Spraying Of Plants Research Articles

Effects of superabsorbent polymer application and salicylic acid spraying on chickpea productivity

Protecting the plants against drought stress and improving water conservation in soil through proper techniques are vital under rainfed conditions. Therefore in this study the effects of a superabsorbent polymer application and salicylic acid spraying on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) were evaluated using a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design. Three factors of salicylic acid (SA), superabsorbent polymer (SAP) and cultivar were studied with the following levels: four SA concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.5 and 5 mM, two treatments of non-application and application of SAP and two chickpea cultivars of Bivanij and ILC482. Results showed that the application of SAP in soil and foliar spraying of plants with SA led to significant increases in seed weight compared with control plants. Remarkable improvement in seed yield of chickpea was recorded by the application of SAP along with the highest concentration of SA. The harvest index of Bivanij cultivar in response to SAP application was significantly improved as compared with ILC482.

Formation of Nonspecifi c Resistance in Winter Wheat Plants by the Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment

Aim. The aim of the investigation was to study the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, pigments’ content and productivity of winter wheat in order to determine the biochemical mechanisms of induced winter wheat plant resistance during ontogenesis in the fi eld. Methods. The study of physiological and biochemical parameters were carried out on winter wheat varieties of the wooded steppe (Poliska 90) and steppe (Skala) ecotypes at the tillering and fl owering phases. The experimental plants were foliar treated with hydrogen peroxide (Н 2 О 2 ) in concentration of 1∙10 –1 M twice, with a 3-day-interval, while the control ones – with distilled water. Spraying of plants was performed at spring (tillering phase). Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was determined as the formation of a peroxidation end product — malondialdehyde, which content was determined as the extinction of its condensation product with thiobarbituric acid. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was determined by a method based on the ability of SOD to inhibit nitroblue tetrazolium recovery by superoxide radicals in the light in the presence of ribofl avin and methionine. The activity of catalase was calculated using the extinction coeffi cient of − 39.4 mM –1 cm –1 . Results. It was established that after 24 h of hydrogen peroxide treatment the processes of lipid peroxidation were intensifi ed and antioxidant enzymes’ activity was decreased in two varieties. In the next phase of ontogenesis (fl owering) antioxidant enzymes’ activity increased in both varieties: Poliska 90 and Skala, which suppressed the LPO growth. Conclusion. Treatment of plants with hydrogen peroxide promoted the formation of non-specifi c plant resistance and increased grain productivity of winter wheat varieties investigated.

Effects of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide on the photosynthetic membranes under non-stress conditions

In the present work the effects of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on functional and structural characteristics of the thylakoid membranes under non-stress conditions were evaluated 48 h after spraying of pea plants with different concentrations of EBR (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg.L−1). The results show that the application of 0.1 mg.L−1 EBR has the most pronounced effect on the studied characteristics of the photosynthetic membranes. The observed changes in 540 nm light scattering and in the calorimetric transitions suggest alterations in the structural organization of the thylakoid membranes after EBR treatment, which in turn influence the kinetics of oxygen evolution, accelerate the electron transport rate, increase the effective quantum yield of photosystem II and the photochemical quenching. The EBR-induced changes in the photosynthetic membranes are most probably involved in the stress tolerance of plants.

Effect of Volatile and Non-Volatile Compounds of Trichoderma spp. on Botrytis Fabae the Causative Agent of Faba Bean Chocolate Spot

Antagonistic fungi naturally occurring on faba bean leaf surface were isolated and evaluated for their activity as bioagents for Botrytis fabae the causative agent of chocolate spot disease. Thirty isolates were purified and identified as 26 isolates of Trichoderma species (Trichoderma album, T. aureoviride , T. hamatum, T. harzianum and T. viride) and 4 isolates belonging to the genera of Cladosporium, Gliocladium, Epicoccum and Paecilomyces. The inhibitory effect of these isolates was assessed in vitro against the growth of B. fabae, which decreased it's mycelial growth on PDA plates. The inhibitory effect of Trichoderma spp. ranged between 51.11 - 77.78%. In addition, T. album (Isolate 2) gave the highest inhibition followed by T. harzianum (Isolate 6). Furthermore, under greenhouse conditions spraying of faba bean plants with any of Trichoderma spp. and Bio- Zeid as a biofungicide, 24 h before inoculation with B. fabae significantly reduced the severity of the disease after 14 days in the range of 3.0 - 4% compared with the control (8.7%). T. album (Isolate 2) was the highest antagonistic isolate (3.0%) followed by T. harzianum (Isolate 6) then T. hamatum (Isolate 6) and T. viride (Isolate 2), being 3.24, 3.30 and 3.40%, respectively. Volatile and non-volatile compounds produced by T. album (Isolate 2) exhibited the highest inhibition to the mycelial growth of B. fabae followed by T. harzianum (Isolate 6).

Comparative Bio-Efficacy of Aqueous Extracts of <i>Loncarpous cyanescens</i> and <i>Trema orientalis</i> Against Flea Beetle (<i>Podagrica</i> Spp) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Infestation And Yeild of Okra

In Nigeria, Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus ) is attacked by two flea beetle species, Podagrica uniforma (Jaq.) and Nisotra dilecta (Jaq.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) which are responsible for heavy defoliation and causes significant yield losses and synthetic insecticides with its attendant problems is currently be employed for insect pest control. A field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farms of Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State between June – August, 2013, to investigate the insecticidal potentials of Loncarpous cyanescens and Trema orientalis against flea beetle infestation on okra in Randomised Completely Block Design (RCBD) and treatments replicate three times. Synthetic insecticide ( Lambda cyhalothrin ) was used as check to compare the effectiveness of the plant extracts. Crude aqueous extracts of each plant was prepared by pounding 1 kg of plant leaves using mortar and pestle and soaked in 4 litres of cold water for 24 hours, sieved using muslin cloth. Spraying of okra plants were carried out at 5 spraying regimes beginning from crop establishment (4 weeks after planting (WAP) to harvesting period (50 days after planting (DAP) at weekly intervals using Knapsack 15 L sprayer under fairly calm weather condition. To assess the effect of the plant extracts and on the flea beetles; variables assessed included number of beetles were counted a day before treatment application, number of beetles post application of treatment and number of fresh fruit, fruit length and weight on 5 randomly selected plants per plot. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and treatment means were separated using Least Significant Difference at 5% probability level. Results obtained shows that at 40 and 50 DAP i.e. at 4 th and 5 th spraying regimes, plot sprayed with L. cyanescens and T. orientalis extracts caused significant beetles infestation suppression (P 0.05) compared to synthetic insecticide control plots. In light of the foregoing, it is evident from the study that the plant evaluated possess insecticidal properties which could be exploited as bio-insecticide as alternative to synthetic insecticide in the control of Podagrica uniforma (Jaq.) and Nisotra dilecta (Jaq.) infestation under organic okra production.

Effect of pre-harvest application of gibberellic acid on the contents of pigments in cut leaves of Asarum europaeum L.

The experiment determined the effect of gibberellic acid applied prior to harvest on the contents of plant pigments in cut leaves of wild ginger (<em>Asarum europaeum </em>L.), cultivated in an unheated plastic tunnel and in the field. Foliar application of GA<sub>3</sub> at a concentration of 100, 200, 400, 600 mg x dm<sup>-3</sup> was repeated four times every two weeks. It has been proven that pre-harvest spraying of plants with gibberellic acid at a concentration of 100 mg x dm<sup>-3</sup> has a positive effect on the content of photosynthetically active pigments in the leaves of <em>A. europaeum </em>cultivated in an unheated plastic tunnel. Application of GA<sub>3</sub> at a concentration of 600 mg x dm<sup>-3</sup> led to the accumulation of the greatest amount of anthocyanins in the leaves of <em>Asarum europaeum </em>cultivated both in the unheated plastic tunnel and in the field. The response of plants to GA<sub>3</sub> application, expressed in the amount of flavonoids, depended on conditions related to the cultivation site. Pre-harvest treatment of <em>A. europaeum </em>plants with gibberellic acid at concentrations of 100-600 mg x dm<sup>-3</sup> reduced the production of flavonoids in tunnel-grown wild ginger, but enhanced their accumulation in plants cultivated in the field. Pre-harvest application of gibberellic acid did not affect the fresh weight or dry mass content in plant material.

Physical Properties of Spray-dried Pink Guava (Psidium Guajava) Powder

Abstract Spray drying of pink guava puree is important for preservation, volume reduction and prolongation of its shelf-life. This investigation was carried out to assess selected physical properties of its powder dried using lab plant spray dryer SD-05. The juice (brix 10.0±0.1) of pink guava puree was mixed with MD at 10%, 15% and 20% and dried using temperatures 150, 160 and 170 °C at feed flow rate 350 ml/hr. Quality powder in terms of final moisture content, particle size, powder yield, bulk density, tapped density, flowability and color was found to be yielded at drying temperature of 150 °C with 15% maltodextrin.

RESPONSE OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) PLANTS TO FOLIAR SPRAYING OF SOME BIO-STIMULANTS (YEAST EXTRACT, ARGININE, B12 AND THEIR INTERACTIONS)

A field experiments were carried out in season of 2013/2014 at Botanical garden, Botany and Microbiology Dept., Fac. ofSci., Al- Azhar Univ., Nasr City, Cairo, to study the effect of foliar applications of some bio-stimulants (dry yeast extracts, arginine,B12 and their interactions) on growth, total yield, quality and some chemical constituents of wheat plants. Results showedthat, foliar spraying of wheat plants with bio-stimulants especially yeast extract had a significant effect on vegetative growth,yield and quality. Shoot fresh weight of wheat plants were improved by yeast extract at all doses and B 12 foliar applicationduring the first stage. Results showed that addition of any of these treatments has been significantly increased the dry weight ofroots during two stages as compared to the control in almost cases. The contents of pigments of wheat plants showed, significantincreases in chlorophyll a, b, a+b and carotenoids content in response to various treatments. Results indicated that foliarapplication of all these treatments increased amylase activity compared to control during the second stage. Application of yeast(6 g l-1) + B12 or yeast (6 g l-1) + arginine showed the heaviest 100 seeds weight (4.16 and 4.11 g) respectively as a comparedwith untreated plant(2.9 g). Moreover it could be concluded that foliar spraying of yeast (4g/l) +Arg. led to obtain the highestvalues of yielded seeds protein, while the highest values of yielded carbohydrates at yeast (4g/l) +B12 of wheat plants.

Evaluation of Indigenous Fungal Pathogens from Horse Purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum) for Their Relative Virulence and Host Range Assessments to Select a Potential Mycoherbicidal Agent

Periodic surveys were conducted to seek potential indigenous fungal agents for development as mycoherbicides against horse purslane, a major weed of agricultural fields in India. Pathogenic fungal species were isolated and identified from naturally infected horse purslane. The biocontrol potential of these pathogens for horse purslane was evaluated by studying their host range and virulence under growth chamber and greenhouse conditions. Three candidates,Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, andPhoma herbarum, were identified as potential candidates for biological control of horse purslane. Preliminary host-range tests and pathogenicity studies, conducted using 45 crop and weed plants belonging to 18 families, demonstrated thatP. herbarumprovided effective weed control and was safe to most of the plant species tested. Further mycoherbicidal application ofP. herbarumas plant spray under field condition caused mortality of horse purslane 60 d after application of the inoculums.Phoma herbarumis a good mycoherbicide candidate against horse purslane.

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF SPRAY-DRIED WHITE DRAGON FRUIT (HYLOCEREUS UNDATUS) JUICE

A study was conducted to produce white dragon fruit (WDF) powder by optimizing the spray drying conditions using maltodextrin DE 10 (MD) as a carrier. The process was performed using a pilot plant spray drier by manipulating its inlet temperature (150-170°C), outlet temperature (75-85°C) and MD concentration (15-30%) as the independent variables while process yield, moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity and bulk density were analysed as responses. The optimum conditions were obtained at an inlet temperature of 150°C, outlet temperature of 75°C and 18% of MD concentration. MD concentration had the most significant (p 0.05) from its initial count in media containing FOS and WDF powder while glucose and MD significantly (p<0.05) increased its numbers. These results indicated that WDF powder enhanced the growth of probiotic bacteria more than FOS and inhibited the growth of pathogen and as such can be considered as a functional food ingredient for the functional food industry.

Rapid and simple neurotoxin-based distinction of Chinese and Japanese star anise by direct plant spray mass spectrometry

Ingestion of products containing Chinese star anise (Illicium verum) fruits contaminated or adulterated with Japanese star anise (Illicium anisatum) fruits can cause poisoning due to the neurotoxin anisatin that is present in Japanese star anise. Thus a rapid, simple and unambiguous distinction between the morphologically similar Chinese star anise and toxic Japanese star anise fruits is important for guaranteeing food safety. After adding ∼200μL of methanol to one star anise carpel placed at 7–10mm from the inlet of a mass spectrometer and applying a potential of ∼5kV to the carpel, an electrospray is created. The formation of the electrospray is immediate, robust and stable and lasts for at least a minute. The presence or absence of anisatin could be monitored by orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in negative mode by observing the [M−H]− ion at m/z 327.1074 (C15H19O8) or in positive mode the [M+K]+ ion at m/z 367.079 (C15H20KO8). Several parameters like wetting solvent, voltage, distance and set-up were optimised. The anisatin signal was ∼250 times higher in Japanese than in Chinese star anise. An existing Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) HRMS for anisatin was used for benchmarking. Alternatively a linear ion trap mass spectrometer could be used in negative selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mode albeit with lower selectivity than the HRMS method. The transition of the [M−H]− ion at m/z 327 to the fragment at m/z 265 was monitored. Direct plant spray and DART ionisation are both robust and provided the same yes/no answer in seconds without any prior sample preparation. Compared with the DART-HRMS procedure, the direct plant spray method is simpler in terms of equipment, yields a more stable signal, does not require heating of the sample but is slightly less selective and requires working with high voltages.

Effect of the Outlet Air Reuse on Thermal Efficiency of a Pilot Plant Spray Dryer with Rotary Atomizer

The thermal efficiency of a spray drying process is related to operating parameters such as the temperature and the mass flow rate of the inlet air of the dryer and the increase of these values will result in higher energy costs. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of recycling the outlet air of a pilot plant spray dryer with rotary atomizer on the thermal efficiency of the drying process. The results showed that the thermal efficiency is related to inlet air properties and it can be improved with the recirculation of the outlet air.

РОСТ И УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ КАРТОФЕЛЯ ПРИ ОБРАБОТКЕ РАСТЕНИЙ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНЫМ ВЕЩЕСТВОМ БИОГУМУСА

A biological activity of preparations on the basis of biohumus was tested on early potato of Zhukovskii variety. The vermicompost, a product of vital functions of earthworms of Vladimirskii hybrid Staratel’ elite commercial line, was used as a source for bioactive preparations. The biologically active substances from vermicompost were isolated by alkaline extraction. The extracts of biohumus active substance in concentration of 1.5½10 -2 %, 1.5½10 -3 % and 1.5½10 -4 % were used for presowing treatment of tubers in complex with foliar treatment at the different vegetation periods. It was shown, that the treatment of sowing material and the spraying of plants by solution of biohumus active substance in concentration of 1.5½10 -4 % have a positive effect on development of plants and increases the potato productivity by 38 %. In addition, the resistance of early potato of Zhukovskii variety to bacterial rot, late blight of potato and vascular wilt during storage was shown to be increased under the influence of biohumus preparation.

THE USE OF MICRONUTRIENTS TO CONTROL CHOCOLATE LEAF SPOT AND RUST OF FABA BEAN AND TO ENHANCE ITS GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS AND YIELD UNDER FIELD CONDITION

Under field conditions, in the two successive seasons of 2010/11 and 2011/12 the effect of plant spraying with commercial chelated iron, manganese and zinc on severity of chocolate leaf spot and rust of faba bean cv. Misr 1 was studied. The effects on leaves chlorophyll content and some agronomic characters of the faba bean were also investigated. Severity of Botrytis fabae was significantly decreased on the treated plants and reduced the disease incidence between 7.93% to 36.9% compared with control .Also, microelements decreased rust disease severity between 15.4% to 62.8% in the two growing seasons, respectively . Chlorophyll (a) and (b) in leaves significant increased in all plants sprayed with micronutrients. Also, results showed that spraying faba bean plants with Fe, Zn and Mn alone or in combination increased plant height, number of pods / plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield / feddan .

Influence ofAscochyta, Bipolaris, Drechslera, Fusariuminoculations on the germination, emergence and infection of barley leaves

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the artificial inoculation of barley kernels and leaves with a suspension of spores and mycelium of species belonging to the genera Ascochyta, Bipolaris, Drechslera and Fusarium. The following procedures were applied: inoculation of kernels germinating on blotting paper, inoculation of kernels germinating in the soil and spraying of young barley plants. Intensity of the occurring disease symptoms depended on the fungal species used and the method of inoculation. All genera of fungi used for inoculation of kernels on blotting paper statistically significantly reduced the percentage of germinated kernels. In the case of inoculation of kernels sown in the soil, emergence rates of barley plants were statistically significantly reduced only by B. sorokiniana (22.5–70%) and Fusarium sp. (5–55%), the control 92.5–95%. The use of B. sorokiniana in the inoculation of young barley plants caused spots (30–60% of infected plants), which were not observed in species from the other genera.

Evidências neuroquímicas e comportamentais do efeito ansiogênico da deltametrina em ratos

Pyrethroid insecticides are extensively used for pest control around the house, flea prevention for pets, and plant sprays for the home and in agriculture. Deltamethrin (DTM) is a Type II pyrethroid insecticide used to control a variety of insects in agriculture and domestic environments. The present study investigated the possible anxiogenic effects of DTM (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) in rats using behavioral and neurochemical methods. We assessed general locomotor activity and behavior in the elevated plus maze and open field test. Striatal and hippocampal neurotransmitter and metabolite levels were also measured. DTM (i) reduced locomotion and rearing frequency, (ii) slightly increased the duration of immobility, (iii) reduced the time engaged in social interaction, (iv) reduced the percentage of entries into and time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus maze, (v) reduced the number of center crossings in the elevated plus maze, (vi) Striatal and hippocampal neurotransmitter and metabolite levels were also measured. DTM (i) reduced locomotion and rearing frequency, (ii) slightly increased the duration of immobility, (iii) reduced the time engaged in social interaction, (iv) reduced the percentage of entries into and time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus maze, (v) reduced the number of center crossings in the elevated plus maze, (vi) increased striatal serotonin neurotransmitter and its metabolite, and (vii) did not alter motor coordination on the rotarod, grooming duration in the open field test, rectal temperature, or hippocampal neurotransmitter levels. These data suggest that DTM at the present doses and under these experimental conditions presented a similar profile to that of anxiogenic drugs, unrelated with the increased serotonin neurotransmission.

In vitro selection of transgenic sugarcane callus utilizing a plant gene encoding a mutant form of acetolactate synthase

Selection genes are routinely used in plant genetic transformation protocols to ensure the survival of transformed cells by limiting the regeneration of non-transgenic cells. In order to find alternatives to the use of antibiotics as selection agents, we followed a targeted approach utilizing a plant gene, encoding a mutant form of the enzyme acetolactate synthase, to convey resistance to herbicides. The sensitivity of sugarcane callus (Saccharum spp. hybrids, cv. NCo310) to a number of herbicides from the sulfonylurea and imidazolinone classes was tested. Callus growth was most affected by sulfonylurea herbicides, particularly 3.6 μg/l chlorsulfuron. Herbicide-resistant transgenic sugarcane plants containing mutant forms of a tobacco acetolactate synthase (als) gene were obtained following biolistic transformation. Post-bombardment, putative transgenic callus was selectively proliferated on MS medium containing 3 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 20 g/l sucrose, 0.5 g/l casein, and 3.6 μg/l chlorsulfuron. Plant regeneration and rooting was done on MS medium lacking 2,4-D under similar selection conditions. Thirty vigorously growing putative transgenic plants were successfully ex vitro-acclimatized and established under glasshouse conditions. Glasshouse spraying of putative transgenic plants with 100 mg/l chlorsulfuron dramatically decreased the amount of non-transgenic plants that had escaped the in vitro selection regime. PCR analysis showed that six surviving plants were als-positive and that five of these expressed the mutant als gene. This report is the first to describe a selection system for sugarcane transformation that uses a selectable marker gene of plant origin targeted by a sulfonylurea herbicide.

The effect of bulb size and application method of asahi sl biostimulator on the growth and yield of Allium moly L.

An experiment aimed at examining the effect of bulb size and the method of application of Asahi SL biostimulator on the growth and yield of &lt;em&gt;Allium moly &lt;/em&gt;L. was conducted in the years 2005–2008. Four sizes of bulbs were used in the experiment (3–4, 4–5, 5–6, and 6–7 cm in circumference). Asahi SL was applied in the following combinations: bulb soaking for 45 minutes in the biostimulator solution prior to planting; plant spraying at the green bud stage; soaking combined with plant spraying; and the control treatment without application of the stimulator. Asahi SL was applied at a concentration of 0.2%. After the first frost, the experimental plots were mulched with wheat straw. During the experiment, the decorative value of the plants was evaluated and the following features were determined: inflorescence stem length, inflorescence diameter, and number of flowers per inflorescence. Total yield was evaluated after bulb harvest. The size of &lt;em&gt;Allium moly &lt;/em&gt;bulbs planted was found to determine the quality of inflorescence stems and total yield of daughter bulbs expressed in their number and weight. Inflorescence stems of high ornamental value and high total yield of daughter bulbs resulted from planting bulbs of 5–6 and 6–7 cm in circumference. The application of 0.2% solution of Asahi by spraying green buds or the combination of spraying and bulb soaking prior to planting are very beneficial for the quality of inflorescence stems and yield of daughter bulbs. The application of 0.2% solution of Asahi SL by plant spraying leads to an increase in total quantitative yield of bulbs by 10% or 8% in case of the combined use of both application methods. Bulb soaking combined with plant spraying leads to an.

Effects of 24-epibrassinolide Pre-treatment on UV-B-Induced Changes in the Pigment Content of Pea Leaves

In the present work, the effects of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on the UV-Binduced changes in the pigment content of pea leaves were studied. Control (non-EBR-treated) and EBR-treated plants were irradiated with UV-B for 3 h and pigment analysis was performed after 24 and 48 h. The results show that EBR spraying of plants 48 h prior to UV-B exposure alleviates its detrimental effect on chlorophyll a and b (Chl a and Chl b) content in comparison with control pea leaves. An increase in carotenoids (Car) and UV-B absorbing compounds was also observed at low dose of UV-B radiation. For the first time, it is shown that UV-B damage effect on control leaves is accompanied by a significant (more than 50%) increase in their pheophytin a (Pheo a) content 48 h after the UV-B exposure and that the EBR pre-treatment prevents the increase of Pheo a content in UV-B irradiated leaves. In addition, it is demonstrated that EBR application modifies UV-B-induced alterations of energy distribution between the main pigment-protein complexes in pea thylakoid membranes.

Varying Tolerance to Glyphosate in a Population of Palmer Amaranth with Low EPSPS Gene Copy Number

A Palmer amaranth population (seeds collected in the year 2000; Washington Co., MS) suspected to be susceptible to glyphosate was examined as a population and as individual plants and found to exhibit varying tolerance or resistance to glyphosate. Whole plant spraying of glyphosate (0.84 kg·ha?1) to the population revealed that approximately 40% of this population were resistant to glyphosate and an LD50 of 0.75 kg·ha?1 was determined. Spray application of glyphosate indicated that some plants displayed varying degrees of resistance 14 days after treatment. Initial tests using leaf disc bioassays on 10 individual plants selected randomly from the population, allowed characterization of glyphosate resistance using both visual ratings of injury and quantitative measurement via chlorophyll content analysis. After initial bioassays and spray application, five plants with a range of tolerance to glyphosate were selected for cloning so that further studies could be accomplished on these individuals. Q-PCR analysis of these clones showed that resistance was not due to elevated EPSPS gene copy number. Shikimate levels were lower in the resistant and higher in the susceptible clones which correlated with varying degrees of resistance demonstrated in bioassays and spray application of glyphosate of these clones. Results demonstrate that individuals in a population can vary widely with respect to herbicide resistance and suggest that uptake, translocation, sequestration, metabolism or altered target site may contribute to the resistance in some individuals of this population.