Plasmodium Falciparum 3D7 Strain Research Articles

Stereochemical insights into enantioselective antiplasmodial lignanamides from the twigs and leaves of Solanum erianthum

Stereochemical investigations on the twigs and leaves of Solanum erianthum afforded five pairs of lignanamide enantiomers and a previously undescribed phenolic amide (3). Particularly, two pairs of previously undescribed lignanamide racemates (1a/1b–2a/2b) represent the first case of natural products that feature an unreported 5/5-fused N/O-biheterocyclic core. Their structures, including the absolute configurations, were determined unambiguously by using spectroscopic analyses and electronic circular dichroism calculations. A speculative biogenetic pathway for 1–3 was proposed. Interestingly, these lignanamides exhibited enantioselective antiplasmodial activities against drug-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum Dd2 strain, pointing out that chirality plays an important role in drug development.

Unveiling the therapeutic potential of organotellurium(IV) Schiff base complexes through structural elucidation, antimalarial, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies

Infectious diseases have long been a formidable adversary to human health and well-being, presenting a persistent global challenge with far-reaching implication for individuals, communities and societies at large. Thus, with the aim of a combating agent against malarial and oxidant causing ailments, the newly synthesized Organotellurium(IV) complexes with a hydroxynaphthaldehyde Schiff base ligand are proposed in the present research. The structures of the complexes were established through various physical and spectral analysis. The weak electrolytic (8.77 to 35.08 ohm−1 cm2 mol−1) and crystalline nature of the compounds were demonstrated by molar conductivity and TGA, respectively. The ligand and complexes (7a-7f) shows molecular ion peaks at m/z 458.3563, 726.1039, 713.6978, 727.6179, 799.4780, 771.3178 and 799.3978 amu which were well consistent with their formula, revealing formation of compounds. The shifting of ligand's azomethine peak (7.74 ppm) and disappearance of naphthyl hydroxyl proton (12.28 ppm) in 1H NMR spectra confirmed the chelation of ligand with metal ion in proposed manner. In the FT-IR spectra, the complexation of ligand with metal ion was confirmed by disappearance of hydroxyl group (3355 cm−1) band and shifting of C = N (1245 cm−1) and CO (1632 cm−1) band whereas appearance of Te-O (of 285–293 cm−1) and Te-N (458–467 cm−1) bands, revealed the bonding of metal with metal and octahedral nature of the complexes. Optimized structures, HOMO-LUMO energies and associated chemical reactivity descriptors of the compounds were computed by DFT calculations. The in vitro studies demonstrate that the complexes 7c (1.06 ± 0.11 μM) and 7f (1.22 ± 0.05 μM) exhibited moderate inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain, complexes 7a (100.96 ± 0.32 μg/mL) and 7d (96.32 ± 0.40 μg/mL) demonstrated the highest free radical quenching ability. Complex 7c displayed the highest antibacterial actions, whereas 7f exhibited the highest antifungal actions against the tested pathogens. Molecular docking and ADMET studies demonstrated enhanced binding affinity of the complexes compared to the Schiff base and their drug-like qualities.

Dihydrostilbenes from Macaranga javanica (Blume) Müll. Arg. and their antiplasmodial activity

An undescribed dihydrostilbene, macajavanicin D (1), and three known analogs, malayheyneiin A (2) and laevifolins A-B (3-4), were isolated from Macaranga javanica (Blume) Müll. Arg. leaves. Macajavanicin D (1) structure was determined based on a combination of ESI-HRMS data and NMR spectra. Compounds 1-4 were evaluated to Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7. Macajavanicins D (1) and laevifolin A (3) showed potent activity with an IC50 value of 0.85 and 1.03 µg/mL, respectively.

Chemical and Antiplasmodial Investigations on Eremophila-Derived Alkaloids and Semisynthetic Ether Analogues.

Microthecaline A (1), the known antiplasmodial quinoline serrulatane alkaloid from the roots of Eremophila microtheca F. Muell. ex Benth. (Scrophulariaceae), was targeted for isolation and subsequent use in the generation of a semisynthetic ether library. A large-scale extraction and isolation yielded the previously undescribed quinoline serrulatane microthecaline B (2), along with crystalline 1 that enabled the first X-ray crystallographic analysis to be undertaken on this rare alkaloid structure class. The X-ray diffraction analysis of 1 supported the absolute configuration assignment of microthecaline A, which was originally assigned by ECD data analysis. Microthecaline A (1) was converted into 10 new semisynthetic ether derivatives (3-12) using a diverse series of commercially available alkyl halides. Chemical structures of the new serrulatane alkaloid and semisynthetic ether analogues were assigned by spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses. Antiplasmodial evaluations of 1-12 showed that the semisynthetic derivative 5 elicited the most potent activity with an IC50 value of 7.2 μM against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (drug-sensitive) strain.

Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of fluoro/chloro-substituted acetyl and benzoyl esters of quinine as antimalarial agents

After establishment of the pharmacokinetic and toxicological profile of quinine derivatives using in silico approaches, this study reports the synthesis of new acetyl and benzoyl esters of quinine bearing one or more fluorine or chlorine atoms on the acetyl/benzoyl moiety. The antimalarial activity of these compounds on Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and K1 strains as well as the antiprotozoal activity on Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi were evaluated. Lastly, the cytotoxicity on MRC-5SV2 cells was established. The fluoroacetyl ester compounds were found to be more active in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain than the reference compound quinine. All synthesized quinine derivatives were non-cytotoxic for MRC-5SV2 cells (CC50 > 64 µM). These results confirm that the introduction of one or more fluorine atoms into acetyl and benzoyl esters of quinine can sometimes improve the biological activity.

Induction of Artesunate Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Strain Using Intermittent Exposure Method and Comparing P.fk13 Sequence between Susceptible and Resistant Strains.

Resistance to artemisinin has threatened major achievements in malaria control, more investigations is needed about resistant strains and related genes. We aimed to induce resistance to artesunate in the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain using intermittent exposure method and comparing P.fk13 gene sequence between susceptible and resistance strains. P. falciparum 3D7 strain was cultured according to Trager & Jensen method with some modifications. Serial concentrations between 10-2 mol/l, to 10-7mol/l were prepared, then P. falciparum 3D7 was exposed to each of the dilution to determine IC50 and lethal dose. Sensitivity reduction process was started from the concentration of 10-7mol/l and ended at 10-2mol/l. Exposed parasites were collected after at least 27 days after cultivation in each drug concentration. DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing process were performed to investigate any possible mutations in the P.fk13 gene sequence. Effectiveness of 10-2mol/l concentration of artemisinin was found as a lethal dose. IC50 value was equal to 5×10-4 mol/l. The resistant strain was provided in the lab, sequenced and registered in the gene bank as P.f Art -2, (accession number MH796123. 1). Alignment of this registered sample showed no mutation in P.f kelch13 gene in comparison with standard strain submitted in the GenBank. Resistance to artesunate in malaria parasite may occur but with no mutation in the P.f kelch13 gene. Therefore, whole genome sequencing should be applied to determine mutations in resistant strains.

Synthesis, Activity Test and Molecular Docking of Novel Nitrophenylcalix[4]-2-methylresorcinarene Derivatives as Antimalarial Agent

This research involved the synthesis, antimalarial assay and molecular docking of novel nitrophenylcalix[4]-2-methylresorcinarene derivatives. Calix[4]-2-methylresorcinarene derivatives, i.e., 2N, 3N and 4N, were synthesized in a one-step reaction through the cyclo-condensation reaction between resorcinol and aldehydes, i.e., 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, 3-nitrobenzaldehyde and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, respectively. The reaction was carried out through the reflux method with ethanol and hydrochloric acid 37% as the solvent and catalyst, respectively. The synthetic products were characterized using FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and LC-MS spectrometers. Furthermore, the in vitro antimalarial assay was carried out against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7. The results showed that the 2N, 3N and 4N compounds were successfully synthesized in 86.4, 78.6 dan 95.7% yield, respectively. The antimalarial activity test of 2N, 3N and 4N gave IC50 values of 2.35, 1.68 and 1.79 µM, therefore, these compounds are classified as active antimalarial agents. Molecular docking performed against the PfLDH receptor showed that the 2N, 3N and 4N compounds had negative binding affinity values of -5.1, -6.1, and -6.0 kcal/mol and had specific interactions in the form of hydrogen bonds to the amino acid residues Arg109, Thr101 and Lys102 in the active site of the receptor. The molecular docking results agreed with the experimental antimalarial assay demonstrating the mechanism of action of nitrophenylcalix[4]-2-methylresorcinarenes as active antimalarial agents happened through the inhibition of the PfLDH receptor.

Lupane derivatives: Design, isolation, synthesis and evaluation of antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain

Lupane derivatives: Design, isolation, synthesis and evaluation of antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain

Comparison of SYBR green I and lactate dehydrogenase antimalarial in vitro assay in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates

Several assay methods are in use for monitoring the drug sensitivity of malaria parasites and screening new antimalarial drugs. Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) and SYBR Green I in vitro assays were used to evaluate the drug efficacy of Chloroquine, Artemisinin and Azadirachta indica silver nano particles against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of each compound was estimated with non-linear regression model – dose-response analysis. The consistency between two methods was analysed with Cohen's kappa coefficient, interclass correlation and Bland-Altman plots. No statistical difference was found between IC50 values determined by both assays (p = 0.714). The proportion of resistant isolates to chloroquine according to SYBR green I (43.48%) and pLDH (34.78%) assays were similar (z = 0.302; p = 0.762) with significant concordant between methods (k = 0.819, p < 0.001). The results of pLDH Qualisa assay was comparable with classic SYBR green I assay and can be potentially useful in antimalarial drug efficacy surveillance.

Ceramicines U-Z from Chisocheton ceramicus and structure-antimalarial activity relationship study.

Ceramicines are a series of limonoids which were isolated from the barks of Malaysian Chisocheton ceramicus (Meliaceae), and were known to show various biological activity. Six new limonoids, ceramicines U-Z (1-6), with a cyclopentanone[α]phenanthrene ring system with a β-furyl ring at C-17 were isolated from the barks of C. ceramicus. Their structures were determined on the basis of the 1D and 2D NMR analyses, and their absolute configurations were investigated by CD spectroscopy. Ceramicine W (3) exhibited potent antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain with IC50 value of 1.2µM. In addition, the structure-antimalarial activity relationship (SAR) of the ceramicines was investigated to identify substituent patterns that may enhance activity. It appears that ring B and the functional groups in the vicinity of rings B and C are critical for the antimalarial activity of the ceramicines. In particular, bulky ester substituents with equatorial orientation at C-7 and C-12 greatly increase the antimalarial activity.

Evaluation of in vitro antiplasmodial, antiproliferative activities, and in vivo oral acute toxicity of Spathodea campanulata flowers

Spathodea campanulata is used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments such as malaria, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cancer, fever and urethral inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiplasmodial, and antiproliferative activities of the extract and resulted fractions from S. campanulata flowers, as well as assessing the acute toxicity of its aqueous fraction. The in vitro cell-growth inhibition activities were assessed against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 for antimalarial activity and three cancer cell lines: Hs683 (human oligodendroglioma), MCF7 (human breast carcinoma), and murine B16F10 (mouse melanoma) for antiproliferative activity while the in vivo acute oral toxicity was determined according to the modified organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines 423 at a fixed dose on Female Wistar strain laboratory rats. The dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and hexane fractions at a concentration of 25 µg/mL each significantly reduced the viability of 3D7 Plasmodium cells with viability percentages of 19.0%, 14.1% and 31.9%, respectively, and IC50 of 28.1, 30.2 and 29.7 µg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction showed a moderate antiproliferative activity on mouse melanoma with an I50 value of 54.6 µg/mL. Only the dichloromethane fraction was able to inhibit the 3 cell lines tested with IC50 values less than 15 µg/mL. An oral administration of the aqueous fraction did not induce an abnormal variation of the physiological parameters in female Wistar laboratory rats, at non-toxic doses up to 5000 mg/kg body weight for 14 days. These results confirm the use of this plant in traditional medicine for its antimalarial and anticancer potential.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Antimalarial Compounds from the Bidara Laut (Strychnos ligustrina) Heartwood

The aqueous wood extract of bidara laut (Strychnos ligustrina) from maceration demonstrated the greatest antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7. However, this method has several limitations, including a lengthy extraction time, which allows for microorganism contamination. The aim of this study was to quantify the yield, evaluate the antimalarial effectiveness of the P. falciparum growth in-vitro, and analyze the aqueous bidara laut heartwood extracts phytochemical composition from the two different extraction methods, namely the method of maceration extraction for 24 hours and the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for 30 (UAE30), 45 (UAE45), and 60 (UAE60) minutes. The bidara laut heartwood extract from the UAE60 method had relatively similar yield and antimalarial activity with the bidara laut heartwood extract from the UAE45 method. However, these extracts had higher yield and antimalarial activity than the extracts from the maceration and the UAE30 methods. The results of LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the main compounds in the UAE45 and UAE60 extracts were strychnine, quinaprilat, and 3,4-bis-cyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione, which has potent antimalarial properties. Keywords: antimalarial activity, Plasmodium falciparum, quinaprilat, strychnine, Strychnos ligustrina

Synthesis and Antimalarial Evaluation of Halogenated Analogues of Thiaplakortone A.

The incorporation of bromine, iodine or fluorine into the tricyclic core structure of thiaplakortone A (1), a potent antimalarial marine natural product, is reported. Although yields were low, it was possible to synthesise a small nine-membered library using the previously synthesised Boc-protected thiaplakortone A (2) as a scaffold for late-stage functionalisation. The new thiaplakortone A analogues (3-11) were generated using N-bromosuccinimide, N-iodosuccinimide or a Diversinate™ reagent. The chemical structures of all new analogues were fully characterised by 1D/2D NMR, UV, IR and MS data analyses. All compounds were evaluated for their antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (drug-sensitive) and Dd2 (drug-resistant) strains. Incorporation of halogens at positions 2 and 7 of the thiaplakortone A scaffold was shown to reduce antimalarial activity compared to the natural product. Of the new compounds, the mono-brominated analogue (compound 5) displayed the best antimalarial activity with IC50 values of 0.559 and 0.058 μM against P. falciparum 3D7 and Dd2, respectively, with minimal toxicity against a human cell line (HEK293) observed at 80 μM. Of note, the majority of the halogenated compounds showed greater efficacy against the P. falciparum drug-resistant strain.

Antimalarial ceramicines Q-T from Chisocheton ceramicus.

Ceramicines are a series of limonoids that were isolated from the bark of Malaysian Chisocheton ceramicus (Meliaceae) and were known to show various biological activity. Four new limonoids, ceramicines Q-T (1-4) were isolated from the barks of C. ceramicus, and their structures were determined on the basis of the 1D and 2D NMR analyses in combination with calculated 13C chemical shift data. Ceramicines Q-T (1-4) were established to be new limonoids with a cyclopentanone[α]phenanthren ring system with a β-furyl ring at C-17, and without a tetrahydrofuran ring like ceramicine B, which is characteristic of known ceramicines. Ceramicine R (2) exhibited potent antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain with IC50 value of 2.8µM.

Wakodecaline C, new tetrahydrofuran-fused decalin metabolite isolated from fungus Pyrenochaetopsis sp. RK10-F058.

A new decalin-containing secondary metabolite, wakodecaline C, was isolated from a fungus Pyrenochaetopsis sp. RK10-F058 by screening structurally interesting metabolites based on LC/MS profiling. The structure including the absolute configuration was determined by a combination of spectroscopic methods including NMR and mass spectrometry, chemical reaction, and calculation of ECD spectra. Wakodecaline C has unique structural features containing a tetrahydrofuran-fused decalin skeleton and tetramic acid moiety, which are connected through a double bond. The compound showed moderate cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells and antimalarial activity against the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain.

Antimalarial Activity of Ethyl Acetate and n-Hexane Fractions of Ashitaba Leaves (Angelica keiskei K.)

Malaria is a parasitic disease that is still a serious health problem globally, especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Data from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 261,671 malaria cases were in Indonesia until 2017, 100 of which died. One of the main factors causing the increase in malaria infection is resistance to antimalarial drugs. Resistance to antimalarial drugs can be overcome, one of which is by utilizing plants that have the potential as antimalarials. Several compounds derived from plants have been shown to have antiplasmodium activity, and have the potential to be developed as antimalarials, one of which is chalcone. This study aimed to determine the antimalarial activity of the ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions of Ashibata leaves as a new alternative for malaria treatment. This study used a true experimental type of research with a posttest-only control group design approach microscopically against the parasite Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7. The ethyl acetate and n-hexane fraction of ashitaba leaves were tested at concentrations of 0.01 µg/ml, 0.1 µg/ml, 1 µg/ml, 10 µg/ml, and 100 µg/ml. The results showed that both fractions had very active inhibitory activity on Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7, with the IC50 values of the ethyl acetate fraction being 4.77 µg/ml and 4.38 µg/ml, respectively.

Bioguided Fractionation and Isolation of an Antiplasmodial Saponin from the Roots of Nauclea xanthoxylon (A.Chev.) Aubrév. (Rubiaceae).

The root extract of Nauclea xanthoxylon (A.Chev.) Aubrév. displayed significant 50 % inhibition concentration (IC50 s) of 0.57 and 1.26 μg/mL against chloroquine resistant and sensitive Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) Dd2 and 3D7 strains, respectively. Bio-guided fractionation led to an ethyl acetate fraction with IC50 s of 2.68 and 1.85 μg/mL and subsequently, to the new quinovic acid saponin named xanthoxyloside (1) with IC50 s of 0.33 and 1.30 μM, respectively against the tested strains. Further compounds obtained from ethyl acetate and hexane fractions were the known clethric acid (2), ursolic acid (3), quafrinoic acid (4), quinovic acid (5), quinovic acid 3-O-β-D-fucopyranoside (6), oleanolic acid (7), oleanolic acid 3-acetate (8), friedelin (9), β-sitosterol (10a), stigmasterol (10b) and stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11). Their structures were characterised with the aid of comprehensive spectroscopic methods (1 and 2D NMR, Mass). Bio-assays were performed using nucleic acid gel stain (SYBR green I)-based fluorescence assay with chloroquine as reference. Extracts and compounds exhibited good selectivity indices (SIs) of >10. Significant antiplasmodial activities measured for the crude extract, the ethyl acetate fraction and xanthoxyloside (1) from that fraction can justify the use of the root of N. xanthoxylon in ethnomedicine to treat malaria.

Comparative Assessment of the Antiplasmodial Activity and Acute Toxicity of Schumanniophyton magnificum Good &amp; Halle (Rubiaceae) Leaves, Trunk and Roots Methanolic Extracts

Background: Despite the various medicinal applications of Schumanniophyton magnificum, no comparative data are available to determine the part with best antiplasmodial activity and to guarantee its safety. This work deals with the evaluation of the antiplasmodial activity of methanolic extracts of S. magnificum organs as well as the study of acute toxicity of the most active part.&#x0D; Materials and methods: The methanolic extracts of the leaves, stem bark, trunk wood, root wood and root bark, were obtained by maceration with 96% methanol. Phytochemical screening, based on precipitation and coloring reactions, to highlight the chemical groups present in the plant. The antiplasmodial test was ran against chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strains while the study of the in vivo acute toxicity was conducted according to guideline 423 of the OECD protocol at a fixed dose on Wistar rats.&#x0D; Results: Phytochemical screening of the methanol extracts of these plants organs revealed the presence of alkaloids, triterpenoids, saponins, anthraquinones, polyphenols, coumarins anthocyanins and flavonoids. The antiplasmodial activity showed that only the leaves exhibited a moderate antiplasmodial effect with IC50 of 30.77 µg/ml. An oral administration of the methanolic extract of the leaves did not induce an abnormal variation of the physiological parameters in female Wistar laboratory rats, at non-toxic doses of 50, 300 and 2000 mg/kg body weight for 14 days.&#x0D; Conclusion: The leaves of S. magnificum exhibited the best antimalarial activity and were non toxic, thus justifying the use of the plant in the treatment of malaria in traditional pharmacopoeia.&#x0D; Keywords: Phytochemical screening, Antiplasmodial activity, Acute toxicity, Schumanniophyton magnificum, Medicinal plant.

Constituents of the Stem Bark of Trichilia monadelpha (Thonn.) J. J. De Wilde (Meliaceae) and Their Antibacterial and Antiplasmodial Activities

The chemical investigation of the EtOH extract from the stem bark of Trichilia monadelpha (Thonn.) J. J. De Wilde afforded two new limonoids (1 and 2): 24-acetoxy-21,25-dihydroxy-21,23-epoxytirucall-7-en-3-one (1) and (6R)-1-O-deacetylkhayanolide E (2), together with eleven known compounds (3-13), including additional limonoids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and fatty acid. Their structures were determined using 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments, ESI mass spectrometry, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The antibacterial and antiplasmodial activities of the extracts, sub-extracts, fractions, and some of the isolated compounds were evaluated in known pathogenic strains, including Staphylococcus aureus and Plasmodium falciparum. Fraction E (n-Hex/EtOAc 30:70, v/v) showed significant activity against S. aureus ATCC 25923 with a MIC value of 3.90 µg/mL, while one of its constituents (epicatechin (9)) exhibited significant activity with MIC values of 7.80 µg/mL. Interestingly, grandifotane A (6) (IC50 = 1.37 µM) and khayanolide D (5) (IC50 = 1.68 µM) were highly active against the chloroquine-sensitive/sulfadoxine-resistant plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain, unlike their corresponding plant extract and fractions.

In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activities of leaf extracts from Sonchus arvensis L.

BackgroundMalaria continues to be a global problem due to the limited efficacy of current drugs and the natural products are a potential source for discovering new antimalarial agents. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate phytochemical properties, cytotoxic effect, antioxidant, and antiplasmodial activities of Sonchus arvensis L. leaf extracts both in vitro and in vivo.MethodsThe extracts from S. arvensis L. leaf were prepared by successive maceration with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, and then subjected to quantitative phytochemical analysis using standard methods. The antimalarial activities of crude extracts were tested in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain while the Peter's 4-day suppressive test model with P. berghei-infected mice was used to evaluate the in vivo antiplasmodial, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. The cytotoxic tests were also carried out using human hepatic cell lines in [3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay.ResultThe n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanolic extracts of S. arvensis L. leaf exhibited good in vitro antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values 5.119 ± 3.27, 2.916 ± 2.34, and 8.026 ± 1.23 μg/mL, respectively. Each of the extracts also exhibited high antioxidant with low cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate extract showed in vivo antiplasmodial activity with ED50 = 46.31 ± 9.36 mg/kg body weight, as well as hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities in mice infected with P. berghei.ConclusionThis study highlights the antiplasmodial activities of S. arvensis L. leaf ethyl acetate extract against P. falciparum and P. berghei as well as the antioxidant, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory activities with low toxicity. These results indicate the potential of Sonchus arvensis L. to be developed into a new antimalarial drug candidate. However, the compounds and transmission-blocking strategies for malaria control of S. arvensis L. extracts are essential for further study.