekly (1 May – 1 Oct 2015, 2016) in 8 randomly selected soybean and cotton fields. Degree-days began at biofix, and a single sine method with lower and upper thresholds were used for the model. Temperature data were obtained from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Each moth peak was assigned accumulative number of degree-days. Accumulated degree-day sums for peak flight of each moth species were estimated by averaging accumulated degree-days between counties for peaks 1–5. For direct comparison, interpretation, and incorporation into a predictive model, differences between the degree-days that flight actually occurred and predictions from models were evaluated with analysis of variance. Factors in the model were county, flight/model, peak, and degree-days. No significant differences in degree-days were found between the peak-flight in degree-days, and the degree-days of its model for the respective moth species, regardless of county. These models are a good fit for predicting catches of moths in monitoring traps and management decisions for Southeast Missouri.

Alternative method to facilitate resolution of paraphimosis after penile trauma in the horse

SummaryInflammation associated with traumatic injury to the penis is characterised by pain, heat and oedema. Ensuing penile swelling interferes with retraction of the penis into the prepuce, resulting in paraphimosis. This report describes the use of a 5 l capacity pressure infusion bag to reduce penile oedema in three horses. This technique provided complete resolution of oedema and associated paraphimosis in approximately 1 h. The use of the bag, along with an abdominoinguinal bandage, a plastic funnel suspensory device, or a penile repulsion device (Probang) to avoid recurrence, offers a novel treatment that may be performed with the horse sedated.

IDENTIFIKASI DAN POPULASI LALAT BUAH Bactrocera spp. PADA AREAL TANAMAN CABE, TOMAT, DAN LABU SIAM

ABSTRACT Improvements to the identification techniques adapted to the latest determination key, requires socialization, so that the farmer can determine which plant pests have damaged many crops and causing losses. This study were conducted to determine species of fruit fly Bactrocera spp. and to determine the population of Bactrocera spp. attacking commodities chili, tomato and pumpkin siam. Research carried out by direct surveys on the area which is the center of the fruit and vegetable crops in Tomohon. Each stretch of the plants fruit vegetable crops of chili, tomato and pumpkin siam was laid trap. The number of traps on each observation plots of vegetables or fruit per plant commodities were 5 (five) traps. The bottle trap was placed in the middle of planting vegetables fruit by a diagonal way. Traps of steiner models made of plastic bottles of 1.5 liters of mineral water and a perforated plastic funnel fitted as entrance fruit flies was used in this experiment. The tool is also equipped with a wire as a binder between the traps and wood enforcement to be put in planting fruit vegetables. Cotton was rolled with a diameter of about 3 cm and then tied with thread and put Methyl Eugenol (ME) of 0.25 ml and Cue-Lure (CL) as much as 0.25 ml by using the syringe and then hung in the middle of the bottle trap. Keywords : identification, population, Methyl Eugenol, Cue-Lure

Guiding and focusing of fast electron beams produced by ultra-intense laser pulse using a double cone funnel target

A novel double cone funnel target design aiming at efficiently guiding and focusing fast electron beams produced in high intensity (>1019 W/cm2) laser-solid interactions is investigated via two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The forward-going fast electron beams are shown to be directed and focused to a smaller size in comparison with the incident laser spot size. This plasma funnel attached on the cone target guides and focuses electrons in a manner akin to the control of liquid by a plastic funnel. Such device has the potential to add substantial design flexibility and prevent inefficiencies for important applications such as fast ignition. Two reasons account for the collimation of fast electron beams. First, the sheath electric fields and quasistatic magnetic fields inside the vacuum gap of the double cone provide confinement of the fast electrons in the laser-plasma interaction region. Second, the interface magnetic fields inside the beam collimator further guide and focus the fast electrons during the transport. The application of this technique to cone-guided fast ignition is considered, and it is shown that it can enhance the laser energy deposition in the compressed fuel plasma by a factor of 2 in comparison with the single cone target case.

The potential for birds to disperse the seeds of Acacia cyclops, an invasive alien plant in South Africa

Rooikrans Acacia cyclops is an aggressive invasive tree that threatens natural resources in South Africa. The seeds of A. cyclops have a prominent aril which attracts birds that ingest the seeds and disperse them endozoochorously. Two biological control agents, a Seed Weevil Melanterius servulus and a Flower‐galling Midge Dasineura dielsi, were released on A. cyclops in 1991 and 2002, respectively. Together these agents have substantially reduced seed production and generally far lower numbers of seeds are now available to birds. A consequence of this transition from historically bounteous quantities of seeds to scanty seed availability is that birds may no longer associate with the trees and seed dispersal may be disproportionately reduced. To assess whether this has happened, seed attrition was measured by comparing the amount of seeds that disappeared from two groups of branches, one available to birds and the other enclosed in bird netting. Other types of granivores (mainly field mice) were excluded from both groups of branches with a plastic funnel placed around the stems. Mature seeds were also harvested and fed to caged bird species to determine gut retention times and germination rates of ingested seeds. Attrition rates of seeds showed that birds continue to remove seeds but that only a proportion of the crop is taken. Only two frugivorous species (Knysna Turaco Tauraco corythaix and Red‐winged Starling Onychognathus morio) and two granivorous species (Red‐eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata and Laughing Dove Streptopelia sengalensis) ingested A. cyclops seeds during feeding trials. Ingestion by birds enhanced seed germination except for those ingested by Laughing Doves. There were no apparent effects of length of gut passage time and avian body size on seed germination rates. Despite the diminished seed resource due to biological control agents, birds continue to disperse A. cyclops seeds.

A Modified PitfallTrap for Capturing Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Abstract A modified pitfall trap study was carried out in winter wheat growing in Straszewo village (54°10′N, 17°21′E), Poland. The objective of this study was to compare the functional effectiveness of traditional pitfall traps with those that have a plastic funnel. Ten traps of each kind were used. Specimens were collected from May to July 2006. Cumulatively, 1,866 specimens belonging to 38 ground beetle species (Coleoptera: Carabidae) were trapped. In traditional pitfall traps, 31 species and 1,115 specimens were captured, whereas in modified traps 33 species and 751 specimens were collected. The average catch efficiency of traditional traps (1.5±0.7 specimens per trap per 24 hours) was significantly higher compared to that of modified traps (1.0±0.3 specimens per trap per 24 hours). Considering the habitat and trophic and hygro-preference aspects, the collection of particular groups of specimens, both quantitatively and qualitatively, was similar for both trap variants. The average body size of ground...

Physician Attire: A Scholarly Look

Not that long ago members of my division were given an update on the University’s dress code. Despite the fact that no sane person would pick me as the best dressed of any group to which I belong, I believe that I am largely on the proper side of the dress code. So I did not read it thoroughly. Hearsay had it we were told that jeans were not allowed and scrubs were only to be worn with an accompanying white coat, something I have not worn since a red pen broke in my pocket during residency. These edicts reminded me of similar dress code demands handed down to us residents while I was in residency, specifically a prohibition of jeans with holes and Spandex. Both of these policies, I believe, most physicians can live with, and Spandex is only one small step above nudity and may not be acceptable anywhere other than while in a gym or on a bike. Although nudity can be fun, and I know several attractive physicians, wearing the birthday suit at work would likely be frowned upon by most patients and their loved ones in the hospital, despite the entertainment that would be provided to some 5 to 10 year olds and other childish persons. I will venture to say that most kids of any age probably do not care what you are wearing when you are shoving a stick down their gullet or a plastic funnel into one of their ears. But let’s agree that nudity is unprofessional for physicians in a hospital or clinic, despite what you do at home. So what is our university’s dress code for physicians? There is a dress code for physicians that appears to be an abridged version of the hospital’s dress code for all employees. The …

The hose-o-phone: A quasi-musical instrument.

A musical instrument made from rubber tubing and a plastic funnel can be used to demonstrate several important acoustic phenomena. This presentation will focus on the important physics that can be demonstrated using this simple and inexpensive “musical” instrument.

Prefabricated Stock Trays for Impression of Auricular Region

The conventional methods of impression making for maxillofacial defects are cumbersome and time consuming for both patient and operator. This study focuses upon standardizing and simplifying the impression making methodology for auricular prosthesis with the help of prefabricated stock trays for auricular region. The stock trays were designed on positive replicas of anatomical structures, broadly divided into long and narrow, short and broad and long and broad ear. For each stock tray, impressions of auricle, of patients of different morphology were made with plastic funnels of different shape and size ensuring at least 6mm of space between the anatomical part and inner surface of funnel and master cast was obtained. Subsequent adaptation of wax was done and fabrications of stock stainless steel trays were done. A standardized stock tray for making of auricular impressions was developed. From this innovative technical procedure it is possible to get an accurate impression of auricular defects now by the use of prefabricated stock trays rather than the cumbersome conventional method.

Integration of cultural and mechanical practices for management of the mango mealybug Drosicha mangiferae

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most economically important trees which has been cultivated for several centuries. The tree is susceptible to insect damage and is attacked by leaf eaters, termites, root grubs, sapsuckers, gall formers, stem borers, pod borers and fruit borers. The mango mealybug Drosicha mangiferae Green (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) is one of the most destructive pests in the Indo-Pak subcontinent, sometimes causing premature fruit drop. A combination of several management strategies such as use of entomopathogens, chemical insecticides and burning of adult females has been used to control D. mangiferae. Overreliance on insecticides has eliminated natural enemies, and we were therefore interested in investigating the impact of alternative insect pest management strategies such as cultural and mechanical techniques on D. mangiferae. The results of our studies suggested that different bands significantly stopped the upward movement of overwintering and surviving populations of D. mangiferae. To augment the bands’ results, mounding the tree with debris on a plastic sheet once a year was the most effective technique and resulted in maximum reduction of the nymphal population of D. mangiferae. The newly developed Haider band—designed in our laboratory in the present studies—was very successful in the field in controlling the upward movement of newly hatched nymphs on trees: only 0.8% of the nymphs crossed the band. Only 7% to 10% of the nymphs crossed plastic sheets, polyethylene sheets and funnel bands. The cotton and gunny bag (jute) bands were the least effective: 42% of the nymphs managed to cross them. The results suggested that employing cultural practices and bands together could reduce the need for insecticide treatments and offer a sustainable method for D. mangiferae control.

Length of Multiple-Funnel Traps Affects Catches of Some Bark and Wood Boring Beetles in a Slash Pine Stand in Northern Florida

The multiple-funnel trap has gained broad acceptance for catching bark and ambrosia beetles since the trap was developed more than 25 years ago (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (Lindgren 1983). The trap consists of black plastic funnels aligned vertically over each other, allowing for intercepted beetles to fall through the funnels into a wet or dry collection cup located on the bottom funnel. Currently, there are 2 national programs in the USA that use baited multiple-funnel traps for detecting exotic species: the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) and the Early Detection and Rapid Response program (EDRR) (USDA APHIS 2007; Rabaglia et al. 2008). Multiple-funnel traps are available in several sizes or lengths, expressed by the number of funnels (4-, 8-, 12or 16-unit) (Contech Inc., Delta, BC; Synergy Semiochemicals Corp., Burnaby, BC). The general expectation is that longer multiple-funnel traps catch more beetles. In support of that position, Hoover et al. (2000) found that catches of the striped ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), in traps baited with the pheromone lineatin, increased as the length of traps were increased from 4 to 16 units. Haack & Lawrence (1997) found that catches of Tomicus piniperda (L.) were higher in 12and 16unit traps than in 8-unit ones. The objective of our study was to verify that long multiple-funnel traps (16-unit) catch more bark and wood boring beetles than short traps (8unit) in a slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) stand in northern Florida. We focused our study on common southern species attracted to the binary combination of ethanol and (–)-α-pinene used in the national programs (Miller 2006; Miller & Rabaglia 2009). We conducted 1 trapping experiment in a mature slash pine stand on the Osceola National Forest near Olustee, FL for 9 weeks in 2001 (29 Aug-8 Nov). PheroTech Inc. (now Contech) supplied separate lures for releasing ethanol and (–)-α-pinene at rates of approximately 0.6 and 2 g/d, respectively, as well as 8unit and 16-unit multiple-funnel traps. Traps were set in 6 blocks of 2 traps per block with all traps set 10-15 m apart. There were 2 treatments: (1) 8-unit; and (2) 16-unit multiple-funnel traps. One trap of each treatment type was randomly assigned to a position within each block. All traps were baited with ethanol and (–)-α-pinene. Each trap was suspended between trees by rope such that the bottom of each was 0.2-0.5 m above ground level. No trap was within 2 m of any tree. Collection cups contained approximately 150 mL of pink propylene glycol solution (Peak RV and Marine Antifreeze, Old World Industries Inc., Northbrook, IL). Using SYSTAT ver. 11.00.01 (SYSTAT Inc., Point Richmond, CA), we conducted two-sided t tests on data transformed by ln(y + 1) to remove heteroscedasticity (Pepper et al. 1997). Catches of Arhopalus rusticus nubilus (LeConte) (Cerambycidae) in 16-unit traps were 143% greater than those in 8-unit traps (Table 1).

Swim-down separation of progressively motile sperm from poor quality human semen by the modified funnel procedure

The simultaneous swimming up and down from identical semen specimens suggested that the separation efficiency of progressively motile sperm by the swim-down method was superior to that of the swim-up method. The swimming down was performed in a small plastic funnel, the bottom of which was plugged with a 2.5 ml disposable syringe. In this funnel, 2.0 ml of 70% Percoll was poured and then the sperm resuspension was overlaid. After 1 h, progressively motile sperm penetrating into the lower part of Percoll layer (1.6 ml) was collected in the syringe. The technical strategies to yield higher density of progressively motile sperm were found to be centrifugal concentration of the sperm from whole ejaculate prior to the swimming down, and subsequent re-centrifugation of the separated sperm after the swimming down. Oligo-asthenozoospermic semen (22 +/- 4.4 x 10(6) ml1, 5.5 +/- 4.4% motility, n = 8) was processed by the present method, yielding sperm qualities of 32 +/- 19 x 10(6) ml1, 74 +/- 14% in the final preparations. Overall improvement in fertility index (sperm density ml1 x motility % x 10(8)) reached 27-folds on average.