Plasmonic Enhancement Research Articles

Effect of silver nanoparticles on the photostability and aging of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals

Abstract Perovskite nanocrystals may become a promising replacement for current phosphors in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and screens, but the question of the stability of their optical properties remains open. One way to solve this problem could be to use plasmonic nanoparticles. In this work, we investigate the combination of all-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals synthesized by the hot-injection method with spherical Ag nanoparticles (mean diameter 53 nm). 3-fold enhancement of photoluminescence (PL) has been implemented in hybrid ‘silver-CsPbBr3-polymethyl methacrylate’ structures. The presence of silver nanoparticles reduces the likelihood of Auger processes and forms a possible silver bromide barrier layer which prevents photoinduced ion migration in the perovskite-polymer film. Plasmonic enhancement of PL partially presents during long-term samples storage within 75 days. This work may be useful in the creation of perovskite LEDs using remote phosphor technology.

High-Resolution Distance Dependence Interrogation of Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopic Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Enabled by Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Disulfide Substrates.

Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a powerful surface imaging tool used in the electrolytic environment. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) can give more information in addition to the morphology provided by the SICM by utilizing label-free Raman spectroscopy aided by the localized plasmonic enhancement from the metal-coated probes. In this study, the integration of SICM with TERS is demonstrated through employing a silver-coated plasmonic nanopipette. Leveraging a two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as a model system, the SICM-TERS enhancement factor was estimated to be ∼105, supported by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation. Moreover, the subnanometer distance dependence SICM-TERS study reveals the tensile stress and structural changes caused by the nanopipette. These findings illustrate the potential of SICM-TERS for providing comprehensive morphological and chemical insights into electrolytic environments, paving the way for future investigations of electrocatalytic and biological systems.

Quantifying the ultimate limit of plasmonic near-field enhancement

Quantitatively probing the ultimate limit of near-field enhancement around plasmonic nanostructures remains elusive, despite more than five decades since the discovery of surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Theoretical calculations have predicted an ultimate near-field enhancement exceeding 1000 using the best plasmonic material silver, but experimental estimations disperse by orders of magnitude. Here, we design a high-quality silver plasmonic nanocavity with atomic precision and precisely quantify the upper limit of near-field enhancement in ~1 nm junctions. A hot-spot averaged Raman enhancement of 4.27 × 1010 is recorded with a small fluctuation, corresponding to an averaged electric field enhancement larger than 1000 times. This result quantitatively delineates the ultimate limit of plasmonic field enhancement around plasmonic nanostructures, establishing a foundation for diverse plasmon-enhanced processes and strong light-matter interactions at the atomic scale.

Plasmonic enhancement of Faraday rotation with gold nanodisks with low height-to-diameter aspect ratios

We investigate the Faraday rotation induced in gold nanodisks with low height-to-diameter aspect ratios. Through a systematic study, we analyze the phenomenon using electrostatic theory with the modified long-wavelength approximation. We show that the Faraday rotation is enhanced at the localized surface plasmon resonance when the nanodisk’s effective mean free path is equal to the mean free path of the conduction electrons in the bulk metal, where light absorption dominates over light scattering. We also show that the Faraday rotation is largely enhanced at shorter rather than longer wavelengths.

Fabrication and performance evaluation of large–scale luminescent and plasmonic luminescent solar concentrator modules

This study presents the detailed fabrication and performance evaluation of large–scale luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) and plasmonic luminescent solar concentrator (PLSC) modules. Individual LSC, PLSC, and reference devices have been fabricated with dimensions of 10 x 10 x 0.5 cm. Five devices of each type were connected in series, ensuring correct photovoltaic cell polarity, to form cohesive modular groups with minimal mismatch. These solar concentrators were subsequently integrated into an outdoor panel designed to accommodate the modules for outdoor performance evaluations. Outputs of 240 mW, 213 mW, and 46 mW were observed for the individual PLSC, LSC and reference devices respectively from an indoor solar simulator test outputting 900 W/m2. Outdoor performance analysis has highlighted that the inclusion of metal nanoparticles within the PLSCs enhanced the outputs by 65% on average with a maximum enhancement of 88.6% observed over the course of a single day. The series connection within the LSC modules demonstrated enhanced scalability and potential for practical application in solar energy systems. This innovative module configuration provides valuable insights into the advancement of luminescent solar concentrators through plasmonic enhancement, contributing to the broader goal of optimising solar energy harvesting.

Improving Catalytic Performance via the Synergy of Tensile Lattice Strain and Plasmonic Enhancement in Defective AuPd@Pd Short Nanowires.

The synthesis of bimetallic nanocatalysts with strained crystal lattices has attracted considerable interest. This is because, beyond the electronic structure modifications realized through elemental doping, the strain effect offers an extra mechanism to fine-tune the electronic structures, thereby possibly improving the catalytic performances. We present a method for constructing defective AuPd@Pd short nanowires, achieved through a controlled galvanic replacement reaction between short AuCu nanowires and Pd precursors. Advanced structural analyses using spherical aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (AC-TEM) validated the expanded crystal lattice on the nanowire surface and also demonstrated pronounced plasmonic absorption in the UV-vis region. Leveraging both plasmonic absorption and strain effects, the AuPd@Pd short nanowires displayed a higher apparent rate constant compared to Pd nanoparticles. Integrating molecular dynamic simulations with density functional theory calculations revealed that the tensile strain on AuPd@Pd short nanowires benefited the catalytic activity by elevating the d-band center, thereby intensifying the adsorption of p-nitrophenol. The current research introduces a unique method for synthesizing noble metal nanocrystals with specific dimensions and elucidates the rational development of high-performance plasmonic nanocatalysts through synergistic exploitation of the beneficial strain effect.

Titanium Nitride as an Alternative Plasmonic Material for Plasmonic Enhancement in Organic Photovoltaics

This paper investigates TiN for its potential to enhance light-harvesting efficiency as an alternative material to Au for nanoscale plasmonic light trapping in thin-film solar cells. Using nanosphere lithography (NSL), plasmonic arrays of both Au and TiN are fabricated and characterized. Later, the fabricated TiN and Au arrays are integrated into a thin-film organic photovoltaic (OPV) device with a PBDB-T:ITIC-M bulk heterojunction (BHJ) active layer. A comparative study between these Au and TiN nanostructured arrays evaluates their fabrication process and plasmonic response, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of TiN compared to a conventional plasmonic material such as Au. The effect of the fabricated arrays when integrated into an OPV is presented and compared to understand the viability of TiN. As one of the first experimental studies utilizing TiN arrays for the plasmonic enhancement of photovoltaics, the results offer valuable insight that can guide future applications and decisions in design.

Synergistic enhancement of plasmon induced photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical performance on ZnWO4/Ag2O@Ag hybrid-heterostructures

A novel hybrid photocatalyst, ZnWO4/Ag2O@Ag heterostructure was synthesized using a simple one-pot microwave treatment with varying concentrations of silver. Physico-chemical characterization was performed to elucidate the synthesized nanohybrids' properties. The photocatalytic activity of both pristine and heterostructure samples was evaluated through the degradation of cationic MB dye. Among the varied Ag concentrations, the 9 % Ag-doped ZnWO4/Ag2O heterostructure exhibited superior degradation performance, with a degradation rate of 93 % achieved within 45 min, surpassing both other Ag concentrations (89 % (90 min) for 1 % Ag, 87 % (80 min) for 3 % Ag, 90 % (80 min) for 5 % Ag and 91 % (45 min) for 7 % Ag) and pristine ZnWO4 (91 % (90 min)) samples. This catalytic enhancement can be attributed to the formation of heterostructures, plasmon-induced absorption enhancement within specific wavelength ranges, and reduced charge recombination rates. UV–visible studies revealed Ag nanoparticles of various sizes in the heterostructures, supported by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks at 480 and 550 nm, respectively. Trapping experiments indicated that •OH and •O2− were the active species in MB reduction for pure and heterostructure samples. Furthermore, the hybrid heterostructure samples exhibited high stability and reusability in photocatalytic degradation. These findings suggest that the ZnWO4/Ag2O heterostructure photocatalysts are promising candidates for environmental remediation applications.

NiO/AgNPs nanowell enhanced SERS sensor for efficient detection of micro/nanoplastics in beverages

The ubiquity of plastic products has led to an increased exposure to micro and nano plastics across diverse environments, presenting a novel class of pollutants with substantial health implications. Emerging research indicates their capacity to infiltrate human organs, posing risks of tissue damage and carcinogenesis. Given the prevalent consumption of beverages as a primary vector for these plastics' entry into the human system, there is an imperative need for the advancement of precise detection methodologies in liquids. In this study, we introduce a substrate comprising a Nickel Oxide (NiO) nanosheet array decorated with Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) analysis of micro//nano plastics. This configuration, leveraging a unique nanowell architecture alongside silver plasmonic enhancement, demonstrates unparalleled sensitivity and repeatability in signal, facilitating the accurate quantification of these contaminants. Through the application of a portable Raman apparatus, this study successfully identifies prevalent micro/nano plastics including polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP), achieving detection sensitivities of 5 μg/mL, 25 μg/mL, and 25 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the substrate's efficacy extends to the detection of PS within commonly consumed beverages such as water, milk, and liquor with sensitivities of 25 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, and 50 μg/mL, respectively. These findings highlight the substrate's potential as an expedient and effective sensor for the real-time monitoring of micro/nano plastic pollutants.

Identification of Molecular Profile of Cell Membrane via Magnetic Plasmonic Nanoprobe.

Cell membranes are primarily composed of lipids, membrane proteins, and carbohydrates, and the related studies of membrane components and structures at different stages of disease development, especially membrane proteins, are of great significance. Here, we investigate the chemical signature profiles of cell membranes as biomarkers for cancer cells via label-free surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). A magnetic plasmonic nanoprobe was proposed by decorating magnetic beads with silver nanoparticles, allowing self-driven cell membrane-targeted accumulation within 5 min. SERS profiles of three types of breast cells were achieved under the plasmon enhancement effect of these nanoprobes. Membrane fingerprint spectra from breast cell lines were further classified with the convolutional neural network model, which perfectly distinguished between two breast cancer subtypes. We further tested various clinical samples using this method and obtained fingerprint spectra from primary cells and frozen slices. This study presents a practical, user-friendly approach for label-free and in situ analysis of cell membranes, which can work for early tumor screening and treatment assessment for tumors reliant on the Molecular profiles of cell membranes. Additionally, this method can be applied universally to explore cell membrane components of other cells, thus assisting Human Cell Atlas.

A nanophotonic approach to signal-to-noise ratio of quantum dot infrared photodetectors with surface plasmonic excitation

A nanophotonic approach to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of an InAs-based quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) with surface plasmonic excitation is reported. A 100 nm-thick Au film, perforated with a 3.1 μm-period, 2-dimensional square array of holes, referred to as a metal photonic crystal (MPC), is employed as a plasmonic coupler for it. Under the irradiance on the MPC integrated atop the QDIP, the fundamental surface plasma wave (SPW) is excited along their interface at ∼10.3 μm in wavelength. It carries the near-field that interacts with the quantum dots (QDs) under the interface. Depending on the presence of the coupler, the QDIP generates two different current–voltage (I-V) characteristics; one from the QDs normally working without MPC and the other from those coupled to the SPW near-field with it. The two I-V’s unfold the signal and noise current of each case with photoconductive gain. In their relation, generation-recombination and shot noises which are correlated with the detector signal current are directly affected by the plasmonic coupling but other sources including thermal noise are not relevant to it. Relying on these differences, the I-V analysis allows the SNR of each case and shows ∼20× enhancement by the plasmonic coupling. It reveals that most of the noise current is attributed to thermal fluctuations inherent to the quantum confinement of the QDIP. The SNR lower than the quantum efficiency in plasmonic enhancement is addressed.

Mid-infrared waveguide-integrated and photo-thermoelectric graphene photodetector based on germanium-on-silicon platform

Mid-infrared (MIR) photonic integration is desirable in the development of MIR spectroscopy and “lab-on-a-chip” sensing. The germanium-on-silicon (GOS) platform offers a promising solution for MIR photonic integration, extending the operational wavelength to a longer band by eliminating the light-absorbing buried oxide layer. However, MIR photodetectors on the GOS platform remain undeveloped due to the challenging heterogeneous integration of active materials on silicon and inadequate light absorption in the photodetection region. Here, we demonstrate a photo-thermoelectric graphene photodetector on the GOS platform, taking advantage of zero-bias operation and easy heterogeneous integration of graphene. By employing split-gate architecture and plasmonic enhancement to strengthen the light-graphene interaction, we achieve a responsivity of 1.97 V W−1 and noise equivalent power of 2.8 nW Hz−1/2 at the wavelength of 3.7 µm. This work enables waveguide-integrated MIR photodetection on the GOS platform for the first time, and it holds great potential for on-chip MIR sensing and imaging applications.

Nanosized-laser-induced sub-20 nm homogenous alloy nanoparticles

Alloy nanoparticles (NPs) have great potential in nanosized 3D-printing, surface coating, plasmonic enhancement, information coding, and so forth. However, chemical-pollution-free and homogeneous sub-20 nm NPs maintain still a challenge in preparation. Here we present a smart nanosecond laser scan strategy of alloy-NPs preparation on a bilayer metal film by using a nanosized focused beam, successfully realizing controllable fabrication of the sub-20 nm homogeneous alloy NPs without pollution. As a demonstration, various sub-20 nm AgCu NPs with different volume ratios have been prepared, all NPs show narrow size distribution and uniform interparticle spacing. This simple and cost-effective method is stable and adaptable for other alloy-NPs such as AuAg NPs. In addition, such alloy NPs exhibit two-peak plasma resonance feature and information coding capacity. We believe that homogenous alloy sub-20 nm NPs will provide new application opportunities in many fields.

Polarized and Evanescent Guided Wave Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Ligand Interactions on a Plasmonic Nanoparticle Optical Chemical Bench.

This study examined applications of polarized evanescent guided wave surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to determine the binding and orientation of small molecules and ligand-modified nanoparticles, and the relevance of this technique to lab-on-a-chip, surface plasmon polariton and other types of field enhancement techniques relevant to Raman biosensing. A simplified tutorial on guided-wave Raman spectroscopy is provided that introduces the notion of plasmonic nanoparticle field enhancements to magnify the otherwise weak TE- and TM-polarized evanescent fields for Raman scattering on a simple plasmonic nanoparticle slab waveguide substrate. The waveguide construct is called an optical chemical bench (OCB) to emphasize its adaptability to different kinds of surface chemistries that can be envisaged to prepare optical biosensors. The OCB forms a complete spectroscopy platform when integrated into a custom-built Raman spectrograph. Plasmonic enhancement of the evanescent field is achieved by attaching porous carpets of Au@Ag core shell nanoparticles to the surface of a multi-mode glass waveguide substrate. We calibrated the OCB by establishing the dependence of SER spectra of adsorbed 4-mercaptopyridine and 4-aminobenzoic acid on the TE/TM polarization state of the evanescent field. We contrasted the OCB construct with more elaborate photonic chip devices that also benefit from enhanced evanescent fields, but without the use of plasmonics. We assemble hierarchies of matter to show that the OCB can resolve the binding of Fe2+ ions from water at the nanoscale interface of the OCB by following the changes in the SER spectra of 4MPy as it coordinates the cation. A brief introduction to magnetoplasmonics sets the stage for a study that resolves the 4ABA ligand interface between guest magnetite nanoparticles adsorbed onto host plasmonic Au@Ag nanoparticles bound to the OCB. In some cases, the evanescent wave TM polarization was strongly attenuated, most likely due to damping by inertial charge carriers that favor optical loss for this polarization state in the presence of dense assemblies of plasmonic nanoparticles. The OCB offers an approach that provides vibrational and orientational information for (bio)sensing at interfaces that may supplement the information content of evanescent wave methods that rely on perturbations in the refractive index in the region of the evanescent wave.

THz Metamaterial Sensitivity Enhancement by Reduction of Substrate's Fabry-Pérot Oscillations Using Back Plates as an Optical De-Coupler.

This work presents a new method for the enhancement of sensitivity in Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy on metamaterial (MM) in terms of its resonance frequency shift (ΔF), by attaching the dielectric back plate to the MM's silicon (Si) wafer. The dielectric back plates are designed to minimize the Fresnel reflections at the backside of the substrate, identical to a broadband antireflective (AR) plate tailored for THz. Utilizing broadband AR technology, we demonstrate the concept of decoupling MM resonance from the substrate's Fabry-Pérot (FP) oscillations. This is done by effectively coupling the THz light out of the high-permittivity substrate, resulting in the improved quality factor of the MM resonance and overall plasmonic enhancement on the metasurface. The back plate acts as a surface plasmonic enhancer to the THz MM by increasing the field intensity on the front metasurface, leading to enhancement of dielectric response (MM's ΔF). This makes the MM resonance ultrasensitive to the minor changes of particle size/concentration under test spread on the metasurface, contributing to enhanced resonance ΔF. The plate also makes the Si substrate optically lossless, enabling the full effect of MM resonance shift and increasing the resonance ΔF by 8-fold compared with MM's fabricated on conventional Si substrates. This research is backed-up with system-level CST simulations and experimental THz impedance spectroscopy of the MM. This method and chip structure is CMOS compatible having potential applications for any resonant MM fabricated on a substrate aimed to maximize dielectric sensitivity for biosensing and nanoparticle THz spectroscopy.

Light-Induced Redox Dynamics in Plasmonic Nanostructures and Photosensitizer Transition Metal Compounds

Solar energy harvesting is a nuanced scientific field that involves precise control across energy, time, and nanometer length scales. The understanding of how to harness sunlight to promote chemical reactions is vital for the advancement of renewable energy applications and a sustainable future. Limited knowledge of the precise chemical mechanisms underlying solar energy harvesting restricts widespread technological use and the development of photovoltaic devices that utilize light-harvesting biodegradable materials. My research focuses on developing a fundamental understanding of visible light-activated excited state chemistry that is of great importance in elucidating the mechanisms, structures, and design features for catalysis. In this talk, we will examine excited-state chemical structure dynamics in nanomaterials that use light-matter interactions to drive interfacial or intramolecular charge transfer. Steady-state and time-resolved optical/X-ray spectroscopy allow for the observation of these dynamics across an expansive timescale—from the seconds timescale of oxygen-evolving reactions to the ultrafast timescales of electronic and vibrational motion. Novel light-matter interactions in plasmonic nanostructures, biomimetic metal oxides, and molecular transition metal complexes will be discussed. The talk will conclude with future opportunities for expanding the scope of nanoscale photocatalysis and for designing enhanced localized control over excited-state chemistry.[1] E. A. Sprague-Klein*, X. He, M. W. Mara, B. J. Reinhart, S. Lee, L. M. Utschig, K. L. Mulfort, L. X. Chen*, D. M. Tiede*. “Photo-Electrochemical Effect in the Water Oxidation Catalyst Cobalt-Phosphate (CoPi),” ACS Energy Letters, 2022, 7, 9, 3129–3138. [2] N. L. Warren, U. Yunusa, A. B. Singhal, E. A. Sprague-Klein*. "Facilitating Excited-State Plasmonics and Photochemical Reaction Dynamics," Chemical Physics Reviews, (Accepted December 2023).[3] U. Yunusa, N. Warren, D. Schauer, P. Srivastava, E. Sprague-Klein*. "Plasmon resonance dynamics and enhancement effects in Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) gold nanosphere oligomers," Nanoscale, (Under Review).

Novel Approach of Nanophotonic Electron Transfer for Augmenting Photosynthesis in Arachis hypogaea: A Biophysical Rationale behind the Plasmonic Enhancement of Chemical Energy Transfer.

Plant photosynthetic machinery is the main source of acquisition and conversion of solar energy to chemical energy with the capacity for autonomous self-repair. However, the major limitation of the chloroplast photosystem is that it can absorb light only within the visible range of the spectrum, which is roughly 50% of the incident solar radiation. Moreover, the photosynthetic apparatus is saturated by less than 10% of available sunlight. If the capacity of solar light absorption and the transmission of resulting photons through the photosynthetic electron transport chain (ETC) can be extended, the overall efficiency of photosynthesis can be improved. The plant nanobionic approach can address this via the introduction of nanoparticles into or in the vicinity of the photosynthetic machinery/chloroplast. We have studied this exceptional nanobionic-mediated capability of two optically active nanostructures and evaluated the impact of their optical properties on plant photosynthesis. Our study revealed that metal (Ag) and core-shell metal nanostructures (AgS) can increase light absorption and improve electron transport through ETC. Both nanostructures were found to have a beneficial effect on the photoluminescence property of the isolated chloroplast. Translocation studies confirmed systemic transportation of the nanomaterial in different plant tissues. The primary growth parameters showed no detrimental effect until 21 days of treatment on Arachis hypogaea. The nano silver/silica core/shell structure (AgS) was found to be more advantageous over nano silver (AgNP) in photon entrapment, light-dependent biochemical reactions, and toxicity parameters. In the future, these nanostructures can enhance photosynthesis by increasing light absorption and resulting in higher assimilatory power generation in the form of ATP and NADPH. This approach may lead to a paradigm shift toward a sustainable method for the configuration of plant chloroplast-based hybrid energy harvesting devices.

Hybrid Polystyrene-Plasmonic Systems as High Binding Density Biosensing Platforms.

Sensitive, accurate, and early detection of biomarkers is essential for prompt response to medical decisions for saving lives. Some infectious diseases are deadly even in small quantities and require early detection for patients and public health. The scarcity of these biomarkers necessitates signal amplification before diagnosis. Recently, we demonstrated single-molecule-level detection of tuberculosis biomarker, lipoarabinomannan, from patient urine using silver plasmonic gratings with thin plasma-activated alumina. While powerful, biomarker binding density was limited by the surface density of plasma-activated carbonyl groups, that degraded quickly, resulting in immediate use requirement after plasma activation. Therefore, development of stable high density binding surfaces such as high binding polystyrene is essential to improving shelf-life, reducing binding protocol complexity, and expanding to a wider range of applications. However, any layers topping the plasmonic grating must be ultra-thin (<10 nm) for the plasmonic enhancement of adjacent signals. Furthermore, fabricating thin polystyrene layers over alumina is nontrivial because of poor adhesion between polystyrene and alumina. Herein, we present the development of a stable, ultra-thin polystyrene layer on the gratings, which demonstrated 63.8 times brighter fluorescence compared to commercial polystyrene wellplates. Spike protein was examined for COVID-19 demonstrating the single-molecule counting capability of the hybrid polystyrene-plasmonic gratings.

A review on plasmonic enhancement of activity and selectivity in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction

A review on plasmonic enhancement of activity and selectivity in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction

Tailoring Plasmonic Fields with Shape-Controlled Single-Crystal Gold Metasurfaces.

Geometry and crystallinity play a critical role in the wavelength-dependent optical responses and plasmonic local near-field distributions of metallic nanostructures. Nevertheless, the ability to tailor the shape and position of crystalline metal surface nanostructures has remained a challenge that limits control of their enhanced local fields and represents a barrier to harnessing their individual and collective responses. Here, we describe a solution deposition method in the presence of anionic additives, which yields shape-controlled, single-crystal plasmonic gold nanostructures on Ag(100) and Au(100) substrates. Use of SO42- ions yields smooth Au(111)-faceted square pyramids with large plasmonic Raman enhancements. Halide additives produce textured hillocks comprising edge- and screw-type dislocations (Cl-), or platelets with large-area Au(100) terraces and (110) step edges (Br-), while SO42- and Br- additive combinations provide Au(110)-faceted square pyramids. With lithographic patterning, this chemistry yields metal deposition with precise geometry and location control to provide single-crystal, plasmonic gold metasurfaces with tailored optical response. The appropriately designed metasurfaces can then generate large Raman scattering enhancements, far greater than high density gold square pyramids with random surface disposition. Shape-controlled single-crystal plasmonic metasurfaces will thus offer opportunities to tune the characteristics of nanostructures, providing enhanced optical, photocatalytic, and sensory response.