Plantar Pressure Distribution Measurements Research Articles

İİŞİTME ENGELLİ ÇOCUKLARDA AYAKKABI UYGUNLUĞUNUN AYAK TABAN BASINÇ DAĞILIMI, DENGE VE YÜRÜME FONKSİYONU ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the characteristics of the shoes used by the children have an effect on the dynamic and static plantar pressure distribution parameters and balance parameters in hearing impaired children, and to compare the results with those of nonhearing- impaired children.
 Methods: The study included 136 children, 68 children with hearing impairment and 68 children without hearing impairment. The Footwear Assessment Score (FAS) was applied to evaluate children's footwear. Flamingo Balance Test (FBT) was used to evaluate the static balance of the children, and the Functional Reach Test (FRT) was used to evaluate the dynamic balance of the children. Static and dynamic plantar pressure distribution measurements of the children were carried out with a sensored walking platform (Footscan® pedobarography system (RsScan-FootScan lab ltd., Ipswich, England)).
 Results: In hearing impaired children, a positive relationship was found between FAS and dominant foot total percentage of pressure values. In children without hearing impairment, there was a negative relationship between FAS and dominant hindfoot pressure, and a positive relationship between FAS and anterior non-dominant foot pressure (p0.05).
 Conclusions: The increase in static loading with the footwear suitability on the dominant foot in hearing impaired children may be an indication that children with balance problems load more on the dominant foot in order to feel safer.

Smart Insole Based on Flexi Force and Flex Sensor for Monitoring Different Body Postures.

This study aims to fabricate smart insoles using wireless Flexi force and bend sensing technology. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film was chosen as the substrate to hold all the sensors. The developed smart insole has a three-layer structure (insole-PVC layer-fabric layer) and is calibrated in an isolation laboratory to evaluate its measurement performance. One male volunteer subject exhibited four different body postures, namely tree pose, forward-leaning, squatting, and forward folding pose. Changes in pressure distribution were considered to be similar for the forward, squat, and forward-folded positions. When subjects performed a full squat, the flex sensor exhibited maximum flexion during the squat position, and the flex sensor response against the squat pose was found to be higher by about 18.18% than in the forward lean, respectively. The tree pose has the highest error rate at the first metatarsal, about 18.6%, of which the maximum absolute relative error of the sensor is less than 5%. Plantar pressure distribution and body posture measurements were successfully validated using Flexi force and flex sensors embedded in the smart insole. The smart insole proposed in this research work has broader prospects for clinical application.

Development of Plantar Pressure Distribution Measurement Shoe Insole with Built-in Printed Curved Sensor Structure

Development of Plantar Pressure Distribution Measurement Shoe Insole with Built-in Printed Curved Sensor Structure

Development of Self-Calibrating Sensor Footwear and Relevance of In-Shoe Characterization on Accurate Plantar Pressure Distribution Measurements

In this article we present a self-calibrating sensor-footwear for plantar pressure distribution measurements; the self-calibrating process is implemented to adapt the force measurement range (FMR) to the weight of the user; four FMRs were generated, 0 – 25 N, 0 – 50 N, 0 – 100 N and 0 – 200 N. This self-calibrating step improves the force resolution for each individual using the proposed system. We also demonstrate that, even when normally not considered in literature, the response of each sensor to the applied pressure is different along the footwear due to its natural difference between the sole sections, back, middle and front. Furthermore, the implemented sensors were characterized and a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.62 % was obtained before installing the sensors in the sensor-footwear, and a CV of 16.61 % was generated when the sensors were installed in the sensor-footwear. In order to overcome these differences in response, we propose and demonstrate that in-shoe characterization of all sensors allows removing the inherent difference in sensor response; which also contribute to obtain absolute force values from all sensors. In addition, an algorithm to obtain the gait-area of interest from the acquired sensing signal is proposed. The presented sensor-footwear, used for Plantar Pressure Distribution (PPD) measurement, communicates through a wireless local area network allowing real time PPD visualization and recording intended for indoor testing. Design, construction, characterization and implementation of the proposed sensor-footwear are presented; demonstrating the importance of the in-shoe characterization for a sensor-footwear system.

A portable plantar pressure system: Specifications, design, and preliminary results.

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in developing in-shoe foot plantar pressure systems. Although such devices are not novel, devising insole devices for gait analysis is still an important issue. The goal of this study is to develop a new portable system for plantar pressure distribution measurement based on a three-axis accelerometer. The portable system includes: PJRC Teensy 3.6 microcontroller with 32-bit ARM Cortex-M4 microprocessor with a clock speed of 180MHz; HC-11 radio modules (transmitter and receiver); a battery; a fixing band; pressure sensors; MPU-9150 inertial navigation module; and FFC tape. The pressure insole is leather-based and consists of seven layers. It is divided into 16 areas and the outcome of the system is data concerning plantar pressure distribution under foot during gait. The system was tested on 22 healthy volunteer subjects, and the data was compared with a commercially available system: Medilogic. The SNR value for the proposed sensor is 28.27dB. For a range of pressure of 30-100 N, the sensitivity is 0.0066V/N while the linearity error is 0.05. The difference in plantar pressure from both the portable plantar pressure system and Medilogic is not statistically significant. The proposed system could be recommended for research applications both inside and outside of a typical gait laboratory.

A biomechanical assessment of the acute hallux abduction manipulation intervention

BackgroundNaturally aligned toes, particularly hallux, have reported with gripping functions during locomotion, thus expanding the forefoot loading area. Research questionThe purpose of this study was aimed to investigate the influence of hallux abduction manipulation on the foot plantar pressure distribution and inter-segment kinematic alterations. MethodsThirteen subjects participated in this toe manipulation study. A Footscan® pressure plate and Vicon motion capture system were utilized for the measurement of plantar pressure distribution and lower extremity and foot inter-segment kinematics during walking and running. Paired-sample t-test from statistical parametric mapping 1d was used to check the kinematic significance. ResultsPeak pressure in third metatarsal (M3) increased significantly during walking under manipulation. Contact area increased in second metatarsal (M2) with manipulation during running. Peak pressure and pressure-time integral illustrated significant increases in M3, and the maximum force and impulse in fourth metatarsal (M4) increased significantly. Arch height index increased while walking with toe manipulation. The foot progression angle in the frontal plane showed significant decrease in mid-swing phase during walking and significant increase in mid-stance phase during running. The hallux relative to forefoot angles presented higher axial rotation in the frontal plane. SignificanceFindings form this study showed centrally and laterally redistributed foot loadings and increased forefoot inter-segment flexibility with manipulation, which may be used as baseline to evaluate toe-manipulation interventions in foot disorders, specifically hallux valgus deformity.

Changes in foot measurements, plantar pressure and postural position during a mountain ultra-marathon race

The aim of this study was to compare the plantar pressure distribution and foot measurements during standing posture before, during and after a mountain ultra-trail race. Thirty-eight runners were tested before (km-0) and after (km-171) of the Ultra-Trail Mont-Blanc 2016. Ten runners among of them were also tested at three checkpoints (km-49, km-79 and km-124). Standing erected posture was recorded on a stabilometric platform and was analyzed by the mean position of the center of pressure (CoP) on the antero-posterior (YCoP) and medio-lateral (XCoP) axis. The relative body weight under the forefoot (FPP), the foot length (LF) and the front foot width (WFF) were also measured. The rating of perceived overall fatigue (RPF) was evaluated by Borg scale. YCoP moved forward (P < 0.05) after the UTMB while FFP and WFF were increased (P < 0.05). Changes in YCoP and changes in FFP were positively correlated (r = 0.47, P < 0.05). YCoP, FFP and RPF increased significantly (P < 0.05) from the start to km-79 but were unchanged between km-79 to km-171. WFF increased at km-79 then remain unchanged until the end. XCoP and LF were unaltered throughout the UTMB. The increase of the forefoot plantar pressure is related to the forward displacement of CoP. These results explain probably why many runners have injuries in this area during a MUM. The increase of the front foot width should be taken into account for the choice of the running shoes, as much as the foot length. Le but de cette étude était de d’évaluer les modifications des pressions plantaires, des mesures du pied et de la posture, en position debout avant, pendant et après une course d’ultra-trail en montagne. Trente-huit coureurs ont été testés avant (km-0) et après (km-171) de l’ultra-trail Mont-Blanc 2016. Dix coureurs parmi eux ont également été testés à trois points de contrôle (km-49, km-79 et km-124). La posture debout a été enregistrée sur une plate-forme stabilométrique permettant d’établir la position moyenne du centre de pression (CoP) sur l’axe antéro-postérieur (YCoP) et médio-latéral (XCoP). Le poids corporel relatif sous l’avant-pied (FPP), la longueur du pied (LF) et la largeur du pied avant (WFF) ont également été mesurés. L’évaluation de la fatigue globale perçue (RPF) a été évaluée par échelle de Borg. YCoP a avancé (p < 0,05) après l’UTMB tandis que FFP et WFF ont augmenté (p < 0,05). Les changements de YCoP et les changements de FFP étaient positivement corrélés (r = 0,47, p < 0,05). YCoP, FFP et RPF ont augmenté significativement (p < 0,05) du début au km-79, mais sont demeurés inchangés entre le km-79 et le km-171. Le WFF a augmenté au km-79 puis reste inchangé jusqu’à la fin. XCoP et LF étaient inchangés tout au long de l’UTMB. L’augmentation de la pression plantaire sous l’avant-pied est liée au déplacement vers l’avant de la CoP. Ces résultats expliquent probablement pourquoi de nombreux coureurs ont des blessures dans cette zone au cours d’une MUM. L’augmentation de la largeur du pied avant doit être prise en compte pour le choix des chaussures de course, autant que la longueur du pied.

A smart insole for monitoring plantar pressure based on the fiber Bragg grating sensing technique

The analysis of plantar pressure distribution is essential in the field of biomedical and sports-related applications. In this study, a smart insole was developed for the measurement of plantar pressure distribution and the evaluation of body postures using optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology. Four FBG sensors characterized by four different center Bragg wavelengths, 1528 ± 0.3, 1532 ± 0.3, 1535 ± 0.3 and 1539 ± 0.3 nm, were located at the first metatarsus, third metatarsus, fifth metatarsus and heel position, respectively. The measurement sensitivity of all the FBG sensors was 0.000412 nm/kPa, approximately. Silica gel material of modulus = 10 MPa was selected to incorporate the FBG sensors. All FBG sensors were multiplexed together with one optical fiber cable. The performance and functional properties of all FBG-based pressure sensors were calibrated in the laboratory to evaluate plantar pressure distribution. A male subject was selected for performing four tasks, namely standing in an upright position, leaning forward, squat position and forward fold. During standing tests, plantar pressure observed at the heel position was around 57% higher than that at the first and third metatarsus, while the pressure of the fifth metatarsus position presents minimal pressure, which is only 37% that of the pressure of the heel position. When the subject performs leaning forward, the squat position and forward fold posture, the first and third metatarsi show maximum pressure, while the pressure decreases at the fifth metatarsus position. However, almost zero pressure is observed at the heel position when the subject changes the body postures of leaning forward, squat and forward fold posture. The extreme pressure of the forward fold posture was 1750 kPa acquired at the first metatarsus, which is 52% and 62% higher than those at the fifth and third metatarsi, respectively. Therefore, the smart insole successfully recorded both plantar pressure distribution and body posture changes regarding the wavelength values collected by the FBG sensors.

Comparison of Plantar Pressure Distribution During Walking After Two Different Surgical Treatments for Calcaneal Fracture

The aim of our study was to compare gait in terms of foot loading and temporal variables after 2 different operative approaches (the extended lateral approach [ELA] and sinus tarsi approach). Twenty-two patients who sustained an intra-articular calcaneal fracture underwent plantar pressure distribution measurements 6 months after surgery. Measurements were performed while patients walked on the pedobarography platform. The values of dynamic variables were significantly lower on the operated limb in the ELA. In the sinus tarsi approach, no differences were observed between the operated and uninjured limbs (UIN) at peak pressure and at maximal vertical force. The values of temporal variables (contact time of the foot and of the heel) between the operated and UIN differed in the ELA. The hypothesis that differences in foot load between operated and UIN will be more significant in the ELA was confirmed. Our results showed that the differences in loading and temporal variables between the operated and the UIN persisted 6 months after surgery in both methods. The operated limb was less loaded, with the tendency to shift the load toward the midfoot and forefoot. After the less invasive sinus tarsi approach, the dynamic and temporal variables on the operated limb were nearly the same as those on the healthy one. The sinus tarsi surgical approach can be recommended for treatment of displaced calcaneal fractures.

МЕТОД ПЕДОБАРОГРАФИИ В ОЦЕНКЕ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ ХИРУРГИЧЕСКОЙ КОРРЕКЦИИ НЕФИКСИРОВАННОГО ПЛОСКОСТОПИЯ У ДЕТЕЙ

The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic potentials of pedobarography in assessment of functional results of flexible flatfoot surgical correction in children. Material and methods. A total of 182 operations for flexible flatfoot correction using our own technique were performed from 2009 to 2015 years. The average age of the patients was 9.3±3.6 (from 5 to 16 years). Results. A significant decrease of plantar pressure in zone C (from 6% to 2%, p=0.0001), an increase of plantar pressure in zones A (from 17% to 21%, p=0.003) and В (from 27% to 32%, p=0.0001) as well as an increase in the frontal dynamic index (from 53.05 to 54.35, р=0.0005) were observed after surgery. Conclusion. Measurement of plantar pressure distribution in the suggested zones and calculation of the frontal dynamic index allow us to perform objective evaluation of functional outcomes after surgical correction of flexible flatfoot deformity.

Designing, Manufacturing and Testing of a Piezoelectric Polymer Film In-Sole Sensor for Plantar Pressure Distribution Measurements

We have designed, manufactured, and tested a prototype of an in-sole plantar pressure sensor. The sensor is made of a piezoelectric polymer film (polyvinylidenefluoride, PVDF) with evaporated copper electrodes. The size and the location of measuring sites are carefully considered to produce a light-weighted, practical, and inexpensive matrix sensor for measurement of plantar pressure distribution. The sensor consists of eight measurement locations: hallux, first metatarsal head (under both sesamoid bones), metatarsal heads 2–5 and heel. The developed in-sole sensor was evaluated through piezoelectric sensitivity measurements and test measurements with subjects (used as a platform sensor). Average peak-to-peak pressures from 58 to 486 kPa were obtained in plantar pressure measurements. The in-sole sensor can be used to prevent pressure ulcers. Also other application areas for the sensor are available, e.g., rehabilitation and sports. The developed sensor enables unobtrusive and long-term plantar pressure measurements. In future, an option for manufacturing the PVDF in-soles may be printing of desired electrode pattern on PVDF material, that would allow fast production, and if needed, the production of even individual in-soles.

Characteristics of Piezoelectric Polymer Film Sensors With Solution-Processable Graphene-Based Electrode Materials

The sensor characteristics of piezoelectric polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) sensors with solution-processable electrode materials were studied. The electrodes were solution-processed on 28- $\mu $ m-thick PVDF film. Two graphene-based printable inks, ink-jet, and screen formulated ink, were used. Sensors with evaporated metal electrodes were used as a reference to compare the properties of novel sensor structures. The sensor characteristics studied here were sensitivity, nonlinearity, hysteresis, and the effects of frequency and temperature. The sensor sensitivity measurements revealed mean sensitivities of (31.1 ± 1.4) pC/N for the reference sensors and (26.2 ± 2.2) and (21.4 ± 1.3) pC/N for the sensors with graphene-based ink-jet and screen formulated ink electrodes, respectively. The sensor characteristics of the novel sensors were found to be similar to those of the reference sensors. The new sensors are linear, hysteresis error is negligible, and the operation under changing frequency (up to 100 Hz) is rather stable. Change in ambient temperature somewhat affects the sensor sensitivities. The sensors presented here can be used in several sensing applications, e.g., in plantar pressure distribution measurements.

Diabetic Foot Prevention: Repeatability of the Loran Platform Plantar Pressure and Load Distribution Measurements in Nondiabetic Subjects during Bipedal Standing—A Pilot Study

This study was designed to assess the repeatability of the Loran Platform and evaluate the variability of plantar pressure and postural balance, during barefoot standing in nondiabetic subjects, for future diabetic foot clinical evaluation. Measurements were taken for eight nondiabetic subjects (4 females, 4 males, aged 47±7.2 years) who had no musculoskeletal symptoms. Five variables were measured with the platform in the barefoot standing position. Ten measurements were taken using two different techniques for feet and posture positioning, during three sessions, once a week. For most measurements, no significant effect over time was found with Student'st-test (P&lt;.000125). The ANOVA test of statistical significance confirmed that measurement differences between subjects showed higher variations than measurements taken from the same subject (P&lt;.001). The measurements taken by the Loran Platform system were found to be repeatable.

Research on the Performance of the Spastic Calf Muscle of Young Adults With Cerebral Palsy

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to find an objective graduation of pes equinus in infantile cerebral palsy, especially with regard to functional aspects, to allow a differentiated choice of the therapeutic options. Very often raises the question of whether a surgical lengthening of the Achilles tendon may let expect a functional improvement.MethodsFor this documentation 17 patients with pes equinus and a diagnosis of spastic cerebral palsy, primarily of the lower limbs, and hemiplegia were examined first clinically and then by a procedure for calculating the functional kinetic parameters from an in-shoe plantar pressure distribution measurement (novel pedar-X system), which is used in many orthopedic practices and clinics as a standard measuring device. Using additional video motion analysis, the flexion in the ankle joint and the ankle joint torque were determined. From this the physical performance of the spastically shortened calf muscle was calculated. The course of the curves of torque and joint performance allows a functional classification of the pes equinus.ResultsApproximately three quarters of all pes equinus demonstrated functional activity of the most part of the normal push-off propulsion power. Even the rigid pes equinus was capable of performing push-off propulsion work, provided it converted energy that was absorbed during the heel-strike phase and released it again during the push-off phase. This suggests that the function of paretic ankle joint is better than its kinematics of motion.ConclusionsA heel strike with a pes equinus triggers via stretching stimuli in the muscle-ligament structure reflex motor functions, thereby causing the typical spastic gait pattern. This remarkable gait pattern is often evaluated as dysfunctional and as absolutely requiring correction. However, an aspect possibly neglected in this instance is the fact that this gait pattern may be efficient for the patient and may in fact be a suitable means allowing for economic locomotion despite the cerebral control deficits.KeywordsPes equinus; Cerebral palsy; Pedography; Ankle joint performance

Gait symmetry improves in childhood—A 4-year follow-up of foot loading data

Children under 10 years of age are less efficient than adults regarding their dynamic balance control [1]. The development of the somatosensory system is necessary for the control of posture and balance. The foot, as the final link between body and ground, transfers internal forces during gait. The coordination of force transfer needs to be balanced between both feet thus leading to a potential asymmetry of foot loading. The magnitude of asymmetry in infants’ gait has been previously studied. However, the individual development and improvement of gait symmetry should also be considered. Therefore, the aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the longitudinal development of foot loading symmetries from the onset of independent walking. Sixty-two healthy infants were followed over the course of 4 years by means of plantar pressure distribution measurements (mean age of 15 months at study start and 63 months at the end). The subjects attended a total of nine measurements scheduled every 6 months. Foot loading data was recorded during walking with the emed ® pressure platform to evaluate contact area, peak pressure, force-time integral, relative maximum force and contact time. An absolute symmetry index was calculated for all parameters. Furthermore, the infants’ data were compared to the data of 26 healthy adults. The adults were measured once and the data acquisition followed exactly the same procedures as the infants’ data. In conclusion, foot loading is asymmetric with the onset of independent walking and shows improved symmetry with increasing age dependent on the foot loading parameters.

Funktionelles Outcome der Cheilektomie in der Behandlung des Hallux rigidus

Cheilectomy is performed as treatment for hallux rigidus. Its aim is the relief of pain and improvement of function. Previous pedobarograhic studies have revealed that osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint leads to a lateralisation of peak forces during the stance phase of gait. This occurs since the big toe does not participate in push-off in a sufficient way. The results concerning functional outcome as well as subjective patient satisfaction were assessed in the present study. Plantar pressure distribution analysis was used in order to investigate functional outcome in a biomechanically objective way. In this retrospective study 44 patients (52 feet) who underwent cheilectomy for the treatment of hallux rigidus were examined. There were 30 women and 14 men with a mean age of 60.1 years (range: 41-79). The average follow-up was 14.9 months (range: 6-40). The assessment included a four-stage subjective satisfaction rating scale, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal score and first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) range of motion (ROM) measurements. In addition, dynamic plantar pressure distribution measurements were performed using the EMED system (Novel GmbH, Munich). The parameters maximum force (N), peak pressure (kPa), contact area (cm (2)), contact time (msec) and impulse (N × sec) were calculated for the geometric regions of interest great toe, second toe, first metatarsal head, second metatarsal head and total object. Statistical analysis was performed using paired student's t-test and level of significance was set at alpha < 0.05. 27 patients have been very satisfied with the operation, for 10 patients the result of the operation has been satisfactory. The mean AOFAS score increased statistically significant from 35 points presurgery to 88 points postsurgery. First MTP ROM increased from 18.1 ° before surgery to 49.1 ° at follow-up. Isolated dorsiflexion increased from 21.4 ° to 34.1 ° (p = 0.0009) and isolated plantar flexion was 15.8 ° presurgery and 16.9 ° at follow-up (p = 0.214). Plantar pressure analysis revealed no significant difference between the foot that was operated and the non-operated foot for any region of interest or pedobarographic parameter Cheilectomy represents a reliable technique for hallux rigidus that can achieve good results in patient satisfaction and functional outcome. Since the resection of osteophytes improves kinematics of the first MTP joint the technique of cheilectomy may help to restore physiological gait patterns. This is represented by the pedobarographic results of the present study. In fact, they revealed a plantar pressure distribution that is reconstructed to a satisfactory extent, showing that the big toe is reintegrated into a physiological gait pattern.

Performance of plantar pressure measurement devices (PMDs): update on consensus activities.

A worldwide scientific discussion has been started in 2010 on the need for standardisation, assessment, and delivery of recommendations in the field of plantar pressure distribution measurement at different levels: hardware performance, measuring protocols, data processing, parameters and indicators in diagnosis and therapy. The Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS) has been conducting for years a scientific project and several activities aimed to design, validate and implement dedicated testing methods and recommendations in the field of pressure measurement devices (PMDs). The present commentary contains a summary of the activities conducted up to now and some future steps which are going to be done at an international level.

Evaluation of the medial longitudinal arch: a comparison between the dynamic plantar pressure measurement system and radiographic analysis

The measurement of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of the foot is a controversial issue in orthopedics. Several methods have been developed to define and determine the MLA, but none of them are universally accepted. The purpose of this study was to compare some statically obtained radiographic angles with the dynamic plantar pressure distribution measurement system for the evaluation of the MLA in healthy individuals. A total of 95 subjects (72 females, 23 males; mean age 37.8 years; range 11 to 85 years) were retrospectively evaluated. All the subjects were referred to the pedobarography laboratory for varying causes, had foot radiographies, and were evaluated as having normal feet. On standard lateral weight-bearing radiographs of the foot, the lateral talocalcaneal angle, talo-first metatarsal angle, talohorizontal angle, and calcaneal pitch angle were measured. The plantar pressure distribution was measured by the EMED-SF system. To evaluate the MLA, the arch index method was used. The arch index was calculated by the ratio of the pressure area of the midfoot to the sum of the forefoot, midfoot, and the hindfoot areas. Correlations between the radiographic angles and the arch index were analyzed by the Pearson correlation test. The mean values of the lateral talocalcaneal angle, talo-first metatarsal angle, talohorizontal angle, and calcaneal pitch angle were 43.2, 7.2, 29.5, and 41 degrees, respectively. The mean value of the arch index was 0.12 (range 0.04 to 0.17). There was no significant correlation between the arch index and gender (r=-0.10, p>0.05). The talo-first metatarsal (r=0.38) and talohorizontal (r=0.19) angles were found to be in significant correlation with the arch index (p<0.05), whereas the talocalcaneal (r=-0.16) and calcaneal pitch (r=-0.10) angles did not show correlation with the arch index (p>0.05). The arch index method is a simple and reproducible pedobarographic measurement for the evaluation of the MLA. However, the angles measured on statically obtained radiographs and showing correlations with the arch index may give similar results concerning the MLA. Both static and dynamic methods can be utilized in the evaluation of the MLA.

Plantar pressure distribution and footwear design

In a clinical context, plantar pressure distribution measurements can provide valuable information in support of the diagnosis of individual foot pathologies and the efficacy of alternative interve...

Plantare Druckverteilung bei Patienten mit lumbalem Wurzelkompressionssyndrom

Bei Patienten mit Wurzelkompressionssyndrom infolge von Bandscheibenläsionen an der Lendenwirbelsäule sollten Druckverteilungsparameter des Fußes beim Gehen untersucht werden.