Leguminosae Plants Research Articles

Assembly and comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Trigonella foenum-graecum L.

BackgroundTrigonella foenum-graecum L. is a Leguminosae plant, and the stems, leaves, and seeds of this plant are rich in chemical components that are of high research value. The chloroplast (cp) genome of T. foenum-graecum has been reported, but the mitochondrial (mt) genome remains unexplored.ResultsIn this study, we used second- and third-generation sequencing methods, which have the dual advantage of combining high accuracy and longer read length. The results showed that the mt genome of T. foenum-graecum was 345,604 bp in length and 45.28% in GC content. There were 59 genes, including: 33 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 21 tRNA genes, 4 rRNA genes and 1 pseudo gene. Among them, 11 genes contained introns. The mt genome codons of T. foenum-graecum had a significant A/T preference. A total of 202 dispersed repetitive sequences, 96 simple repetitive sequences (SSRs) and 19 tandem repetitive sequences were detected. Nucleotide diversity (Pi) analysis counted the variation in each gene, with atp6 being the most notable. Both synteny and phylogenetic analyses showed close genetic relationship among Trifolium pratense, Trifolium meduseum, Trifolium grandiflorum, Trifolium aureum, Medicago truncatula and T. foenum-graecum. Notably, in the phylogenetic tree, Medicago truncatula demonstrated the highest level of genetic relatedness to T. foenum-graecum, with a strong support value of 100%. The interspecies non-synonymous substitutions (Ka)/synonymous substitutions (Ks) results showed that 23 PCGs had Ka/Ks < 1, indicating that these genes would continue to evolve under purifying selection pressure. In addition, setting the similarity at 70%, 23 homologous sequences were found in the mt genome of T. foenum-graecum.ConclusionsThis study explores the mt genome sequence information of T. foenum-graecum and complements our knowledge of the phylogenetic diversity of Leguminosae plants.

Insights into the missing apiosylation step in flavonoid apiosides biosynthesis of Leguminosae plants

Apiose is a natural pentose containing an unusual branched-chain structure. Apiosides are bioactive natural products widely present in the plant kingdom. However, little is known on the key apiosylation reaction in the biosynthetic pathways of apiosides. In this work, we discover an apiosyltransferase GuApiGT from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. GuApiGT could efficiently catalyze 2″-O-apiosylation of flavonoid glycosides, and exhibits strict selectivity towards UDP-apiose. We further solve the crystal structure of GuApiGT, determine a key sugar-binding motif (RLGSDH) through structural analysis and theoretical calculations, and obtain mutants with altered sugar selectivity through protein engineering. Moreover, we discover 121 candidate apiosyltransferase genes from Leguminosae plants, and identify the functions of 4 enzymes. Finally, we introduce GuApiGT and its upstream genes into Nicotiana benthamiana, and complete de novo biosynthesis of a series of flavonoid apiosides. This work reports an efficient phenolic apiosyltransferase, and reveals mechanisms for its sugar donor selectivity.

Utilization of The Saga Plant Abrus Precatorius L. in Indonesian Folk Medicine

Saga or known by the Latin name Abrus precatorius L. belongs to the Fabaceae family and is a leguminosae plant that grows in tropical and subtropical regions and has also been widely used for traditional medicinal practices. Saga is believed to be a plant that has natural properties and is important as a source of ingredients for making medicines to treat various diseases. Many pharmacological studies have been carried out which state that saga has various biological activities that can be act as anti-diabetic, anti-fertility, anti-germ, anti-cancer, and so on. Parts of the saga plant in the form of leaves, roots and seeds can be used for natural medicine which has been carried out by many traditional people for generations. Part of the leaf blade contains triterpene compounds, alkaloids, glycosides, and glycyrrhizin. It is known that the saga plant also has an abrin compound which has a very dangerous toxic effect when consumed by humans. The review of this article aims to gather useful information regarding the saga plant so that it can be better utilized and empowered for the benefit of human beings.

The role of Leguminosae plants for soil fertility in oil palm plantations

The greatest and most lucrative plantation product in Indonesia is palm oil. The availability of nutrients in the soil affects how oil palm plants grow and develop. To overcome the low availability of nutrients in the soil to meet the needs of plants, fertilization operations are required. The concept of a green economy necessitates that the palm oil industry limits its usage of chemical fertilizers as well as chemical pest and disease management. Oil palm plants require a variety of fertilizers that are rich in macronutrients (N, P, and K), secondary nutrients (Ca and Mg), and micronutrients (B, Zn, and Cu). The potential use of biodiversity as a soil fertility agent, such as Leguminosae plants, must be researched. The purpose of this study is to define the function of Leguminosae plants in oil palm farms’ soil fertility. Several scientific papers that were pertinent to the research issue were studied for literature as part of the data collection process. Oil palm plantations in Indonesia have implemented the planting of legume cover crops (LCC). Planting LCC suppresses weed growth, protects the soil from direct sunlight and raindrops, reduces surface runoff, maintains soil moisture, and increases soil fertility. Neustanthus phaseoloides var. javanicus, Calopogonium caeruleum, C. mucunoides, Mucuna bracteata, M. pruriens var. utilis, and Centrosema pubescens are a few Leguminosae plants that can be used as cover crops. In addition to these species, planting Parkia timoriana, P. speciosa, and Archidendron pauciflorum trees can help improve soil fertility. Oil palm plantations with legumes have a higher clay texture, an average pH of 6.0, and high levels of N-total, P, K, and C-organic, whereas non-legume oil palm plantations have a sandy texture and high dust, an average pH of 5.3, and very low levels of N-total, P, K, and C-organic. Legumes, in addition to being a cover crop, can also be used as animal feed and to increase nutrient levels in plants. Planting LCC in oil palm plantations can affect the nutrient content of forages that grow under oil palm trees because the root nodules of LCC contain rhizobium bacteria that function to fix nitrogen from the air and are converted by the nitrogenase enzyme into ammonium and nitrate as a source of N for the LCC. The concept of integrated plantations can be applied to oil palm plantations by using LCC, which has hampered the growth of oil palm plants as animal feed, and P. timoriana, P. speciosa, and A. pauciflorum trees as economically valuable food plants.

Leguminosae plants play a key role in affecting soil physical-chemical and biological properties during grassland succession after farmland abandonment in the Loess Plateau, China

Leguminosae plants play a key role in affecting soil physical-chemical and biological properties during grassland succession after farmland abandonment in the Loess Plateau, China

An Amperometric Biosensor Based on a Bilayer of Electrodeposited Graphene Oxide and Co-Crosslinked Tyrosinase for L-Dopa Detection in Untreated Human Plasma.

L-Dopa, a bioactive compound naturally occurring in some Leguminosae plants, is the most effective symptomatic drug treatment for Parkinson's disease. During disease progression, fluctuations in L-DOPA plasma levels occur, causing motor complications. Sensing devices capable of rapidly monitoring drug levels would allow adjusting L-Dopa dosing, improving therapeutic outcomes. A novel amperometric biosensor for L-Dopa detection is described, based on tyrosinase co-crosslinked onto a graphene oxide layer produced through electrodeposition. Careful optimization of the enzyme immobilization procedure permitted to improve the long-term stability while substantially shortening and simplifying the biosensor fabrication. The effectiveness of the immobilization protocol combined with the enhanced performances of electrodeposited graphene oxide allowed to achieve high sensitivity, wide linear range, and a detection limit of 0.84 μM, suitable for L-Dopa detection within its therapeutic window. Interference from endogenous compounds, tested at concentrations levels typically found in drug-treated patients, was not significant. Ascorbic acid exhibited a tyrosinase inhibitory behavior and was therefore rejected from the enzymatic layer by casting an outer Nafion membrane. The proposed device was applied for L-Dopa detection in human plasma, showing good recoveries.

Integrative analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome reveals the molecular regulatory mechanism of isoflavonoid biosynthesis in Ormosia henryi Prain

Flavonoids are important components of many phytopharmaceuticals, however, most studies on flavonoids and isoflavonoids have been conducted on herbaceous plants of the family Leguminosae, such as soybean, and less attention has been paid to woody plants. To fill this gap, we characterized the metabolome and transcriptome of five plant organs of Ormosia henryi Prain (OHP), a woody Leguminosae plant with great pharmaceutical value. Our results indicate that OHP possesses a relatively high content of isoflavonoids as well as significant diversity, with greater diversity of isoflavonoids in the roots. Combined with transcriptome data, the pattern of isoflavonoid accumulation was found to be highly correlated with differential expression genes. Furthermore, the use of trait-WGCNA network analysis identified OhpCHSs as a probable hub enzyme that directs the downstream isoflavonoid synthesis pathway. Transcription factors, such as MYB26, MYB108, WRKY53, RAV1 and ZFP3, were found to be involved in the regulation of isoflavonoid biosynthesis in OHP. Our findings will be beneficial for the biosynthesis and utilization of woody isoflavonoids.

Response of Temperate Leymus chinensis Meadow Steppe Plant Community Composition, Biomass Allocation, and Species Diversity to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Addition

Studies on the impacts of fertilization on plant production and species diversity are crucial for better maintaining the stability of grassland ecosystems and restoring degraded grasslands. Using a controlled fertilization experimental platform in a temperate Leymus chinensis meadow steppe ecosystem, the effects of different levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition on plant community structure, biomass allocation, diversity, and the correlation relationship were explored. The major results were as follows: (1) The structural composition of the plant community changed after different levels of N and P addition; the dominance ratio and biomass of Poaceae plants increased gradually with increasing N and P addition levels. (2) The addition of N and P increased the height, density and coverage of the plant community, the biomass of the dominant L. chinensis and plant community and the total productivity of grassland, and reduced the root–shoot ratio of grassland biomass. For example, plant community biomass, gramineous plant biomass and grassland total productivity increased by 84.46–204.08%, 162.64–424.20%, and 38.12–46.44%, respectively, after N and P addition. (3) The community richness, diversity, and evenness indices decreased overall and showed binomial regression after N and P addition; the functional group of Poaceae plants was highly significantly negatively correlated with species diversity indices and was highly significantly positively correlated with the aboveground biomass of L. chinensis and community; Leguminosae plants and Ranunculaceae plants were highly significantly positively correlated with Margalef and Patrick richness indices; Ranunculaceae plants were highly significantly and negatively correlated with L. chinensis biomass, community biomass, and Poaceae plants. Moderate fertilization not only improved the plant community structure and productivity but was also beneficial for maintaining the grassland species diversity and stability.

Identification of Enolase 1 as a Potential Target for Magnaporthe oryzae: Integrated Proteomic and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Rice blast is an essential factor affecting rice yield and quality, which is caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae). Isobavachalcone (IBC) is a botanical fungicide derived from the seed extract of the Leguminosae plant Psoralea corylifolia L. and has shown an excellent rice blast control effect in field applications. To explore the potential targets of rice blast control, the analysis of the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between the liquid culture medium of mycelium treated by 10 mg/L of IBC for 2 h and the control group indicated that Enolase 1 (ENO1) was the most significantly down-regulated DEP with a fold change value of 0.305. In vitro experiments showed that after treating liquid culture mycelium with 10 mg/L of IBC for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h, the enzymatic activity of ENO1 in the IBC experimental groups was 0.97, 0.75, 0.52, 0.44, and 0.39 times as much as in the control groups, respectively. To further explore the molecular interaction and binding mode between IBC and ENO1, the three-dimensional structure of ENO1 was established based on homology modeling. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation showed that IBC had a pi-pi stacking effect with the residue TYR_365, a hydrogen bond interaction with the residue ARG_393, and hydrophobic interactions with non-polar residues ALA_361, LYS_362, and VAL_371 of ENO1. These findings indicated that ENO1 is a potential target of M. oryzae, which would pave the way for screening novel effective fungicides targeting ENO1.

Prenylated flavonoids from Derris eualata, a first record of Curcumin from Derris

Derris eualata Bedd. Syn: Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polhill var. eualata (Bedd.) is a perennial climber that is endemic to India as well as South China and New Guinea. We made a first assessment of the aerial parts of this plant in our search for new secondary metabolites from Derris eualata, where in five flavonoids (1–6) namely, the prenylated flavanone, Methoxylupinifolin 1, two prenylated flavones, Laxifolin 2, Isolaxifolin 3, two pyranochalcones, Laxichalcone 4, Derrichalcone 5 along with a first record of Curcumin 6 are reported from this Leguminosae plant. The structures were assigned through careful inspection of 1H and 13C NMR, DEPT HMBC, HMQC, COSY and MS experiments as well as comparison with those reported in published literature. The flavonoids are a distinguished class of compounds that show a great deal of potential to be used as chemosystematics biomarkers, with the exception of Curcumin 6, all the compounds isolated from D. eualata are typical of Leguminosae members, with close metabolic affinities with Deguelia, Lonchocarpus, and Derris laxiflora, thus, making it relevant for the further examinations to be taken up on Derris species for their chemotaxonomic relationships. All the flavonoids are reported for the first time from D. eualata.

Endophytic fungi and their bioactive secondary metabolites in medicinal leguminosae plants: nearly untapped medical resources

There are many species of Chinese traditional leguminosae family plants that are well known for their medicinal applications, such as Astragalus membranaceus, Catsia tora, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Sophora flavescens and Albacia acacia. Their unique bioactive composition and internal phenological environment contribute to the formation of specific and unique endophytic fungal communities, which are important resources for new compounds used in a variety of pharmacological activities. Nonetheless, they have not been systematically studied. In the last decade, nearly 64 genera and thousands of species of endophytic fungi have been discovered from leguminosae plants, as well as 138 secondary metabolites (with 34 new compounds) including flavonoid, alkaloids, phenol, anthraquinone, macrolide, terpenoid, phytohormone and many more. These were shown to have diverse applications and benefits, such as antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidative, immunoregulatory and neuroprotective properties. Here, we provide a summarized overview with the aim of raising awareness of endophytic fungi from medicinal leguminosae plants and providing a comprehensive review of the discoveries of new natural products that may be of medicinal and pharmaceutical importance.

Species Diversity and Endemicity in the Angolan Leguminosae Flora

Angola has a great diversity of species and ecosystems and a high level of endemism. However, knowledge of the native flora remains very incomplete and outdated. Leguminosae is the largest family in the country, including many species which are of local or more regional economic importance. Based on an extensive review of bibliographic sources, natural history collections, and online databases, the checklist of Angolan Leguminosae plants was updated, including data on their native distribution, conservation status, and principal uses. The endemic taxa were the subject of additional investigation, including the main habitat, the number of collections preserved in herbaria, and the locality of the first collection. We identified 953 Leguminosae taxa occurring in Angola, of which 165 are endemic to the country. Among the 180 genera found, Crotalaria (136) and Indigofera (96) have the highest number of taxa. Almost half of the studied species have important applications, mainly in traditional medicine (385), forage (267), timber (188), and food (120). Nevertheless, only 27.7% have been assessed according to the IUCN Red List and 10 species are classified as threatened. Thirty-three endemics are known only from the type specimen, revealing the lack of knowledge on these species and the need for further field research. More than 30 type specimens were collected in the Serra da Chela, which highlights the importance of this region for biodiversity conservation.

Revision of Rhopalovalva Kuznetzov, 1964 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) from China

The genus Rhopalovalva Kuznetzov, 1964 belongs to Eucosmini within the famlily Tortricidae with larvae feeding on the plants of Fagaceae, Leguminosae, Convolvulaceae and Aceraceae. In this paper, Rhopalovalva is revised from China, with two species (Rhopalovalvaspinata sp. nov. and Rhopalovalva stilliformis sp. nov.) described as new to science. Photographs of the adults and male genitalia of these two new species are given. A key to Chinese species of Rhopalovalva Kuznetzov is provided based on the characters of the male genitalia.

放牧管理模式对高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)鼠丘形态特征的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 放牧管理模式对高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)鼠丘形态特征的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202012253273 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（31760706）；甘肃省陇原青年创新创业人才项目（LYRC2018-02）和甘肃省科技计划项目（20JR10RA564） Effects of grazing management regimes on mound morphological characteristics of plateau zokors (Eospalax baileyi) Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为明晰放牧对高原鼢鼠（Eospalax baileyi）造丘活动的影响，于2019年5月、8月和10月分别对禁牧（No grazing，NG）、生长季休牧（Rest grazing in growing season，RG）、传统放牧（Traditional grazing，TG）和连续放牧（Continuous grazing，CG）4种放牧管理模式样地下高原鼢鼠的新鼠丘（2个月内形成）半径、高度、表面积和体积等进行测定，并分析其表面积、体积与土壤和植被生物量间的关系。结果发现：放牧管理模式显著影响了高原鼢鼠鼠丘形态特征，且具有季节性差异。NG下鼠丘的半径、表面积和体积最大，而CG下鼠丘的体积和表面积显著变小（P<0.05），在8月和10月，鼠丘半径在CG样地显著小于其他3种放牧模式样地（P<0.05）；8月TG下鼠丘高度最高，而5月和10月NG下鼠丘高度最高，鼠丘高度在CG样地显著小于NG样地（P<0.05）。冗余分析2个排序轴几乎全部解释了土壤因子及地下生物量与鼠丘特征之间的关系，但各放牧管理模式下影响因子不同，NG样地的土壤容重（P<0.05）、土壤紧实度（P<0.01）和莎草科植物的地上生物量（P<0.01），RG样地的地下生物量（P<0.01）、土壤紧实度（P<0.01）和豆科植物的地上生物量（P<0.01），TG样地的禾本科和豆科植物的地上生物量（P<0.01），CG样地的土壤水分、地下生生物量、土壤紧实度（P<0.05）和莎草科植物的地上生物量（P<0.01）均显著影响了鼠丘的形态特征。可见，放牧会影响高原鼢鼠的鼠丘形态特征，进而对草地的演替产生不同的影响。 Abstract:The rodent damage by plateau zokor in the process of alpine meadow grazing is a key problem in its utilization and management. Grazing is one of the most important ways to use grassland. Grazing management regimes, as a utilization system index to control grazing intensity, maintain livestock quantity and grassland ecosystem balance, which have different influences on grassland community structure, grassland productivity, soil structure, and nutrient properties. The plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi) is a kind of underground rodent endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the embodiment of their different functions is the key to judge the "benefit and harm". Their continuous earthmoving and mound building is also one of the important manifestations of their harm,and the size of the mound building and the change of the excavated soil properties are the key factors affecting the grassland. Therefore, it is of great significance for rodent control and grassland management and utilization by elucidating the changes of mound characteristics in alpine meadow under different grazing management systems. In order to clarify the effect of grazing management regimes on the mound-building activity of plateau zokors, the radius, height, surface area and volumes of new mounds (formed within 2 months) under four kinds of grazing management regimes, namely no grazing (NG), rest grazing in the growing season (RG), traditional grazing (TG), and continuous grazing (CG) plots, were measured in May, August, and October 2019, and the relationship between surface area and volume and soil and vegetation biomass was analyzed. The results showed that the grazing management regimes significantly affected the morphological characteristics of mounds with seasonal differences. The radius, surface area and volume of mounds under no grazing regime were the largest, while the volume and surface area of mounds under continuous grazing regime decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the radius of mounds under the continuous grazing regime was significantly less than that of other three grazing regimes in August and October (P<0.05); the height of mounds under traditional grazing regime was the largest in August, while they were the largest under no grazing regime in May and October, and they were significantly less under continuous grazing regime than that under no grazing regime (P<0.05). The two sequencing axes of redundancy analysis almost entirely explained the relationship of mounds with environmental factors and underground biomass. However, the influencing factors were different under different grazing management regimes. There were great effects on the characteristics of zokor mounds from soil bulk density (P<0.05), soil compactness (P<0.01) and aboveground biomass of cyperaceae plants (P<0.01) under no grazing regimes. There were great effects on the characteristics of zokor mounds from underground biomass (P<0.01), soil compactness (P<0.01) and aboveground biomass of leguminosae plants(P<0.01) under rest grazing in growing season regime. There were great effects on the characteristics of zokor mounds from aboveground biomass of gramineae and leguminosae plants (P<0.01) under traditional grazing regimes, and there were great effects on the characteristics of zokor mounds from soil moisture, underground biomass, soil compactness (P<0.05) and aboveground biomass of cyperaceae plants(P<0.01) under continuous grazing regimes. Grazing can affect the mound-building activity of plateau zokors, and then had different effects on the succession of grassland. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

ANALISIS KANDUNGAN N-TOTAL DAN pH TANAH YANG DITANAMI LEGUMINOSAE COVER CROPS (LCC) PADA UMUR TANAM SERTA DOSIS PENGAPURAN BERBEDA

Leguminosae plants are tribes of legumes that have the ability to fix nitrogen from the air. The fixation of nitrogen elements from the air involves the relationship between leguminosae plants and Rhizobium bacteria. The presence of Rhizobium bacteria is characterized by the formation of nodules on the roots of leguminosae plants. The formation of root nodules continues with the age of leguminosae plants, thus impacting the ability to bind Nitrogen from the air. Leguminosae plants grow well when in the appropriate environment. The appropriate environment is generally characterized by nutrient availability, climatic conditions (light intensity, temperature, water, length of day) and soil level (pH) being met. Suitable soil pH conditions can be achieved through lime administration. This research was conducted to find out if planting age as well as different puritative doses affect the amount of total soil nitrogen content and the soil level (pH) in the soil. This research covers two locations, namely Bantuas Village and Faculty of Agriculture from September 2019 – January 2020. Factorial experiments in the Complete Randomized Design with nine treatments and four replays were used in the study. The data obtained was analyzed using a variety fingerprint (ANOVA) and further tested using Duncan's Multiple Range Tests (DMRT) test at level 5. This study shows that planting life and dosage of purge have an effect on the amount of total soil nitrogen content and soil acidity (pH). Treatment with a planting age formulation of 60 days and a purization dose of 68 g is the best treatment of soil age (pH). Planting life of 30 days with a purization dose of 34 g is the best treatment of total soil nitrogen.

A Review on Nucleotide Binding Site – Leucine Rich Repeats Disease Resistance Genes in legumes

The crop plants of the family Leguminosae are second to cereal crops of commercial importance on the basis of area harvested and total production worldwide. It is well known globally that many crops do not give good yield due to certain diseases existing in their plants. Nowadays, there is much emphasis on developing disease resistant varieties of crops and especially of commercial crops. Plants need to protect themselves against attack from viruses, microbes, invertebrates and even other plants. NBS-LRR (Nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeats) genes belong to the largest plant disease resistance gene family and are responsible for plant resistance to pathogens. Studies of the NBS-LRR gene family in plants represent an intriguing challenge and can provide knowledge on the genomic and molecular mechanisms that form the basis of gene regulation and protein function. Their evolution at the gene and genomic level can be defined through ancient and numerous gene families. In the present study, beneficial concepts for generating basic and fundamental knowledge on the NBS-LRR plant disease resistance genes are discussed with emphasis on selected legume plants of commercial importance.

Effective methods for increasing coumestrol in soybean sprouts.

Coumestrol (CM), a biologically active compound found in Leguminosae plants, provides various human health benefits. To identify easy and effective methods to increase CM content in vegetables, we developed a quantitative analysis method using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using this method, we found that soybean sprouts (1.76 ± 0.13 μg/g) have high CM contents among nine vegetables and evaluated the difference in CM contents between two organs of the sprouts: cotyledons and hypocotyls. Next, soybean sprouts were cultivated under different light, temperature, and water conditions and their CM contents were evaluated. CM content was higher in hypocotyls (4.11 ± 0.04 μg/g) than in cotyledons. Cultivating soybean sprouts at 24°C enhanced CM content regardless of light conditions, the growth of fungi and bacteria, and sprout color. Thus, we identified methods of soybean sprout cultivation to increase CM content, which may provide health benefits and enhance value.

STUDY OF MYCOTOXIC EFFECT AND CONTROL OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER INFECTION IN LEGUMINOSAE (FABACEAE) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ARACHIS HYPOGAEA

The strain of fungus namely Aspergillus niger was isolated from infected groundnut crop field, collection from Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur. A number of fungicides were assayed for antifungal efficacy. The fungicides like Carbendazim, Mancozeb, kemoxyl and Antracol were used and they showed different antifungal activity against isolated infectious crop. The treatment of spray and drenching of different fungicide were observed and infected Leguminosae plant was recovered by the effect of fungicide. The best antifungal activity was observed in Antracol fungicide sample. The fungal resistance to Carbendazim has been reported in minor amount, which make it a very useful in preventing fungal infection in Leguminosae plants.

Mikoze pasulja i boranije

The Leguminosae plant family comprises a large number of agricultural species, including important crops of field, vegetable and staple plants. According to the biological characteristics and significance for human consumption, the most prominent crop is bean, traditionally grown in Serbia either as dry bean or as a vegetable - green beans. Production of dry and green beans in our country have the trend of reduction of sowed areas, with small average yields and enormous international trade deficits. Due to these reasons and high domestic demand, there is great potential for dry and green bean production in Serbia. In many parts of the world, plant pathogenic fungi and fungi-like organisms cause high, and in some cases total, annual yield losses. On the other hand, mycoses of bean in our country are greatly understudied, even on basic levels such as presence and distribution of fungal pathogens. In this paper, we summarize the current knowledge on the most important pathogenic fungi infecting beans worldwide, particularly related to losses, symptomatology, survival and dispersal means. Furthermore, appropriate and available disease control measures are discussed as an encouragement and support for domestic production in obtaining high and safe yields.

Identification of valid reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR in Caragana microphylla under salt and drought stresses.

Caragana microphylla is a leguminosae plant and grows mainly in semi-arid areas of northwest China and Mongolia. However, the lack of studies on C. microphylla reference genes limits the accurate understanding of the molecular biology mechanisms in this crop under abiotic stresses. In this study, we selected nine candidate genes from salt-treated C. microphylla transcriptome data and evaluated their stability by using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder in salt and drought conditions. In addition, the relative expressions of Delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase 2 (P5CS2) and Catalase 2 (CAT2) were examined to confirm the stability of the candidate reference genes. As a results, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase C2 (GAPC2) and 26S proteasome regulatory subunit (RPN5) were the most stable in both salt and drought treatments. The relative expression of P5CS2 and CAT2 also showed more stable levels in normalization by GAPC2 and RPN5 than the most unstable gene, Ubiquitin 4 (UBQ4). Therefore, it is believed that these candidate reference genes selected and validated in our study could be used to study the molecular biological study of response to salt and drought stress in C. microphylla.