Forage Crop Plant Research Articles

INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE SOIL NICKEL CONTENT: A CASE STUDY OF ADIYAMAN PROVINCE

INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE SOIL NICKEL CONTENT: A CASE STUDY OF ADIYAMAN PROVINCE

Biocontrol of Cymbalophora rivularis (Menetries) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) larvae by entomopathogenic bacteria and fungi

BackgroundSainfoin, alfalfa and clover are important forage crop plants in terms of their food value, efficiency and adaptation capabilities. Cymbalophora rivularis (Menetries, 1832) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) causes significant damage to these plants. Chemicals are not recommended for pest control. Cultural pest control practices also remain insufficient. In this study, which was conducted to determine whether biological control can be applied in pest control, the pathogenic effects of Pseudomonas putida K-19B, Pantoea agglomerans RK-79 and RK-92, Bacillus megaterium TV-3D, P. fluorescens RK-1979, B. pumilus RK-1980 bacterial strains at a concentration of 1 × 108 CFU/ml and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Cordycipitaceae) ET 10 fungal isolate at a concentration of 5.7 × 105 conidia/ml were tested under controlled conditions.ResultsAccording to the results of this study, at the end of 216 h, the tested biological control agent showed an efficacy ranged from 43.33 to 96.67% in the 1st and 2nd larval instars and 70 to 95% in the last instar larvae of C. rivularis. In the case of applications to 1st and 2nd larval instars, after 216 h, the efficacy of ET 10 fungal isolate was 96.67 and 83.33% of K-19B bacterial strain. In the last instar larvae, after 216 h, the efficacy of the strains TV-3D, K-19B and RK-1979 was 95, 90 and 90%, respectively. The efficacy of ET 10 and K-19B applications was found to be statistically not different from the efficacy of pathogenic application.ConclusionEnvironmentally friendly P. putida and B. megaterium bacterial strains and B. bassiana fungal isolate were determined and can be successfully used in the biological control of this pest.

In Vitro Phyhotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Common Forage Plant Medicago Sativa

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in commercial products, and there are growing concerns about their impact onthe environment. the leakage of AgNPs in to water ecosystem could have consequential on plants through irrigation agricultural fields. Therefore, understanding some adverse effects of nanoparticles in forage crop plants is a matter of importancebecause nanoparticles are often released into soil environments. In current study, Medicago sativa, a common forage plant is used to investigate phytotoxic effect of AgNP on such plant. Preliminary results showed that higher concentrations (5, 10. 20 mg/L) of AgNP has stimulatory effect,compared to lower concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mg/L),on several growth parameters. Among all, 10 mg/L of AgNPs shown to have most stimulatory effect on root weight, length and lateral root number. Shoot parameters appeared to be not affected by either high and low dosage of AgNP. Low concentration of AgNP combined with plant growth regulators (PGR) highly induced callus induction in either leaf or stem explants compared to control, while higher concentrations of AgNP showed induced regeneration capability in both leaf and stem explants with no or least callus induction. AgNO3 is used as a source of silver ion having two dimensions to compare with the three-dimensional AgNP. Therefore, the details regarding effect of AgNO3 is discussed in result section of this article

Toxicity and bioaccumulation of two non-protein amino acids synthesised by cyanobacteria, β-N-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB), on a crop plant

In order to study the toxicity of the cyanobacterial non-protein amino acids (NPAAs) L-β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and its structural isomer L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) in the forage crop plant alfalfa (Medicago sativa), seedlings were exposed to NPAA-containing media for four days. Root growth was significantly inhibited by both treatments. The content of derivatised free and protein-bound BMAA and DAB in seedlings was then analysed by LC-MS/MS. Both NPAAs were detected in free and protein-bound fractions with higher levels detected in free fractions. Compared to shoots, there was approximately tenfold more BMAA and DAB in alfalfa roots. These results suggest that NPAAs might be taken up into crop plants from contaminated irrigation water and enter the food chain. This may present an exposure pathway for NPAAs in humans.

Évaluation participative des technologies de supplémentation des vaches laityères en milieu paysan au Mali (Koutiala)

This paper evaluates the impact of legume forages and cottonseed meal on dairy cow productivity during the dry season and identifies, with farmer participation, the advantages and disadvantages of widespread planting of forage crops. It is based on a study of 67 Méré cows divided into three groups: control group (32). improved ration (24) and housed cows (11). Average production for dairy cows in holdings, improved rations and the control group were 1.5, 0.85 and 0.44 liters per day−1 respectively. Large farms seemed favourable to forage production and cow supplementation.

Attitudes of farmers in China's northern Shaanxi Province towards the land-use changes required under the Grain for Green Project, and implications for the project's success

To restore China's degraded environment, the government launched an environmental restoration project named the “Grain for Green” Project (GGP) in 1999. From 1999 to 2010, the government will spend US$ 40 billion to convert 147 million ha of farmland into forest and grassland and 173 million ha of wasteland (including abandoned farmland) into forest in 25 provinces. A primary focus is to replace farming and livestock grazing in fragile areas with reforestation and planting of forage crops. Given the project's tremendous size and number of participants, the attitudes of the affected farmers will strongly influence the GGP's success. To learn their attitudes, we surveyed 2000 farmers in 2005 to quantify their opinions of the GGP and how it has affected their livelihoods, and we discuss the concerns raised by these attitudes. Farmers appreciated the grain and financial compensation offered by the GGP, but few considered planting of trees (8.9%) or forage species (2.2%) to be a priority. Although only 19.1% felt that their livelihoods had been adversely affected by the GGP and 63.8% supported the project, a large proportion (37.2%) planned to return to cultivating forested areas and grassland once the project's subsidies end in 2018. Therefore, much of the restored vegetation risks being converted into farmland and rangeland again, compromising the sustainability of the environmental achievements. To succeed, strategies such as the GGP must compensate farmers fairly for their costs, create new agricultural products and techniques for use on more suitable land, and create job and training programs that account for the needs and desires of farmers and give them alternatives to returning to old land-use practices.

EROSION AND MEADOW-PASTURE RELATIONSHIPS

Erosion is a natural phenomena occured by the effects of water and wind. Turkey is among the most erosion occuring countries in the world. It is impossible to prevent erosion completely. However, the effect and speed of erosion can be decreased or controlled by certain methods. These methods include the ending of the application of inappropriate farming practices, early and over-grazing of meadows and destruction of meadow and forest areas, and increasing the tree-planting activities. Besides these precautionary measurements, the planting of forage crops that are resistant to over-grazing, easily regenerating, having a strong root system, providing protection against water and wind erosion and improving soil organic material will greatly reduce erosion. Keywords: Erosion, Pasture, Meadow, Forages

Studies on the Relation between the Tolerance of Crops to Soil Acidity and That to Low pH : (13) Studies on the cause for the extinction of forage crops sown in untilled grassland

Seeds of four forage crop plants were sown on untilled grassland of various pH value with varying lime nitrogen application. (1) The growth of forage crop plants sown on untilled acidic grassland, primarily depends, when the weeds were few, upon the chemical property of the soil which was changed with pH value. In the plots of denser weed population, however, sunlight was insufficient for the growth. In very heavily shaded plots, forage crop could not survive. The growth of forage crop was primarily related to the amount of sunlight at 1 to 2 cm, above the soil surface. (2) Wild grasses having thickly arranged, wide leaves intercepted sunlight more strongly. Among the same species, the taller weed plants intercepted more sunlight. The taller forage crops received less damage than the shorter ones. (3) Growth of both forage crops and wild grasses was smaller on the soil of lower pH value. The experiment plots, highly acidic grassland of organic volcanic ash soil, were deficient in N, P, Ca, and K, and were excessive in Al. When lime nitrogen was applied to such plots, the soil was still deficient in P and K in the upper layer of soil. As the change of pH values of soil, induced by the dispersion of lime nitrogen on soil surface, was seen only within the depth of 0-6 cm, the growth of perennial weed plants with deep rhizomes was largely influenced by the fertility before dispersion. Cogon grass, which was tolerant to soil acidity, grew vigorously when the soil was rich in NO3-N.

Viability of Seeds of Eight Forage Crop Plants Stored under Subfreezing Conditions1

Agronomy JournalVolume 51, Issue 10 p. 627-627 Note Viability of Seeds of Eight Forage Crop Plants Stored under Subfreezing Conditions1 C. H. Hanson, C. H. Hanson Research Agronomist, Crops Research Division, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, Md., and Research Professor of Field Crops, N. C. Agr. Exp. Stn., Raleigh, N. C., respectively.Search for more papers by this authorR. P. Moore, R. P. Moore Research Agronomist, Crops Research Division, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, Md., and Research Professor of Field Crops, N. C. Agr. Exp. Stn., Raleigh, N. C., respectively.Search for more papers by this author C. H. Hanson, C. H. Hanson Research Agronomist, Crops Research Division, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, Md., and Research Professor of Field Crops, N. C. Agr. Exp. Stn., Raleigh, N. C., respectively.Search for more papers by this authorR. P. Moore, R. P. Moore Research Agronomist, Crops Research Division, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, Md., and Research Professor of Field Crops, N. C. Agr. Exp. Stn., Raleigh, N. C., respectively.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 1959 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1959.00021962005100100022xCitations: 2 1 Joint contribution from the Field Crops Department, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Crops Research Division, ARS, USDA, Raleigh, N. C. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume51, Issue10October 1959Pages 627-627 RelatedInformation

Studies on the Development of the Ventilating System in Relation to the Tolerance against Excess-Moisture Injury in Various Crop Plants. : V. Various Forms of the Ventilating System in Wheat, Barley and Some Forage Crop Plants

Microscopic observations have revealed that the crop plants tolerant against the injury of excessive soil moisture are characterized with a highly developed ventilating system and that the reverse is true for those susceptible. The ventilating system may furnish the crop root with sufficient oxygen transported from the top. In the illustration figures of the present report the following abbreviations are used: Ab, axillary bud; ae, aerenchyma ; ca, cavity; ck, cork; co, cortex; cr, crown root; en, endodermis; ep, epidermis; ls, leaf-sheath; ly, lysigenic air space; pa, partition, pe, pericycle; pm, primary meristem; rv, reinforced vascular bundle; sm, secondary meristem; sp, sieve portion; St, stipula; sv, separated vascular bundle; va, vascular bundle; wp, wood portion.

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:Field Plot Technique. By Warren H. Leonard and Andrew G. Clark.The Chemistry and Toxicology of Insecticides. By Harold H. Shepard.An Outline of Diseases of Cereal and Forage Crop Plants of the Northern Part of the United States. By James G. Dickson.Diseases of Vegetable Crops. By J. C. Walker.The Nematode Parasites of Plants Catalogued under their Hosts. By T. Goodey.Vegetable Crops. By H. C. THOMPSON.

Outline of Diseases of Cereal and Forage Crop Plants of the Northern Part of the United States

Outline of Diseases of Cereal and Forage Crop Plants of the Northern Part of the United States