Plant Tiller Research Articles

Effect of Different Levels of Phosphorus on Growth and Yield of Wheat cv. Shatabdi

A field experiment was carried out at the farmers field of Gazipur, Bangladesh to evaluate the effect of various level of phosphorous on the growth and yield of wheat (Shatabdi). The experiment consisted of four phosphorus levels, including a control: (i) T0 = 0 kg P ha-1 (Control), (ii) T1 = 25 kg P ha-1, (iii) T2 = 50 kg P ha-1, and (iv) T3 = 75 kg P ha-1. The experiment was conducted during from December 2021 to March 2022 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on different growth and yield parameters like plant height, number of tillers per plant, days to flowering, days to maturity, spike length, grains per spike, grain yield, thousand grain weight, biological yield, and harvest index were collected according to plan. The different level of phosphorous showed significant effect on growth and yield of wheat. The T2 (50 kg P ha-1) treatment gave the tallest plant (85.25 cm), maximum number of tiller plant (8.05), spike length (18.20 cm), grains per spike (42.08), thousand grain weight (36.16), grain yield per plant (37.15 g), straw yield (07.46) and harvest index (50.72%). On the other hand, all the growth, yield and yield attributing characters were found lowest in control treatments. The result of the study indicated that the 50 Kg P/ha would be effective and economic for the cultivation of wheat variety cv Shatabdi.

Influence of Iron and Zinc Biofortification on Growth and Yield of Drilled Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2022 and 2023 to study the effect of iron and zinc biofortification on the growth and yield of drilled rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Krushi Vigyan Kendra, Navsari Agricultural University, Dediapada, Gujarat. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with ten treatments. Based on pooled analysis, almost all the growth attributes (periodical plant height, number of tillers plant-1, leaf area, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation plant-1), yield attributes (productive tillers m-2, number of filled grains panicle-1, panicle length, weight of panicle and 1000 grain weight), grain yield (3035 kg ha-1) and straw yield (5336 kg ha-1) were recorded significantly higher under treatment T10 (soil ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 25 kg ha-1 and foliar ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 0.5% at 30 & 60 DAS). Based on the results, it concluded that for achieving higher growth and yield in drilled rice, the crop should be fertilized with soil ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 25 kg ha-1 and foliar ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 0.5% at 30 & 60 DAS along with RDF and soil ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 25 kg ha-1 along with RDF.

Determination of fertilizer requirement of Indonesian black rice in winter season under different plant spacing at Agro-ecological Zone-9 of Bangladesh

Indonesian black rice is quite popular for its highly nutritive value and profitable production. The distinct knowledge about optimum fertilizer doses and plant spacing contributes to its promising yield. The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, from December 2022 to May 2023 to find out the effect of fertilizer management and plant spacing on the growth and yield of Indonesian black rice in the winter season. The experiment was conducted with 5 treatments of fertilizer management viz., F1(70% of recommended doses); F2(80% of recommended doses); F3(90% of recommended doses); F4(100% of recommended doses) and F5(110% of recommended doses) with 4 plants spacing viz., S1(20 cm × 15 cm); S2(20 cm × 20 cm); S3(25 cm × 15 cm) and S4(25 cm × 20 cm). The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design where the fertilizer management was allocated in main plots and the plant spacing was distributed in sub-plots with three replications. The result revealed that the fertilizer doses and plant spacings along with the interaction effects significantly influenced the growth and yield parameters of Indonesian black rice. Regarding vegetative growth, plant height (79.3cm), total tiller plant-1(21.27cm), and total leaf number plant-1 (58.47) were maximal at 100% recommended dose of fertilizer(F4) at DAT 65. Similarly, S2(20 cm × 20 cm) had better result in crop growth and yield attributes. The interaction effects of the treatments showed significant impact on plant height, total tiller and leaf number where F4S2 gave satisfied results. The highest values for the yield parameters including the maximum number of grains panicle-1 (100.70), 1000-grain weight (28.33g), and grain yield (5.69g) were found from the combination treatment of F4S2. On the other hand, the lowest grain (3.68g) yield was found from F1S4. Therefore, observing the results of the experiment, the best consideration was F4S2 at Agro-ecological Zone-9 in the winter season for the desirable growth and yield of Indonesian black rice.

Effect of Nano Urea on Growth, Yield and Nutrient uptake of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.)

Aim: The foliar application of nano urea is aimed at reducing the soil application of conventional urea. Nano fertilizers enhance crop growth and yield while enhancing nutrient uptake and reducing costs. They provide precise nutrient management, match crop growth stages, and offer an increased surface area for metabolic reactions. This boosts photosynthesis, leading to higher dry matter production and crop yield. Foliar application of nano urea (liquid) at tillering and booting stages in finger millet fulfills the nitrogen requirement and reflects higher crop productivity. Higher productivity of crops in a sustainable manner could be achieved by applying an appropriate combination of conventional fertilizers and nano fertilizers. Study Design: The experiment was laid out in split design with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was conducted in deep black soils at Agricultural Research Station, Siruguppa, during kharif 2022. Methodology: There were sixteen treatment combinations, consisting of different doses of nitrogen (no nitrogen, 50% RDN, 75% RDN and 100% RDN) with different concentrations of nano urea and conventional urea sprayed at tillering and booting stages for HR-13 variety of finger millet. Results: Application of 100% RDN has recorded significantly higher plant height, tillers plant-1, total dry matter accumulation, grain yield and straw yield (129.82 cm, 10.10, 36.17 g plant-1, 36.87 q ha-1 and 71.72 q ha-1, respectively) in comparison to no nitrogen and 50% RDN. However, 75% RDN (123.04 cm, 9.61, 34.02 g plant-1, 34.84 q ha-1 and 68.01 q ha-1, respectively) found on par with 100% RDN. Among foliar nitrogen, spray of nano urea @ 4 ml L-1 recorded significantly higher plant height (121.59 cm), tillers plant-1 (9.37), total dry matter accumulation (33.16 g plant-1), grain yield (31.97 q ha-1) and straw yield (65.52 q ha-1) compared to 0.5% and 1% conventional urea. However, nano urea @ 2 ml L-1 was on par with 4 ml L-1 nano urea and 1% conventional urea. Similar trend was recorded with regard to nutrient uptake by finger millet. Conclusion: Foliar application of nano urea reduced the dosage of conventional urea by 25 per cent.

Scouting rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces for moisture stress tolerance using morphometric diversity analysis

Climate-change is a major threat to sustainable agriculture. Rice is one of the staple food grains that sustain 2/3rd of global population. Therefore, developing climate-resilient rice genotypes to combat moisture stress and other climate change factors are most important to address the challenges posed by climate change. The vast availability of genetic variance among the rice genotypes for different traits favours the selection of desirable donor parents. A field investigation was carried out to characterize 21 traditional rice landraces under induced moisture stress in 2 environments including induced moisture stress (S) and non-stress (NS). The response to the varied level of environments was observed in terms of biometric and yield parameters followed by multivariate analysis and variability analysis. The study revealed higher phenotypic-coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic-coefficient of variation (GCV) for plant height and single plant yield in both environments. High heritability was also recorded in the moisture stressed environment for plant height (98.63 %), single plant yield (98.19 %) and productive tillers (95.12 %), whereas under NS, the heritability is more for single plant yield only (99.56 %). The genotypes formed nine clusters under the S environment, based on the Euclidean distance, of which the three CMS lines segregated in cluster III distinctly. The principal component analysis exhibited three principal components with a cumulative variance of 86.13 % and 86.40 % in the NS and S environments respectively. The traits such as days to 50 % flowering, panicle height, panicle length, grains per panicle, productive tillers, thousand-grain weight and single plant yield were the positive contributors. Spikelet fertility (%) and harvest index were positively correlated with seed yield per plant. Path-coefficient analysis was significant for grain yield, harvest index, spikelet fertility, pollen fertility and plant height and positively influenced by productive tillers plant-1. The study concluded the prospect of using Mattaikar, Rajalakshmi, Mallikar and Kuliyadichan as potential donors for developing upland rice with moisture stress resilience.

Identification of Superior Forage Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) Inbred Lines

The experiment was conducted during kharif, (July–November, 2022) at ICAR–Indian Institute of Millet Research (IIMR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India. In this experiment, 81 forage pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) lines was evaluated for its genetic diversity and variability. For all variables examined, an analysis of variance revealed a considerable variation between lines. Leaf-to-stem ratio, first-cut and second-cut of green fodder yield, as well as dry fodder yield, all had high PCV and GCV values. For Plant height, Leaf length, Number of leaves tiller-1, Number of tillers plant-1, Stem thickness, and Regeneration ability however, moderate PCV and GCV values have been identified. Plant height, Number of leaves tiller-1, Leaf-to-stem ratio, Green fodder yield in first cut, the Green fodder in second cut, and the yield of dry fodder all showed high heritability and high genetic advance. On the basis of Mahalanobis D2 statistics for clustering, genetic diversity was examined. The Tocher method was used to grouping of genotype lines into 11 clusters. The most lines were found in cluster I (52), followed by cluster VI with 14 lines, cluster III with 6 lines, and cluster IX with 2 lines. Cluster VI has the greatest intra-cluster distance (86.59), followed by clusters I (54.11), III (52.99), and IX (52.30). Between cluster III and IX had observed greater inter-cluster distance of 594.54 followed by cluster III and X (471.67), cluster IX and XI (458.76) and cluster I and IX (410.82). Intercrossing of these clusters lines might be useful to develop better forage pearl millet hybrids.

Genetic parameters of yield component and yield in M1 rice (Oryza sativa L.) generation irradiated with gamma-ray

High-yielding varieties are the primary determinant of the success of increasing Indonesia's rice production. Plant breeding for new high-yielding varieties is possible through mutation induction and selecting desired traits. The effectiveness and efficiency of selection require comprehensive genetic parameters. This study aimed to study the genetic diversity, heritability, genetic advance, and relationship between yield components and yield in the M1 generation of mutant rice irradiated with gamma ray. This research used a factorial randomized complete block design, involving gamma irradiation doses of 100 Gy, 150 Gy, and 200 Gy, as the first factor; and the second factor was the rice genotype: UnsoedBDBP, UnsoedBDIU, UnsoedBPIU, UnsoedIUBD, and UnsoedIBP. Each treatment was repeated three times. Results showed that traits with broad genetic variation were tiller number plant-1, grain number panicle-1, and grain yield plant-1. High heritability and genetic advance values were found in plant height, grain number panicle-1, and yield plant-1, indicating that improvement in these traits can be achieved simply through selection methods. Panicle number plant-1 and filled grain percentage panicle-1 showed a unidirectional relationship and directly affected high values on yield plant-1. Therefore, these traits can be considered selection indicators for breeding high-yielding mutant rice.

The Psathyrostachys juncea DWARF27 gene encodes an all-trans-/9-cis-beta-carotene isomerase in the control of plant branches in Arabidopsis thaliana by strigolactones.

Strigolactones (SLs), carotenoid-derived plant hormones, govern the growth and development of both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. DWARF27 (D27), a plastid-targeted protein located at the initiation site of the core pathway in SL synthesis, plays a crucial role in regulating plant tillering (branching). In rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum), OsD27 and TaD27-B proteins modulate the number of plant tillers by participating in SL biosynthesis. Similarly, AtD27 in Arabidopsis thaliana is required for SL production and has a significant impact on phenotypic changes related to branching. At the same time, TaD27 in wheat has been confirmed as a functional orthologue of AtD27 in Arabidopsis, and both Psathyrostachys juncea and wheat belong to the Triticeae, so we speculate that PjD27 gene may also have the same function as AtD27 in Arabidopsis. In this study, we initially screened the PjD27 gene significantly associated with tillering regulation through transcriptome data analysis and subsequently validated its expression levels using qRT-PCR analysis. Furthermore, we conducted phylogenetic analysis using amino acid sequences from 41 species, including P. juncea, to identify closely related species of P. juncea. Here, we analyze the conservation of D27 protein among P. juncea, rice, wheat, and Arabidopsis and provide preliminary evidence suggesting that PjD27 protein is an orthologue of D27 protein in Arabidopsis. Through reverse genetics, we demonstrate the crucial role of PjD27 in regulating plant branching, establishing it as a functional orthologue of D27 in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, following transient expression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), we demonstrate that the subcellular location of the PjD27 protein is consistent with the cellular location of TaD27-B in wheat. Quantitative analysis of SLs shows that PjD27 is a key gene regulating tillering (branching) by participating in SL biosynthesis. By elucidating the function of the PjD27 gene, our findings provide valuable genetic resources for new germplasm creation and improving grain yield in P. juncea.

Understanding the responses of tillering to 2,4-D isooctyl ester in Setaria viridis L.

BackgroundGreen foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.)] is one of the most abundant and troublesome annual grass weeds in alfalfa fields in Northeast China. Synthetic auxin herbicide is widely used in agriculture, while how auxin herbicide affects tillering on perennial grass weeds is still unclear. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to examine the effects of auxin herbicide 2,4-D on green foxtail growth, especially on tillers.ResultsIn the study, 2,4-D isooctyl ester was used. There was an inhibition of plant height and fresh weight on green foxtail after application. The photosynthetic rate of the leaves was dramatically reduced and there was an accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Moreover, applying 2,4-D isooctyl ester significantly reduced the tillering buds at rates between 2100 and 8400 ga. i. /ha. Transcriptome results showed that applying 2,4-D isooctyl ester on leaves affected the phytohormone signal transduction pathways in plant tillers. Among them, there were significant effects on auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), and brassinosteroid signaling. Indeed, external ABA and GA on leaves also limited tillering in green foxtail.ConclusionsThese data will be helpful to further understand the responses of green foxtail to 2, 4-D isooctyl ester, which may provide a unique perspective for the development and identification of new target compounds that are effective against this weed species.

Genetic Variability and Character Association Analysis in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Saline Water Condition

The study was conducted to evaluate eight germplasms/varieties of wheat during the rabi season (November-April, 2022–23) using a randomized block design with three replications at the research farm of Agricultural Research Sub-Station (ARSS), Nagaur (Rajasthan), India to estimate the variability parameters and characters association for nine characters. The results were revealed that mean sum of squares due to genotypes showed significant differences for all the nine characters under study, suggested that the genotypes were genetically divergent. The phenotypic coefficient of variation values was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation values for all the nine traits which reflect the influence of environment on the expression of traits. Spike length and number of spikelets were showed higher PCV and medium GCV. High heritability estimates were recorded for all the nine characters. High genetic advance as percentage of mean along with high heritability was observed for number of spikelets, spike length, number of effective tillers plant-1, seed yield and number of grains spike-1. This indicated the existence of lesser environmental influence and prevalence of additive gene action in their expression and these traits possessed high selective value. These characters could be further improved through individual plant selection. Grain yield had highly significant and positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations with plant height, number of effective tillers plant-1, spike length, number of spikelets and number of grains spike-1. These characters can be considered as criteria for selection for higher grain yield as these were mutually and directly associated with grain yield.

Influence of Liquid Nano Urea Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Summer Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under South Gujarat Conditions

A field experiment was conducted during summer season for two consecutive years (2022-2023) at Navsari, Gujarat to study the effect of liquid Nano urea fertilizer on summer rice (Oryza sativa L.) under South Gujarat conditions. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications and twelve treatments comprising T1: 100 % RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen) through urea (120 kg N ha-1), T2: 75 % RDN + Seedling root dip in Nano urea at transplanting (TP) (4 ml L-1), T3: 50 % RDN + Seedling root dip in Nano urea at TP (4 ml L-1), T4: 25 % RDN + Seedling root dip in Nano urea at TP (4 ml L-1), T5: 75 % RDN + Spray of Nano urea at tillering stage (4 ml L-1), T6: 50 % RDN + Spray of Nano urea at tillering stag (4 ml L-1), T7: 25 % RDN + Spray of Nano urea at tillering stage (4 ml L-1), T8: 75 % RDN + Spray of Nano urea at tillering and panicle initiation stage (4 ml L-1), T9: 50 % RDN + Spray of Nano urea at tillering and panicle initiation stage (4 ml L-1), T10: 25 % RDN + Spray of Nano urea at tillering and panicle initiation stage (4 ml L-1), T11: Spray of Nano urea at tillering and panicle initiation stage (4 ml L-1) and T12: Seedling root dip in Nano urea at TP + Spray of Nano urea at tillering and panicle initiation stage (4 ml L-1). Application of 75 % RDN + Spray of Nano urea at tillering and panicle initiation stage (4 ml L-1) obtain significantly higher growth attributes viz., periodical plant height, number of tillers plant-1, dry matter accumulation plant-1, chlorophyll content and growth indices including leaf area index (LAI) at 60 and 90 DAS, crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) during 30-60 DAS, 60-90 DAS, and 90 DAS-Harvest. Similarly, significantly higher grain yield was produced under treatment T8 (4435 kg ha-1) which was 3.24% higher than 100% RDN through conventional urea.

Application of Liquid Organic Fertilizer to Improve Yields in System of Rice Intensification (SRI).

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Organic fertilizer is a source of nutrition for plants which is an alternative to inorganic fertilizer. Liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) which comes from coconut fiber and banana LOF which comes from banana stems from which the fruit has been removed, so that wasted plant residue can be used as fertilizer. The study aimed to obtain the best type of LOF and concentration in increasing the growth and yield of the Batang Piaman rice variety using the SRI method. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The research was conducted from June to December, 2023 in Padang City, West Sumatra. The method used was an experiment with a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in nested with each treatment consisting of 3 groups. The treatment consisted of LOF types at two levels (banana stems and coconut fiber) and LOF concentrations at seven levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mL/L). Observational data were analysed by variance analysis with F test at 5% real level, but if there were differences, it was continued with DMRT further test at 5% real level by STAR IRRI Philippine software (Philippine). <b>Results:</b> The results obtained were that LOF coconut fiber provided better growth components, yield components and physiological components than banana stem LOF with the best concentration, on the provision of LOF coconut fiber 100 mL/L on the number of rice plant tillers and stomatal density and concentration of 200 mL/L on the number of productive tillers. <b>Conclusion:</b> The application of LOF coconut fiber is better for the growth and yield of rice plants of the Batang Piaman variety compared to the administration of LOF banana stems by applying coconut fiber liquid organic fertilizer with a concentration of 100 mL/L, it is recommended to add coconut fiber LOF to rice fields to increase growth and yield.

Estimation of Phenotypic and Genotypic Correlation Analysis in F3 Populations of Bread Wheat Genotypes

Wheat is one of the most important crops all over the world in terms of yield, production, consumption, cultivation, and adoptability. Wheat genotypes exhibiting different yield associated traits which influence each other in many ways. Therefor genotypic and phenotypic correlations are the breeder’s utmost priority to know about the inter-relationship between two or more traits which may be either directly influencing each other in a positive direction or indirectly swaying each other in a negative direction in breeding programs. To find out phenotypic and genotypic correlations among different productive traits, this study was designed at the research area of The Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, during 2022-23. The experiment was carried out by using 27 wheat genotypes comprising of nine parents and 18 F3 populations evaluated in RCB design with three replications. Overall the study exhibited that kernel yield plant-1, which is one of the most yield contributing trait, was significantly correlated with thousand-kernel weights, tillers plant-1and biomass yield, along some other yield contributing traits. The parental genotype, Janbaz, and cross combinations Watan × AUP-5008, Pirsabak-2005 × AUP-5008, Saleem-2000 × Janbaz and Watan × Tatara were the most promising genotypes for most of quantitative traits and; hence are recommended to be evaluated in further breeding schemes. Both phenotypic and genotypic correlation study exhibited that kernel yield spike-1 was significant and positively associated with plant height, tillers plant-1, thousand-kernel weight and biomass yield. Based on correlations, yield, and production the parental genotype, Janbaz, and F3 combinations Watan × AUP-5008, Pirsabak-2005 × AUP-5008, Saleem-2000 × Janbaz and Watan × Tatara were the most promising genotypes for most of the quantitative traits, which can be incorporated in further breeding program.

Respon Pertumbuhan Tanaman Jahe Merah (Zingiber Officinale Rosc) Terhadap Pemberian Pupuk Kandang Sapi dan Pupuk NPK

The prospects for the development of red ginger plants in Indonesia are still quite bright, especially for export, the traditional medicine industry, the food and beverage industry and cooking spices. Fresh red ginger in Indonesia is exported to various countries including the United States, Japan, Singapore and Pakistan. The red ginger plant (Zingiber officinale Rosc) is one of the important herbs. During its growth, from planting to production, it is definitely a ginger plant. has absorbed a number of food elements. Therefore, efforts are needed to maintain, increase and increase soil fertility, including by fertilizing. One of the determining factors is the use of cow manure and NPK fertilizer. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of using doses of cow manure and NPK fertilizer on the growth of red ginger plants (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). This research uses a Factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK). which consists of 2 (two) treatment factors. The first factor is the dose of cow manure (K) consisting of 4 levels, namely:= Control,= 75 tons/ha (2kg/plot),= 150 tons/ha (4kg/plot)), K3= 225 tons/ha (6kg /plot)). The second factor, namely the dose of NPK fertilizer (M), consists of 3 levels, namely: M0= Control, = 0.4 gr/plot, M2= 0.6 gr/plot, M3 = 0.8 gr/plot. Observed variables include Plant Height, Number leaves/sample, and number of saplings/sample. The results of the research on the dose of cow manure showed a very real influence on plant height, number of leaves and number of tillers in red ginger plants. NPK fertilizer doses that are too high have an impact on low plant height, number of leaves, and number of red ginger plant saplings Keywords: red ginger, cow manure, NPK

The Effect of Mannitol and Nano Urea on Terminal Heat Stress on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The present investigation was conducted during Rabi season, 2022-23 & 2023-24 at the student instructional farm (SIF) of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya- 224229 (U.P.). The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications, seven treatments and wheat variety (HD 2967). The treatment was comprised of control distilled water spray, Mannitol 25, 50, 100 ppm and Nano urea 25, 50, 100 ppm respectively, which was foliar sprayed at 30 DAS. The observations have been studied on growth, bio-chemical, yield and yield attributes of wheat. Observations were recorded at 60, 90 DAS and at maturity stages for timely sowing (15 November) and late sowing (15 December). However, yield and yield parameters were taken at the time of harvesting of the crop. Foliar spray of mannitol and nano urea were performed well at 60, 90 DAS and at maturity parameters. Foliar application of nano urea with 25 ppm was recorded superior on plant height (cm), dry weight plant-1 (g), chlorophyll content in leaves (SPAD value), Catalase activity (g-1 fresh weight min-1), Peroxidase activity (mg g-1 fresh weight min-1), Super oxide dismutase activity (mg g-1 fresh weight min-1) However, yield and yield attributes viz length of spike, number of tillers plant-1, number of grains spike-1, grain yield plant-1 It is concluded from the result that foliar spray of nano urea 25 ppm was found most effective to increasing all characters and yield parameters of wheat.

Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen on Growth, Yield and Productivity of Wheat (Triticum estivum L.) Cv. Koshan-02

The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels (0, 50, 70, 90 & 110 kg N ha-1) of Nitrogen (N) on growth, yield and yield related parameters of wheat (cv. Koshan-02) in Kabul agro-climate condition at the Agricultural Research Farm of Kabul University, during spring 2020-21. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, each replication consisted of five treatments. Total treatments were (15). The size of each plot was (2mx3m=6m2). The result of our study revealed that the plots treated with highest level (110 kg N ha-1) of N fertilizers produced the highest plant height (85.97cm). maximum number of grains spike-1 (35.74), the highest dry matter (3.937t ha-1), The highest number of tillers m-2 (152.76 m-2), 1000-grain weight (48.94g), grain yield (2891.1kg/ha) large spike length (10.52), number of grains spikelet-1 (2.98), Spikelet number spike-1 (11.54), followed by T4, T3 and T2. It was concluded that all treatments have ranked regarding their efficient effects as ((T5 (110 kg N ha-1> T4 (90 kg N ha-1> T3 (70 kg N ha-1> T2 (50 kg N ha_1> TControl) for all growth, yield and yield helping attributes such as plant height, number of grains spike-1, dry matter (kg ha-1), number of tillers plant-1, 1000-grain weight(g), grain yield (kg ha-1), spike length (cm), number of grains spikelet-1, number of spikelet spike-1, spike number m-2 and number of leaves plant_1. So, for obtaining aimed and desirable yield the application of (110 kg N ha-1) is recommended under research area conditions (Agro-Climatic Condition).

Evaluating Little Millet (Panicum sumatrense L.) Based Intercropping System on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Status of Soil under Rainfed Condition

Aims: To determine the suitable component crop and its row pattern for enhancing growth and yield of little millet under intercropping system. Study Design: Randomized complete Block Design (RBD). Place and Duration of Study: The field experiment was carried out during the rabi season from October 2023 – January 2024 at Instructional north farm in Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Methodology: This field experiment consists of 3 replications with eleven treatments viz., T1 – Little millet sole crop, T2 – Little millet + black gram (4:1), T3 – Little millet + black gram (6:1), T4 – Little millet + green gram (4:1), T5 – Little millet + green gram (6:1), T6 – Little millet + redgram (4:1), T7 – Little millet + redgram (6:1), T8 – Little millet + cowpea (4:1), T9 – Little millet + cowpea (6:1), T10 – Little millet + bengal gram (4:1), T11 – Little millet + bengal gram (6:1). Results: The results of the experiment showed that T2 little millet + black gram (4:1) recorded the higher growth parameters like plant height (127.6 and 133.6 cm at 60 DAS and at harvest stage) and LAI of 5.23 and 4.84 at 60 DAS and at harvest stage, respectively and also produced higher yield parameters like no.of tillers plant-1 (9) and no.of productive tillers (8) with higher grain and stover yield of 1326 and 4109 kg ha-1 and it is statistically parallel with T4 little millet + green gram (4:1). And also, nutrient uptake was highest (N – 40.8, P – 5.7 and K – 33.5 kg ha-1) in little millet + black gram (6:1). Regarding the post harvest soil fertility status, little millet + cowpea (4:1) registered the highest available NPK (339, 47.6 and 197 kg ha-1). Therefore, intercropping of black gram or green gram with little millet under rainfed condition would be the ideal recommendation.

Role of plant growth promoting fungi and doses of chemical fertilizers in improving agronomic response for sustainable wheat crop production

Plant growth promoting fungi PGPF is considered a major biological technique that results in significant plant growth and yield. Use of high doses of chemical fertilizers increased cost of crop production and environmental pollution. PGPF could be a reliable alternative to reduce application of agrochemicals such as chemical fertilizers in modern agriculture. The present study evaluated the role of these fungi with chemical fertilizer of DAP applied through different doses in agronomic response of production of 2 varieties of Wheat (Ibaa99 and Rasheed) at 2 agricultural seasons 2019-2020-2021. Field plots conducted during 2019-2020 cropping season, to evaluate the role of adding fungal isolate called PGPF-AT with doses of DAP were (0, 50 and 100%) in 0, 120 and 240 Kg ha-1 respectively, compared with (Commercial Biofertilizer) called Natrusoil as positive control on wheat var. Ibaa99 to improve growth and yield attributes. The study was repeated in the 2020-2021 cropping seasons with var. Rasheed (to discover a variety of effects and confirm results). The results revealed that treatment PGPF-AT was exerted a highly significant increase without differences between doses of DAP 120, and 240 Kg ha-1 compared to untreated plots for both Ibaa 99 and Rasheed varieties attributes: no. of plants m-2, plant height (cm), plant dry weight (g), no. of tillers plant-1, no. of spike plant-1, spike length (cm), spike weight (g), no. of seeds spike-1, weight of 100 grain (g) and grain yield Kg m-2 in addition to fertilizer use efficiency (Kg Kg-1) in both cropping seasons.

Correlation and Path Analysis for Yield and Yield Component Traits on Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes

The research was conducted at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center Main Station, during July–November, 2021 (Main cropping season) to study the association among traits and estimate the direct and indirect effects of various traits on grain yield of bread wheat genotypes. A total of 64 bread wheat genotypes were evaluated for 16 traits in 8×8 simple lattice design. Grain yields showed positive and highly significant at (p<0.01) genotypic and phenotypic correlation with plant height, number of seeds spike-1, head weight, yield head-1, biomass yield, hectoliter weight, test weight and harvest index. Genotypic correlation coefficients were greater for all significantly correlated with grain yield studied traits than the corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients, indicating inherent association of the characters, therefore, selection for these characters could improve grain yield. Genotypic path analysis of the direct effects revealed that days to maturity, number of spikelets spike-1, head weight, yield head-1, biomass yield, hectoliter weight, test weight and harvest index exerted direct positive effect on grain yield. Phenotypic path analysis of the direct effects showed that days to maturity, plant height, number of tillers plant-1, number of seeds spike-1, head height, yield head-1, biomass yield, test weight and harvest index had direct positive effect on grain yield. Therefore, these traits should be considered for bread wheat breeding program for yield improvement.

RESPON PADI GOGO (Oryza sativa L.) TERHADAP APLIKASI BIOCHAR SEKAM PADI DAN PUPUK KANDANG SAPI

Upland rice is one type of local rice that is still cultivated and has the potential to be developed. However, its productivity is still low, so it is necessary to add nutrients to increase its productivity. This research was conducted with the aim of looking at the response of upland rice to the application of rice husk biochar and cow manure. The tools and materials used in this study were: polybag, inceptisol soil, rice husk biochar, cow manure, camera, upland rice seed label paper, and stationery. This study used a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments in this study were BP0: control (without biochar and manure), BP1: biochar 5 t ha-1 + manure 5 t ha-1; BP2: biochar 10 t ha-1 + manure 5 t ha-1, BP3: biochar 5 t ha-1 + manure 10 t ha-1, BP4: biochar 10 t ha-1 + manure 10 t ha-1. The results of this study were that the application of rice husk biochar 10 t ha-1 + manure 5 t ha-1 gave the highest effect on plant growth which included plant height, number of leaves and number of tillers of rice plants.