Plant Vegetation Research Articles

PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANIK BERBENTUK KOMPOS DAN CAIR DARI SERASAH DAUN LAMUN DI RUMAH TANGGA NELAYAN DESA TAPULAGA KABUPATEN KONAWE SULAWESI TENGGARA

The seagrass meadow ecosystem along the coast of Tapulaga Village plays a crucial role in the nutrient cycle in the marine environment. The photosynthesis process transforms carbon dioxide into carbohydrates, which are stored in the tissues of seagrass, resulting in sucrose production. The availability and content of seagrass leaf litter trapped in fishermen's fish traps initiated a community service activity integrated with thematic real-work lectures (KKN). The focus of this activity is on fulfilling balanced nutrition, aiming to increase the interest of fishing families in consuming vegetables. The objective of the community service is to promote balanced nutrition by diversifying food consumption with various vegetables grown on their own land, using compost and organic fertilizer derived from seagrass leaf litter. The method used is the Takakura method, which involves composting organic waste using a composter with holes. Organic waste is placed in the composter and EM4 (decomposer bacteria) and molasses are added. Stirring is done daily to accelerate the waste decomposition process. Organic liquid fertilizer is produced by utilizing the liquid from the composter. The results show that vegetable plants grown in compost and treated with organic liquid fertilizer from seagrass leaf litter exhibit good growth and can be harvested on the 18th day. The use of seagrass leaf litter as a raw material for making compost and organic liquid fertilizer has a significant impact on vegetable plant growth. The community service activity had a positive effect on the fisherwomen, including their strong determination to apply this planting method at home and their increased interest in consuming vegetables as part of their daily meals.

SCREENING OF ANTIOXIDANT AND NUTRIENT COMPOUNDS FROM SEVERAL VARIETIES OF ZUCCHINI (Cucurbita Pepo L.) AT DIFFERENT HARVEST AGES IN THE MIDDLE PLAINS

In an effort to accelerate the fulfillment of weekly vegetable needs, short-lived vegetable plants are needed. One of the short-lived vegetable plants is zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L), with a harvest age of 28 - 60 days. Zucchini is included in the category of immature fruit vegetables, harvested before they are physiologically ripe in order to obtain the color and size desired by the market. This research aims to determine the types of antioxidant compounds in several varieties of zucchini harvested at different ages in the midlands. The research was carried out from September 2023 to January 2024, in Tawangargo Village, Karangploso District, Malang Regency at an altitude of 624 meters above sea level. Thus, 4 (four) samples were obtained, namely: harvested green zucchini aged 10 days (H1); harvested green zucchini fruit aged 20 days (H2); harvested yellow zucchini fruit aged 10 days (K1); yellow zucchini fruit harvested at 20 days (K2). The fruit obtained was then observed in the laboratory using LC-HRMS analysis. As a result of observing the number of compounds detected in each variety and different harvest ages, there were differences in the number of compounds found, from the groups of phenols, polyphenols, amino acids, fatty acids and glucose. The screening results of zucchini with green fruit detected more diverse types of compounds than yellow zucchini. Fruit harvested young shows more diverse screening results for anti-oxidant compounds and nutrients than fruit harvested old.

Distribution, Accumulation Characteristics, and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Vegetable Soils of Different Planting Years

To ascertain the influence of prolonged planting on the distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in protected vegetable soil, samples from typical vegetable planting areas in Shenyang were gathered to evaluate the distribution features of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in such soil. The Hakanson index, heavy metal risk assessment standard, and secondary phase to primary ratio methods were employed to evaluate the ecological hazard of soil in the research area, while the human health risk model was utilized to evaluate the health of inhabitants. The findings indicated that：① The amount of heavy metals Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Cd in the topsoil （0~20 cm） of protected vegetable land in the study region decreased successively, and the content of heavy metals in the topsoil increased with the extension of planting years, of which Cd, Zn, and Cu increased most obviously, with maximum increases of 219%, 189%, and 134%, respectively. ② Heavy metals Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb were mainly in the residual state, whereas Cd was mainly in the weak acidic state, with a maximum proportion of 53%. ③ The potential ecological risk index of Cd in the topsoil of the study area was 95.77, showing a medium ecological risk； however, the comprehensive potential ecological risk of the six heavy metals was not high. ④ The HI values of the six heavy metals in the study area were less than 1 and the risk of non-carcinogenesis was negligible； however, the carcinogenic risk of heavy metals in some sampling sites should not be ignored.

Geoinformation monitoring of the condition of rice fields in Giang Province (Vietnam) according to multispectral ERS data and field spectroradiometering

The spatial distribution of areas of territory used for agricultural work is of great importance for the development of measures for managing territories and planning the rational use of land and water resources. As a result of the high development of land and its use for agricultural production, timely assessment of both the condition of soils and the growing season of crops in the fields plays an important role. Since in the conditions of the study area it is possible to choose the timing of sowing, growing and harvesting, spatial data on the location of fields for growing rice can be used to estimate the volume of water consumed for its cultivation and develop a crop rotation model for different volumes of available water based on the level of water reserves of the main crop. source. Geoinformation classification of Earth remote sensing data and the use of spectral indices can be used to monitor the dynamics of rice crop formation under existing conditions. Refinement of the results of geoinformation processing of satellite images is carried out using field standardization methods, including photo standardization, showing the real value of reflected energy during large-scale photography, and spectroradiometry, which makes it possible to determine the characteristics of the reflected energy by these objects in various spectral ranges. The results obtained made it possible to obtain statistical data on the values of the area of plots based on 4844 measurements; the average values of the area of plots were established – 0.447, standard deviation – 0.309, maximum area – 5.84 hectares, minimum 0.02 hectares. The obtained statistical results make it possible to determine on average the estimated number of plots in the territory of An Giang province, which is 442 thousand fields. Thus, when deciphering images of rice fields on satellite images, local geoinformation cartographic layers of such fields are developed, taking into account the actual characteristics and stage of plant vegetation, as well as the stage of harvesting and the stage of tillage.

ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN AIR IRIGASI TETES BERTINGKAT EMPAT PADA USAHATANI TANAMAN CABAI DI PERMUKIMAN PERKOTAAN.

The use of a multilevel drip irrigation system for agriculture in urban residential areas needs to be done so that food availability can always be available, which must be supported by the use of appropriate planting media. This study aims to determine the amount of use by chili plants in polybag media irrigated by a four-level drip irrigation system with a mixture of soil and compost and livestock waste. Tests were carried out on the provision of drip irrigation, infiltration capacity and soil moisture produced at certain durations for each phase of plant growth (chili). The composition of the soil planting media to the compost is 60%: 40%, 70%: 30%, 80%: 20%. The test was carried out on a PVC drip irrigation network with emitters in a 2m x 4m x 2m room with 96 polybags, water sources from a 150 liter tank with a height of 2.5 m. Data analysis was carried out on irrigation discharge data, uniformity, irrigation depth and soil moisture against irrigation water use. The test results show that the amount of irrigation water used for chili plants in the early growth phase is around 40 liters, the use of water in the vegetative plant growth phase is around 60 liters to 120 liters, in the generative phase it is 130 liters to 300 liters and in the fruiting phase until the harvest phase, around 325 liters - 500 liters of water are used. The use of irrigation water is the cumulative amount from early irrigation to post-harvest. The highest water use needs to be given to plants on the first and fourth floors in the dry season and in the rainy season the lowest irrigation water use is for plants on the first and fourth floors.

Evaluation of Urban Plant Vegetation on the Effects of Flight Noise Around the Airport Area

In urban and industrial regions, noise pollution is becoming a bigger environmental issue, particularly around airports. Excessive noise can have a number of detrimental effects on people's physical and mental well-being. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that extended exposure to noise can raise blood pressure, cause sleep disruptions, cause hearing loss, and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. The fast expansion of air travel and heightened airport operations in Indonesia have made the noise issue worse. A lot of study has been done on how to lessen airport noise. More environmentally friendly natural solutions, such as the use of plants as noise barriers, have attracted attention as effective and sustainable alternatives. It is hoped that this research can provide practical and effective solutions that not only reduce noise but also support environmental sustainability. Thus, the results of this research will provide long-term benefits for the community around the airport and educational institutions such as the Indonesian Aviation Academy Banyuwangi. With an average noise reduction percentage of 46.79%, the study's results demonstrate the most notable decrease in noise levels. With a noise reduction of 29.54%, Tunas Merah comes in second. With a noise reduction of 23.94%, the TFan spruce comes in third. Noise is only decreased by 17.77% in the absence of barrier plants.

Evaluation of Vegetation Health in the PT X Reclamation Area Using the NDVI Method Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Multispectral Orthophoto Data

Abstract According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2023, Indonesia became the third-largest coal-producing country globally after China and India. Indonesia’s coal production amounted to 775.2 million tons in 2023, and around 27% was used for domestic needs. Coal mining in Indonesia generally uses an open-pit mining system, which impacts changes in land cover, landscape form, and the loss of flora and fauna. To dismiss this stigma, good mining practices must be applied in every process to ensure the balance of post-mining land’s natural and social functions. One effort to restore the condition of post-mining land is revegetation. Revegetation activities on ex-mining land require much time, money, and energy, so the planted vegetation must be monitored and evaluated. The problem often encountered when using Landsat and Sentinel satellite image data is that clouds cover many areas because the island of Kalimantan has a tropical climate with high rainfall, humidity, and temperature throughout the year. Then, using multispectral aerial photography data is one solution for monitoring plant health. With the advancement of photogrammetric technology using multispectral cameras, it is possible to analyze the health of reclaimed plants using the NDVI method. The results of the NDVI analysis on reclaimed plants produced the highest index value of 0.877 and the lowest value of 0.013. With very healthy plant criteria covering 12.47 ha (71.5%), healthy plant criteria covering 4.95 ha (28.4%), and unhealthy criteria covering 0.02 ha (0.1%).

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Combined with Ground Vegetation Surveys for the Study of the Age of Rodent Mounds

Background: Rodents severely damage the ecological environment of grasslands, and rodent mounds of different ages require distinct management strategies. Understanding the age of these mounds aids in formulating targeted restoration measures, which can enhance grassland productivity and biodiversity. Current surveys of rodent mounds rely on ground exposure and mound height to determine their age, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Remote sensing methods can quickly and easily identify the distribution of rodent mounds. Existing remote sensing images use ground exposure and mound height for identification but do not distinguish between mounds of different ages, such as one-year-old and two-year-old mounds. According to the existing literature, rodent mounds of different ages exhibit significant differences in vegetation structure, soil background, and plant diversity. Utilizing a combination of vegetation indices and hyperspectral data to determine the age of rodent mounds aims to provide a better method for extracting rodent hazard information. This experiment investigates and analyzes the age, distribution, and vegetation characteristics of rodent mounds, including total coverage, height, biomass, and diversity indices such as Patrick, Shannon–Wiener, and Pielou. Spectral data of rodent mounds of different ages were collected using an Analytical Spectral Devices field spectrometer. Correlation analysis was conducted between vegetation characteristics and spectral vegetation indices to select key indices, including NDVI670, NDVI705, EVI, TCARI, Ant, and SR. Multiple stepwise regression and Random Forest (RF) inversion models were established using vegetation indices, and the most suitable model was selected through comparison. Random Forest modeling was conducted to classify plateau zokor rat mounds of different ages, using both vegetation characteristic indicators and vegetation indices for comparison. The rodent mound classification models established using vegetation characteristic indicators and vegetation indices through Random Forest could distinguish rodent mounds of different ages, with out-of-bag error rates of 36.96% and 21.74%, respectively. The model using vegetation indices performed better. Conclusions: (1) Rodent mounds play a crucial ecological role in alpine meadow ecosystems by enhancing plant diversity, biomass, and the stability and vitality of the ecosystem. (2) The vegetation indices SR and TCARI are the most influential in classifying rodent mounds. (3) Incorporating vegetation indices into Random Forest modeling facilitates a precise and robust remote sensing interpretation of rodent mound ages, which is instrumental for devising targeted restoration strategies.

Characteristics of Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes in Different Ecological Plant Groups and Sediments Collected from 14 Softwater Lakes in Poland

Softwater lakes with specific, rare, and protected aquatic plant vegetation are very sensitive to increased trophic and water chemical changes, especially alkalization. These changes might be reflected in the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes of the organic matter (OM) of those plants (δ13CORG and δ15NORG) and sediments (δ13CORG and δ15NTN) which they cocreated. To recognize the relationship between OM in the aquatic plants of softwater lakes and the cocreated sediments, we analyzed the plants δ13CORG and δ15NORG in light of four ecological groups (as well as the sediments δ13CORG and δ15NTN in which these plants thrived). Studies were performed in July 2020 on 14 softwater lakes in northern Poland with varying pH gradients from 4.86 to 9.20. For each lake, a single stand was examined for each species detected. The goal was to investigate each species at 10 sites, but this target was not reached for several species. Among the investigated ecological groups, isoetids and mosses showed the least variation in obtained values. In contrast, elodeids exhibited the highest variation in δ13C results due to their diverse carbon uptake strategies, involving both CO2 and HCO3− forms. Moreover, the δ13C values of charophytes and elodeids were highly related to the increasing pH of water. The slight differences between the δ13C results of plants and sediments in isoetid stands further support this finding. Furthermore, we noticed an increase in sediment δ13CORG values along the alkalization gradient, suggesting that macrophytes were the primary source of OM for the sediments. The positive correlation between the δ13C values of plants and sediments (r = 0.69, p < 0.05) might also confirm that the macrophytes were a significant source of OM in sediments. Regarding δ15N values, we did not find significant differentiation between plants and sediments across ecological groups. However, sediment consistently exhibited 15N-enrichment compared to plant material. This enrichment is likely attributed to the accumulation of 15N during the decomposition of the deposited material. This study confirms the possibility of tracking changes in the aquatic vegetation of softwater lakes based primarily on the sediment δ13CORG values along the alkalization gradient.

Remote Sensing Technologies Using UAVs for Pest and Disease Monitoring: A Review Centered on Date Palm Trees

Remote Sensing Technologies Using UAVs for Pest and Disease Monitoring: A Review Centered on Date Palm Trees

Effect of Fertilizers on Productivity and the Quality of Oilseed Flax Products

A review of domestic and foreign literature on the effect of fertilizers on the yield and quality of oilseed flax products (Linum usitatissimum L. ssp. intermedium) is given. It is shown that the use of fertilizers is an effective way to increase the seed productivity of flax. The effectiveness of fertilizers on the yield and oil content of seeds depends on many reasons: meteorological conditions during plant vegetation, fertilizer dosage, timing and methods of their application, methods of soil treatment, varietal characteristics, etc. In the first minimum, nitrogen acts to form an increase in the yield of oilseed flax seeds. Its optimal doses depend on environmental conditions and correspond to N30–60. At the same time, the best payback of 1 kg of applied nitrogen is achieved at a dose of no more than 30 kg of a.s./ha. The use of fertilizers is ambiguous, depending on the specific growing conditions: it affects the content of vegetable fat in seeds, reducing or increasing its concentration. At the same time, the use of fertilizers in most cases leads to an increase in oil collection per unit area. The database of removal of the main elements of nutrition (N, P2O5, K2O) by oilseed flax is presented. The average values and approximate intervals of the cost of nutrients per unit of basic production were calculated: for nitrogen they amounted to 34.8 kg/t (30.5–39.2 kg/t), phosphorus – 13.0 (11.4–14.5), and potassium – 29.9 kg/t (25.8–33.9 kg/t). They can be used as normative indicators when calculating fertilizer doses for the planned harvest.

Organic substitution by pig manure combined with straw maintained reasonable content of soil available nutrients without productivity losses in autumn Chinese cabbage–spring pepper rotation system

Sustainable fertilization practices have been explored using both inorganic and organic nutrient sources. Replacing half of the inorganic nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer still resulted in excess accumulation of available soil nutrients under continuous vegetable planting. In addition to substituting chemical fertilizer with pig manure (50 % pig manure+50 % chemical fertilizer, PMF) at a 50 % nitrogen rate, another treatment was added where pig manure was substituted with cereal straw (25 % straw+25 % pig manure+50 % chemical fertilizer, SMF) at a 25 % nitrogen rate. The agronomic and economic effects were compared with the fertilization solely with total chemical fertilizer (100 % chemical fertilizer, TCF) for a seven-year autumn Chinese cabbage-spring pepper rotation. Regardless of the crop, year, and key productivity parameters, the PMF treatment fully achieved half the fertilizer replacement values. In the spring pepper season, the marketable fresh yield, shoot biomass, gross output, and profits are significantly higher for the PMF treatment compared to the SMF and TCF treatments. Compared with the TCF treatment, the rapidly increasing NO3--N content was reduced under the PMF treatment, but the available phosphorus and potassium contents excessively accumulated to >300 mg kg-1 each in the soil. The available soil phosphorus and potassium increased and remained within a reasonable range without a loss of rotation productivity with the SMF treatment. The long-term study with optimized fertilization regimes revealed the basic laws of nutrient accumulation in soil and plants. The findings will be important in the use of combined fertilizer sources for vegetable production.

Microbial Indoor Air Quality Within Greenhouses and Polytunnels Is Crucial for Sustainable Horticulture (Malopolska Province, Poland Conditions)

Sustainable horticulture is crucially based on the greenhouse production of vegetables under controlled conditions. In this study, we wanted to learn how cultivated plants may impact indoor air quality and whether the workers can be exposed to bioaerosols in a similar way in these settings. The study objective was to test the hypothesis that the microbial concentrations, distribution of bioaerosol particle sizes, and composition of the airborne microbiome are specific to greenhouses, polytunnels, and open-air sites. The air samples were collected to assess the concentration of total culturable bacteria (TCB), fungi, actinomycetes, and β-haemolytic bacteria and for the identification of bacterial and fungal strains. Higher concentrations of TCB and fungi were found in the greenhouse (log 3.71 and 3.49 cfu m−3, respectively) than in polytunnels (log 2.60–2.48 and 2.51–2.31 cfu m−3, respectively) during the vegetation of cucumbers. These airborne microbes were represented by a significant contribution of the respirable fraction with a distinct contribution of fine particles in size below 4.7 µm. Cultivation of cucumbers resulted in the higher emission of airborne microorganisms in contrast with growing herbs such as oregano and basil. In total, 35 different bacteria and 12 fungal species, including pathogenic or allergenic agents, were identified within the studied sites. The workers can be exposed to increased concentrations of TCB and fungi in the greenhouse during the plant vegetation. It might be recommended to properly manage greenhouses and polytunnels, dispose of dust sources, and maintain appropriate ventilation to sustain relevant air quality.

Effects of Species-Rich Perennial Inter-Row Cover on Weed Flora and Soil Coverage in an Apple Orchard: A Case Study of Opportunities and Limitations in a Dry Continental Climate

The planting of inter-row cover vegetation has long been practised in Western European fruit-growing regions, yet research in this area remains limited in many countries. With the rise of organic farming, the role and selection of inter-row cover species are becoming increasingly important. Proper species selection enhances weed control and promotes biodiversity, supporting flowering plants and beneficial insects in orchards. The six-year research aimed to develop a multi-species, perennial, multifunctional inter-row cover species mixture for a dry continental climate, which is suitable for soil protection and the displacement of heat-loving, drought-tolerant, invasive weed species. There was another expectation for this native seed mixture to be able to regenerate spontaneously and to be sustainable in the orchard for a long time with minimal maintenance. Based on our results, the two multi-species mixtures (15 and 18 species) successfully reduced the cover of weed species, and their composition changed in the direction of the natural flora characteristic of the area. According to general management practices, native species could not widely appear in the control rows created by mowing the local weed flora.

Fragment viability, regenerative capacity and protoplast isolation of invasive Australian swamp stonecrop (Crassula helmsii)

Australian swamp stonecrop (Crassula helmsii) is an amphibious plant native to Australasia and highly invasive in Europe. Managing the spread and impacts of this invader is challenging due to its ability to regenerate from small vegetative plant fragments. In several infested water systems in the Netherlands, the dispersal of this species is currently being prevented using water filters with a mesh size as small as 1 mm2 in their outflows. However, it remains unclear whether these filters are truly capable of preventing the spread of small regenerative fragments. To identify potential shortcomings in the management of C. helmsii dispersal, we investigated the regeneration of detached vegetative fragments. A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the regenerative capacity of C. helmsii fragments of varying sizes (0.5–2 mm). We examined the growth performance (stem count, cumulative stem length) of fragments originating from nodes, leaves, shoots, roots, and meristem tissue cuts. All fragments originating from nodal tissue were able to successfully regenerate. Isolated meristem tissue of 0.5 mm was able to regenerate but exhibited malformed growth. Shoot tips demonstrated the best growth performance. While we successfully isolated protoplasts from C. helmsii node tissue, our cultures were compromised, and regeneration could not be assessed. Our research indicates regenerative potential from node fragments as small as a cluster of apical meristem cells. These findings suggest shortcomings in current measures for dispersal prevention of C. helmsii, as they do not prevent the dispersal of plant fragments with a length <2 mm. We recommend re-evaluating the effectiveness of various types of dispersal barriers currently applied in vulnerable natural areas to prevent the spread and subsequent regeneration of small vegetative fragments of C. helmsii.

Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Reveals Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Oil and Protein Content in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L).

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important source of edible vegetable oils and plant proteins globally. However, the complex mechanisms regulating the oil and protein contents of peanut seeds remain unclear. Here, comparative broad-target metabolomics and quantitative lipidomics, together with transcriptome analysis, of peanut seeds at four developmental stages from the high-oil content variety "YH15" and high-protein content variety "KB008" were performed to search for oil and protein content control genes. A total of 984 differential metabolites, including 128 amino acids and derivatives and 310 differentially accumulated lipids, were identified between "YH15" and "KB008" in four seed developmental stages. The weighted gene coexpression network analysis and module-trait relationship analysis revealed that MEbrown, MEyellow, and MEturquoise modules were key contributors to the quality discrepancies observed between "YH15" and "KB008." Crucial genes potentially regulating the differences in oil and protein contents between "YH15" and "KB008" were identified within the aforementioned three modules, including genes involved in amino acid synthesis and degradation, nitrogen allocation, triglyceride synthesis and degradation, and fatty acid synthesis and degradation, as well as transcription factors. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the molecular regulation of oil and protein contents in peanut seeds and may help cultivate specialized peanut varieties with enhanced nutritional and economic values.

Efficacy of soil drench and foliar application of iron nanoparticles on the growth and physiology of Solanum lycopersicum L. exposed to cadmium stress

Cadmium (Cd) can harm the yield and quality of vegetables, threatening food safety. Essential microelements such as iron are crucial for plant growth and can help alleviate heavy metal stress. Recently, nanoparticles have been studied as eco-friendly solutions for mitigating heavy metal stress in plants. In the present study, iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) at 0, 100, and 300 mg/L were applied as soil drenches and foliar sprays to tomato plants under cadmium stress. A comparison was made between the application methods of FeNPs by evaluating the growth parameters of tomato plants, including shoot length (SL), root length (RL), number of branches (NB), number of leaves per plant (NL), and leaf area (LA), as well as by assessing biochemical and antioxidant enzyme parameters. In the Cd stress treatment, the protein content decreased by 24.71%, and the phenolic and flavonoid content of the tomato plants also decreased due to cadmium stress, with levels decreasing from 16.07 to 6.9 µg and from 0.36 to 0.16 µg, respectively. Compared with the soil drench, 100 mg/L FeNPs significantly improved the parameters of Cd-stressed plants when used as a foliar spray, leading to increases in shoot length, root length, fruit weight, number of fruits, number of leaves, and number of branches by 42%, 66%, 24%, 66%, 173%, and 45%, respectively. Tomato plants treated with this spray presented increased carotenoid and lycopene contents. FeNP foliar spray also reduced Cd accumulation in plant tissues. This technique shows promise in alleviating Cd stress in vulnerable vegetable plants such as tomatoes.

Kebab Sebagai Inovasi Produk Makanan Yang Berguna Sebagai Peningkatan Gizi Pada Anak-Anak Di Desa Bontokassi Kecamatan Parangloe Kabupaten Gowa

indonesia has many diverse vegetable plants. Vegetables are plants that are often used as ingredients to complement rice and side dishes. Vegetables are rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals so they are very good to consume. The benefits of lettuce can be felt when consumed regularly. This green leafy vegetable is low in calories and will not be a problem when consumed in large quantities. Kebab is made from vegetables, chicken, cheese, tomatoes, lettuce leaves. Kebab bread is the latest innovation that is rarely found on the market which is made from vegetables and white bread. Thus we innovate to create nutritious food for children as an alternative food. This new innovation can also increase children's nutrition because it is made from vegetables where vegetables are very much needed by the body, especially children, so that children's nutrition is sufficient. The business of making Kebabs made from vegetables, fruit, cheese, chicken meat increases the selling power of Kebab products. This Kebab product manufacturing business will be marketed in the Bontokassi area and will be developed outside the Bontokassi area. Kebab has a fairly high business opportunity because: (1) Many people, especially children, like this type of food; (2) Raw materials that are easy to obtain; (3) An alternative vegetable substitute for children who do not like vegetables; (4) In making Kebab does not require special skills; (5) From teenagers to adults can make this product; (6) Not many people sell this product. The target of this product is small children and teenagers who do not like vegetables, especially carrots and lettuce, because this product has an affordable price and has great benefits.

Patterns and Driving Mechanisms of Soil Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus, and Their Stoichiometry in Limestone Mines of Anhui Province, China

Active vegetation restoration plays an important role in the improvement in soil organic matter (SOM), including the carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) sequestration of degraded mining ecosystems. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the key drivers of SOM pool size and dynamics in active vegetation restoration. For this study, soil was collected from five different sites (Xiaoxian, Dingyuan, Chaohu, Tongling and Dongzhi), four habitats (platforms, slopes, steps and native areas) and two soil layers (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm) in limestone mines of Anhui province to quantify the spatial distribution of SOM contents and their stoichiometric characteristics and influential factors. It was found that the top soil in Chaohu had the highest significant C, N and P contents in the ranges of 14.95–17.97, 1.74–2.21 and 0.80–1.24 g/kg, respectively. Comparing the stoichiometric ratios of the different sites revealed significant differences in C:N and N:P ratios, but C:P ratios were relatively consistent. In particular, the C:N and C:P ratios in deep soil were higher than those in top soil, whereas the N:P ratio in deep soil was lower than that in top soil, suggesting that soil N is a major limiting factor in the top soil. The SOM content did not differ significantly between the three reclaimed habitats, but was significantly higher than that in the native habitat, suggesting that mine restoration has significantly enhanced SOM accumulation. Further analysis showed that nutrient availability and enzyme activity are important factors affecting soil C, N and P content in top soil, while the relationship gradually weakens in deep soil. This was attributed to active anthropogenic management and conservation measures during the early stages of reclamation. This study shows that the ecological recovery of the mining area can be enhanced by implementing differentiated vegetation planting strategies and anthropogenic management on different habitats in the mining area.

Exploring determinants of county suburban vegetable planting via the fsQCA-NCA approach

Exploring determinants of county suburban vegetable planting via the fsQCA-NCA approach