Colloidal Solution Research Articles

The Management of Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia-Related Hypotension in the United States During Cesarean Childbirth.

This study delves into the prevalence of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension during cesarean (c-section) childbirth, focusing on existing treatments and their efficacy. Currently, neuraxial analgesia is the most efficient method for alleviating pain during c-sections, but its major side effect, hypotension, necessitates a thorough understanding of the available treatment options. A scoping review was conducted using PubMed and Rayyan, with inclusion criteria being English peer-reviewed articles from the last five years, involving nulligravida/primigravida women under 35 years old in the United States. The research reveals various treatments to mitigate spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension. Norepinephrine and epinephrine have demonstrated effectiveness in maintaining blood pressure while reducing adverse maternal outcomes following delivery. When comparing fixed-rate infusions of norepinephrine to phenylephrine, norepinephrine demonstrated lower rates of bradycardia (p=0.004), thereby reducing the necessity for bolus atropine rescue (p=0.01). Furthermore, the use of colloid solutions during c-sections significantly decreased the incidence of hypotension when compared to crystalloid solutions (p<0.00001). Non-pharmacological methods, such as lower extremity wrapping and elevation, exhibited higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures, along with higher usage of ephedrine when compared to control groups. Pharmacological treatments proved more effective than non-pharmacological interventions in preventing maternal hypotension during c-sections. Notably, colloid preloading emerged as the most effective approach, helping to maintain maternal blood pressure, cardiac output, and heart rate while also minimizing the amount of ephedrine required and reducing anesthesia-related adverse effects. However, the study suggests the need for further investigations to determine the optimal dosage for colloid preloading. This research provides valuable insights into enhancing maternal well-being during c-sections by addressing the issue of neuraxial anesthesia-induced hypotension.

Insights into Co and Fe-doping effects of mesoporous CeO2 catalysts for dry reforming of glycerol to syngas production

The dry reforming of glycerol (GDR) is one of the alternatives for syngas production by utilizing biodiesel byproduct glycerol and CO2. The development of highly active and stable catalyst is significantly important to achieve GDR process, and the current work provides insights into Co and Fe-doping effects of mesoporous CeO2 (CoFeCe) catalysts synthesized by the colloidal solution combustion method. The prepared catalysts presented the uniform mesoporous structure, the doping of Co and Fe metals resulted in stronger metal-support interaction. The GDR experimental data were compared with the non-stoichiometric thermodynamic equilibrium values. The conversions of glycerol and CO2 were increased with increasing the reaction temperatures due to the endothermic GDR reaction, and the H2/CO produced in syngas was in the range of 0.7–1.4. Due to the improvement of Co and Fe metals in the mesoporous structure of CeO2 catalyst, the 7CoFeCe catalyst exhibited excellent and stable GDR performance and no significant signs of deactivation were observed during 76 h test, and the results indicated that the enhanced interaction and high dispersion of Co and Fe in mesoporous CeO2 catalyst could inhibit carbon formation and promote GDR reaction.

The Effect of Albumin Replacement on Vasopressor Duration in Septic Shock in Patients With Hypoalbuminemia.

The use of albumin resuscitation in septic shock is only recommended in patients who have received large volumes of crystalloid resuscitation regardless of serum albumin concentration. The role of albumin is still largely debated and evidence to support its use still lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether albumin replacement increases the number of vasopressor-free days in patients with septic shock and hypoalbuminemia. A retrospective analysis was conducted to assess the effect of albumin replacement in septic shock. Hypoalbuminemic patients with septic shock who received albumin were retrospectively compared with a cohort who did not. The primary outcome was number of vasopressor-free days at day 14 from shock presentation, which was analyzed using an adjusted linear regression model to adjust for confounders. There was no difference in vasopressor-free days at day 14 in patients who received albumin versus those who did not, after adjusting for confounders of exposure (0.50, 95% CI = -0.97 to 1.97; P = 0.502). There also was no difference in secondary outcomes except for need for invasive mechanical ventilation (MV), which was significantly lower in patients who received albumin (61 [54.4%] vs 88 [67.7%]; P = 0.035). We observed no difference in vasopressor-free days at day 14 in patients with hypoalbuminemia who received albumin compared with those who did not. However, patients who received albumin required significantly less MV although further studies are warranted to assess this effect.

Designing sensing material with fractal geometry: A gateway for enhanced ethanol sensing under ambient conditions

In this work, a comparative study of ethanol vapor sensing is reported for tin oxide based vertical fractal structures (VFSs) against non-fractal structures (NFSs). The materials were synthesized by cost-effective microwave synthesis route followed by controlled drying of tin oxide colloidal solution. A thin layer of fractal material was coated on an ordinary glass capillary that served as the tubular sensor. While the VFS sensor responded well to ethanol vapors under ambient conditions with faster response (τres) of ∼ 8.2 ±0.5 s and recovery time (τrec) of ∼ 10.3 ± 0.5 s, respectively, the NFS sensor exhibited τres ∼15.2±1.0 s and τrec∼ 38.4±1.8 s. The performance of the VFSs was found to be satisfactory when tested under varying humid conditions (∼ 45 RH% to 90 RH%). The sensor exhibited a low detection limit of 1 ppm ethanol vapor. The better sensing properties are attributed to the characteristic patterned growth of fractals with interconnections ranging from nano to macro-scale, inter-crossing of fractal branches, surface as well as 3D roughness which are hallmarks of fractal geometry. In addition to this remarkable ethanol vapor sensing characteristics, easy and cost-effective fabrication process encourages to develop "single use" sensors as breath analyzer devices that can curb the risk of infection from person to person. This study projects the use of VFS samples and sensors fabricated thereof as reliable and economical disposable sensors.

A Review of Artificial Intelligence Methods in Predicting Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids for Heat Transfer Applications

This present review explores the application of artificial intelligence (AI) methods in analysing the prediction of thermophysical properties of nanofluids. Nanofluids, colloidal solutions comprising nanoparticles dispersed in various base fluids, have received significant attention for their enhanced thermal properties and broad application in industries ranging from electronics cooling to renewable energy systems. In particular, nanofluids’ complexity and non-linear behaviour necessitate advanced predictive models in heat transfer applications. The AI techniques, which include genetic algorithms (GAs) and machine learning (ML) methods, have emerged as powerful tools to address these challenges and offer novel alternatives to traditional mathematical and physical models. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and other AI algorithms are highlighted for their capacity to process large datasets and identify intricate patterns, thereby proving effective in predicting nanofluid thermophysical properties (e.g., thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity). This review paper presents a comprehensive overview of various published studies devoted to the thermal behaviour of nanofluids, where AI methods (like ANNs, support vector regression (SVR), and genetic algorithms) are employed to enhance the accuracy of predictions of their thermophysical properties. The reviewed works conclusively demonstrate the superiority of AI models over the classical approaches, emphasizing the role of AI in advancing research for nanofluids used in heat transfer applications.

Tailoring plasmonic sensing strategies for the rapid and sensitive detection of hypochlorite in swimming water samples.

Atunable plasmonic sensor has been developedby varying the dextran content in the initially synthesized dextran-gold nanoparticle (dAuNPs) solution. A colloidal nanogold solution (dAuNPs-Sol) was initially prepared using dextran and gold salt in alkaline media by a one-pot green synthetic route. The dAuNPs-Sol was combined with varying amounts of dextran (ranging from 0.01 to 30.01%) to create a tunable probe, along with different solid formats, including tablet (dAuNPs-Tab), powder (dAuNPs-Powder), and composite (dAuNPs-Comp). Both the liquid and solid phase plasmonic probes were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential analysis. The impact of dextran content in the dAuNP solution is studied in terms of surface charge and hydrodynamic size. The influence of operational treatments used to achieve solid dAuNPs probes is also explored. All plasmonic probes were employed to detect a broad range of OCl¯ concentrations (ranging from µM to mM) in water through aggregation followed by calculating a lower and upper limit of detection (LLoD, ULoD) of the proposed colorimetric sensors. Results indicate that the most sensitive detection is achieved with a lower dextran content (0.01%), which exhibits an LLoD of 50µM. The dAuNPs-Sol sensor is selective and demonstrates real-world applicability, as confirmed by interference analysis and successful testing with various water samples. Additionally, it is found that a 20 × concentration of dextran-coated gold nanoparticles could be attained without any changes in the particle morphology. This concentration is achieved through a straightforward process that does not require the use of a centrifuge machine. This finding highlights the practicality and simplicity of the method, indicating its potential for scalable and cost-effective production of concentrated dAuNPs without compromising their structural integrity.

Isotonic hydroxyethyl starch is ineffective in restoring blood pressure during experimental septic shock: Implications for fluid resuscitation strategies

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of isotonic or hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions on blood pressure and to assess the influence of the neurohypophyseal system on this response during experimental septic shock. Male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to undergo either cecal and ligation puncture (CLP) or a simulated surgical procedure (sham). Materials and Methods: Of 6 h post-surgery, either isotonic saline (0.9% sodium chloride, 4 mL/kg), isotonic (HES; at doses of 4, 8 or 16 mL/kg), or hypertonic saline-HES (HS-HES; 4 mL/kg) was administered through the endovenous route, followed by the recording of blood pressure and heart rate. In addition, the levels of sodium, vasopressin, and oxytocin were evaluated after the fluid infusion. Results: The administration of HES did not have a significant effect on blood pressure in our study. However, the HS-HES solution increased plasma osmolality, sodium, vasopressin, and oxytocin levels. Furthermore, the HS-HES induced a transient elevation in blood pressure immediately after infusion, which could be completely blunted by the pre-administration of a V1-vasopressin antagonist. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the infusion of an isotonic blood volume expander during experimental septic shock is ineffective in restoring blood pressure due to blood vessel compliance. In contrast, the infusion of a hypertonic solution stimulates vasopressin secretion and can transiently restore blood pressure.

A Review on Polymers for In situ Drug Delivery System

In situ gels have become one of the most popular and widely used techniques. These systems offer a number of benefits, including simple manufacturing, ease of use, improved adherence, and patient comfort by reducing drug administration frequency thanks to the unique characteristics of the sol to gel transition. The 'sol-gel' process involves hydrolysis, polymerization, or condensation of the precursor to form a colloidal suspension or solution. These in situ gelling methods gel at the accomplishment site since they can be administered in solution form. This review focused mostly on the introduction, advantages, disadvantages and types of polymers used to prepare in situ gels.

A comparative study of postoperative acidemia after intraoperative administration of balanced crystalloid (Plasma-lyte A@) versus 0.9% sodium chloride in gastrointestinal surgery

Background: The administration of intravenous fluids is one of the most common and universal interventions in medicine. Fluid therapy is the most challenging and debated aspect of perioperative care. Plasma-lyte A® Injection (multiple electrolytes injection, type 1, USP) is indicated as a source of water and electrolytes or as an alkalinizing agent. 0.9% sodium chloride is an isotonic crystalloid solution having a sodium concentration higher is useful in replacing fluid and electrolyte loss. Aims and Objectives: The study was designed to compare the effects of intraoperative administration of balanced crystalloid solution (Plasma-Lyte A®) and 0.9% NaCl on acid-base balance in the post-operative period in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Materials and Methods: Eighty consenting patients of ASA-l and ASA-II who underwent Gastrointestinal surgery were at first randomly allocated to 2 groups. One group received Plasma-Lyte A® as the sole crystalloid and the other group received 0.9% sodium chloride. Results: Serum Na+ conc. of the groups were comparable and no difference was shown at the time of induction, but postoperatively at 12 h, there was a significant increase in group 2. There was no significant difference in serum K+ concentration in both the groups except at 6 h postoperatively when there was an increase in K+ concentration in group 1. Serum Cl− concentration was having no significant difference at the time of induction and 1 h intraoperative, but postoperatively at 1, 6, and 12 h the Cl− concentration significantly increased in group 2. HCO3− concentration of the two groups had no difference between them throughout the study period. The pH of patients in both the groups showed no statistically significant difference during the entire procedure (P&gt;0.05). A significant decrease in pH observed in 0.9% sodium chloride group in comparison to Plasma-Lyte® group when the duration of surgery increased to more than 120 min. Conclusion: Both plasma-lyte A and 0.9% sodium chloride can be used safely as intravenous infusion fluid without altering pH status and blood electrolyte concentration in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery.

Raman, UV-Vis, MS, and IR characterization of molecular-colloidal solution of hydrated fullerenes C60 obtained using vacuum-sublimation cryogenic deposition method. Is the C60 molecule truly highly hydrophobic?

Vacuum-sublimation cryogenic deposition (VS-CD) method is successfully applied to produce fullerene water colloidal solution (FWCS): the melting of the solid phase of the mixture obtained by joint condensation of C60 fullerene and water vapors onto a surface cooled with liquid nitrogen results in formation of a stable colloidal solution. The results of the FWCS characterization by means of Raman, IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy and their comparison with known literature data on hydrated fullerenes give the authors an opportunity to make conclusion that the FWCS contains C60@{H2O}n complexes of hydrated C60 fullerene. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the VS-CD-produced material contains predominantly small C60 clusters of about 2–5 nm size, while mass spectrometry with laser desorption/ionization has demonstrated the presence of pure fullerene C60 and the absence of any products of its transformation. The performed analysis reveals a close similarity of the stable C60@{H2O}n complexes generated by VS-CD with the previously known highly hydrophilic hydrated fullerene obtained by ultrasonication method.

Himalayan lichen biomass for green synthesis of silver nanocolloids: growth kinetics, effect of pH and metal sensing.

Lichen is one of the most abundant non-vascular biomasses; however, a systematic study on the application of biomass in nanomaterial synthesis is very limited. In this study, an aqueous lichen extract was obtained from Hypotrachyna cirrhata, one of the most abundant Himalayan lichen biomasses, using a simple cold percolation method. The effects of extract-to-silver nitrate mixing ratio, pH and waiting time on the growth and stability of nanoparticles were systematically explored. The rate constant for bio-reduction was found to be 5.3 × 10-3 min-1. Transmission electron microscopy showed a narrow particle size distribution with a mean particle size of 11.1 ± 3.6 nm (n = 200). The X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction techniques confirmed the formation of cubic crystals. The synthesized colloidal solution showed excellent response to Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions in spiked water samples. The limit of detection and calibration sensitivity for Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions were found to be 1 and 5 mg l-1 and 2.9 × 10-3 and 1.6 × 10-3 units ppm-1, respectively. These findings suggested that spherical silver nanoparticles with a narrow particle size distribution can be synthesized on a laboratory scale using an aqueous H. cirrhata lichen extract, and the colloidal solution can be used for the detection of selected heavy metals in water samples.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet Dye Using Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Increased industrial population causes water pollution. The release of toxic waste products from various industries become a major environmental issue. There are several methods for water decontamination and the advanced oxidation process (AOP) is one of them. The AOP’s rate can be increased using a variety of nanoparticles as a catalyst to degrade contaminants dyes like Crystal violet (CV). Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are one of the most suitable materials to deal with this environmental issue because of their easy reusability along with high reactive surface area and easy to synthesize. Considering this, using the co-precipitation method iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were synthesised in the present work. The as-prepared nanoparticles are then systematically characterized by various analytical tools. The XRD and FTIR suggest the crystalline structure and surface functional groups of the IONPs. The zeta potential study depicts the surface charge of nanoparticles within the colloidal solution. Additionally, the catalytic activity of IONPs was studied by the photo-Fenton process. The utilization of various catalytic parameters like pH (3–7), catalyst dosage (100–400 mg), dye concentration (0.025–0.1 mM) and H2O2 concentration (2–8 mM) has enhanced the effectiveness of the photo-Fenton process for the efficient removal of organic pollutant. Degradation efficiency was observed to be 94% after 90 minutes in the treatment of 5 mg nanoparticles with 0.05 mM dye solution. This magnetically recyclable catalyst will facilitate the advancement of water treatment in an environmentally sustainable and cost-effective manner, with notable potential.

The highlights of kidney transplantation in2023

In 2023, significant advances were made in various areas of kidney transplantation. Firstly, the use of a balanced crystalloid solution in the recipient appears to prevent the delay in graft function, unlike hypothermia in the donor and normothermic pulsatile perfusion. Understanding the pathophysiology of humoral rejection has progressed, highlighting the major role of HLA class II molecules and innate immune cells (NK and monocytes expressing FCGR3A). An automatic Banff classification algorithm has been developed to better categorize biopsies in currently known diagnoses. CXCL10, combined with other variables, seems effective in ruling out rejection, but its role in routine care is yet to be defined. Regarding cytomegalovirus (CMV), letermovir has been proven effective in preventing CMV disease in D+R- patients, with fewer hematological side effects. For R+ patients, monitoring CMV-specific T-cell immunity is suggested to reduce the duration of antiviral prophylaxis. The only innovation in immunosuppression is imlifidase for highly sensitized patients, guided by French recommendations. A new equation for glomerular filtration rate measurement has been developed for kidney transplant recipients, performing well across various analyzed stratifications. Finally, xenotransplantation is making a comeback this year, generating hope. However, the description of early humoral rejections involving innate immune cells indicates that adjustments are still needed before considering its widespread deployment.

Polyelectrolyte Platforms with Copper Nanoparticles as a Multifunctional System Aimed at Healing Process Support

(1) Purpose: The aim of the study was to develop a nanocomposite with copper nanoparticles constituting a bacteriostatic surface to maintain human lung cell function. (2) Methods: A polyelectrolyte layer coating that incorporated copper nanoparticles was designed. As a bacteriostatic factor, copper nanoparticles were applied as a colloidal solution of copper nanoparticles (ColloidCuNPs) and a solution of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). The influence of the polyelectrolytes on selected Gram (+) and Gram (−) strains was examined. The function and morphology of the human adenocarcinoma A549 cell line, comprising human epithelial lung cells cultured in the presence of nanocomposite layer coatings, were evaluated. We applied fluorescence and scanning electron microscopies, as well as flow cytometry, for these studies. Furthermore, the layer coating material was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). (3) Results: It was observed that the polyelectrolytes polyethyleneimine (PEI) and poly-L-lysine (PLL) did not induce proliferation of the E. coli strain. However, they did induce the proliferation of the S. aureus strain. Due to the effectiveness of the CuNPs against the E. coli strain, CuNPs were selected for further research. The designed coatings of proper NPs shared the sustained function of human lung cells within 10 days of culture. The AFM and EDX characterization confirmed the presence of copper in the layer coating nanomaterial. The presence of CuNPs in polyethyleneimine-based nanocomposite deepened the bacteriostatic effect on E. coli compared with PEI alone. Meanwhile, incorporating CuNPs in PLL allowed A549 cell maintenance but did not exert a bacteriostatic influence on the examined strain. (4) Conclusions: The platform based on polyelectrolytes, incorporated with copper nanoparticles, that ensures the growth and appropriate morphology of the human lung epithelial cells, might be considered an element of a system for medical devices used to maintain the function of human lung cells.

BRAIN RESUSCITATION IN SEVERE HEAD INJURY AT SANGLAH CENTRAL GENERAL HOSPITAL DENPASAR 2020

ABSTRACT&#x0D; &#x0D; Head injury is a serious problem worldwide and causes morbidity and mortality at a young age. The increase in the number of severe head injuries continues to occur along with the number of accidents. This study aimed to examine the characteristics of brain resuscitation in patients with a severe head injury. Descriptive research with cross-sectional research method and the data obtained as many as 35. Data processing using SPSS and displayed in a distribution table according to the variables. This study found that patients with severe head injuries were most often at the age of &gt;45 years, namely 18 people (51.4%), and male sex was more common than women as many as 24 people (68.6%). The most common GCS was found with GCS 3-5 as many as 21 people (60%). The brain resuscitation regimen in patients with a severe head injury was given crystalloid solution (0.9% NaCl, Ringer's lactate) in 35 people (100%), mannitol 20% in 22 people (62.9%), and phenytoin in 33 people (94.3%). The GOS value of all patients with severe head injury with a GOS value of 1 or died (100%). Most deaths from severe head injury patients were in the first &lt;48 hours as many as 27 people (77.1%)&#x0D; Keywords : brain resuscitation, traumatic brain injury, severe head injury.

TRANSFUSION AND INFUSION THERAPY FOR MASSIVE BLOOD LOSS. PART 3. PHYSIOLOGICAL PREREQUISITES AND LIMITATIONS WHEN USING PLASMA AND PLATELETS FOR HAEMOSTATIC RESUSCITATION

Haemotransfusion for massive bleeding (MB) should be used according to the principles of hemostatic resuscitation and simultaneously restore both oxygen transport (which we wrote about in detail in our previous publication) and compensate for the deficiency of coagulation factors and platelets. Coagulation factors (especially fibrinogen) and platelets are passively lost with the bleeding and are consumed during clot formation. Although the principles of haemostatic resuscitation are known and actively promoted already after a decade, the logistical problems with the availability of single-group fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and, even more so, platelets and cryoprecipitate at the stage of the beginning of resuscitation, are still not resolved. Poor logistics of blood product supply and organizational issues interfere with implementing the principles of haemostatic resuscitation into the routine clinical practice of treating MB in Ukraine. A deficiency of blood components at the initial stage of resuscitation pushes some doctors to transfuse crystalloid and even colloid solutions, which in MB can increase coagulopathy due to blood dilution. In this article, we present the pathophysiological rationale for early recovery of coagulation factors by performing balanced haemostatic transfusion therapy using FFP and cryoprecipitate. With MB, there is often a need for rapid correction of coagulopathy, and when the patient's blood group has not yet been determined, or when single-group FFP is still not ready for transfusion, then the urgent need for FFP transfusion from a universal AB donor (IV group). Creation of reserves of FFP from a universal donor AB (IV) is advisable in the admission of medical institutions, especially those where, in the case of MK or the numerous and mass occurrence of patients, the occurrence of a deficiency of FSP of another blood group is likely. In the absence of sufficient components and blood products containing coagulation factors and platelets, the possibility of transfusion of warm whole blood or cold whole blood should be considered.

Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using endophytic fungal strain to improve the growth, metabolic activities, yield traits, and phenolic compounds content of Nigella sativa L.

Abstract Endophytic fungus Penicillium crustosum EP-1 was used to create spherical shape magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs). The MgO-NPs possess a crystalline structure with sizes of 8–35 nm. The weight percentages of Mg and O were 42.44% and 30.13%, respectively, as shown in energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. In addition, analysis involving dynamic light scattering indicated the uniformity of MgO-NPs within the colloidal solution. These NPs displayed a polydispersity index of 0.341 and held a surface charge of −29.7 mV. A field experimental was carried out to assess the outcome of foliar spraying of MgO-NPs at 5, 10, and 20 ppm on the growth, yield, and metabolic activities of Nigella sativa L. Our results indicated that MgO-NPs significantly enhanced various growth parameters, including chlorophyll content (both a and b), total carotenoids, carbohydrate and protein levels in both shoots and seeds, as well as free proline concentration, compared to the control plants at both 55 and 75 days after planting. In addition, all yield traits were markedly increased. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography is employed for the identification of phenolic compounds within the seeds. Data indicated that sex phenolic acids, two phenols, and five flavonoids were present with high concentrations due to MgO-NPs treatment as opposed to untreated plants.

Effectiveness of Diethanolamine (DEA) Addition on Band Gap Value of SnO2 by Using Sol-Gel Methods

The need for electrical energy is increasing with the increase in the economy and population in Indonesia. Fossil energy sources are used as fuel to produce electrical energy and will run out if used continuously. Fossil energy sources can be replaced by using New Renewable Energy (NRE) to meet national electrical energy needs. The purpose of adding additives in this study is to observe the effectiveness of the addition of DEA on the band gap value, crystal phase, and surface morphology on SnO2. In this study using the sol-gel method for the synthesis of SnO2. The sol-gel method is the conversion of monomers into colloidal solutions (sol) which serve as precursors for integrated networks (gels) either discrete particles or network polymers. SnO2 nanomaterials will be characterized by UV-DRS Spectrophotometer. The results of characterization of SnO2 nanomaterials with the addition of Diethanolamine additives as much as 1.5 mL have obtained a band gap value of 3.60 eV.

The mechanism of forming a roughness surface through a liquid-phase induction process between fiber and colloid

Self-organization between fiber and colloid in a liquid phase induction process is an effective method to modify the electrospinning fiber membrane (EFM). However, how to obtain the desired morphology of smooth surface or rough surface by liquid phase induction process is a challenge. In this study, the self-organization morphology between EFM and colloid solution by liquid phase induction process was investigated. The capillary action of the EFM caused the solvent/non-solvent solution to form microfluidics on the EFM during the liquid phase induction process and caused the colloid to be uniformly dispersed. The capillary action of the EFM created a confined space that only limited the flow of the solution and colloid, but not the volatilization of the solution during the liquid phase induction process. The EFM had a reversible respiration process, the surface free energy and pore volume of EFM were related to the reversible respiration, and the respiration process of EFM was related to the self-organization process during the liquid phase induction. The energy consumption mechanism of self-organization morphology between colloid with EFM in the confined space during the liquid phase induction process was related to the effects of colloid particle size, the reversible respiration process of EFM, and the surface free energy of EFM. Among the mechanism of factors to form a roughness surface, the reversible respiration process plays a more important role than the surface free energy of EFM, pore volume of the EFM and Re of the liquid. Furthermore, the rough surface morphology preferred to form on the EFM which had high surface free energy than low surface free energy.

Efficient CsPbBr3 Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes via Novel Multi-Step Ligand Exchange Strategy Based on Zwitterionic Molecules.

Perovskite nanocrystals have absorbed increasing interest, especially in the field of optoelectronics, owing to their unique characteristics, including their tunable luminescence range, robust solution processability, facile synthesis, and so on. However, in practice, due to the inherent instability of the traditional long-chain insulating ligands surrounding perovskite quantum dots (PeQDs), the performance of the as-fabricated QLED is relatively disappointing. Herein, the zwitterion 3-(decyldimethylammonio)propanesulfonate (DLPS) with the capability of double passivating perovskite quantum dots could effectively replace the original long-chain ligand simply through a multistep post-treatment strategy to finally inhibit the formation of defects. It was indicated from theexperimental results that the DLPS, as one type of ligand with the bimolecular ion, was very adavntageous in replacing long-chain ligands and further suppressing the formation of defects. Finally, the perovskite quantum dots with greatly enhanced PLQY as high as 98% were effectively achieved. Additionally, the colloidal stability of the corresponding PeQDs has been significantly enhanced, and a transparent colloidal solution was obtained after 45 days under ambient conditions. Finally, the as-fabricated QLEDs based on the ligand-exchanged PeQDs exhibited a maximum brightness of 9464 cd/m2 and an EQE of 12.17%.