Plant Production Management Research Articles

Drought tolerance testing of paddy variety Inpari 4 with PEG-6000 in the germination phase

Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) factors in the importance of life for Indonesians. The challenge that will be faced in the future is global warming which can cause drought in the agricultural sector. Paddy is very susceptible to drought during germination and early growth stages. Such drought can cause crop production to decline. This research aims to provide earlier information on drought-tolerant paddy varieties. The research carried out in the Laboratory of Ecology and Plant Production Management, Sebelas Maret University. It was applied FCRD consisting of the first factor of PEG-6000 concentration (C) which is 0% (C0), 10% (C1), 15% (C2), 20% (C3) and 25% (C4), the second factor of soaking duration (S) is 12 hours (S1), 24 hours (S2) and 36 hours (S3). The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and further tested with DMRT 5%. The results of research on seed viability from the application PEG-6000 which can have a drought effect show that at a temperature of 26°C produces germination of 84,30%, C3S3 gave the highest value on germination (90,50%) and growing speed (47,58%/etmal), C0 gives the highest value at lead length (29,05 cm) and C4 gives the highest value at radicle length (35,64 cm).

Internal control of production activity in small enterprises: domestic and international practice

Relevance of research topic. In the conditions of globalization of the national economy, there is an increase in market competition and the complication of plant production management, which significantly affects the control process and transforms approaches to its organizational and methodological foundations, taking into account foreign experience. At the current stage of development, the internal control system of small enterprises plays an important role in ensuring the effective functioning and implementation of users' needs for information in order to make informed management decisions regarding production activities. Formulation of the problem. The study of the system of internal control of production activity will provide an opportunity to move from traditionally passive control to its active forms in order to identify negative phenomena in the activities of small enterprises, cost deviations from the norm and determine the causes and ways of eliminating these shortcomings. Analysis of recent research and publications. The issue of the essence, role and place of internal control at small enterprises was investigated by such leading scientists as Bohdanyuk O. V., Vdovenko N. M., Derii V. A., Kotsupatrij M. M., Margasova V. G., Marchuk U. O., Savchuk V. K., Sadovska I. B., Parkhomenko V. M., Pylypiv N. I. etc. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The above-mentioned questions are updated in connection with the latest economic events, namely the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and the introduction of martial law on the territory of Ukraine, which lead to the emergence of new risks of agricultural production and the development of internal control measures to prevent them. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. In the course of the conducted research, the following tasks were set: to determine the specifics of conducting internal control at small enterprises in accordance with domestic and international practice; to investigate the elements, methods and stages of internal control at small agricultural enterprises. The purpose of the work is to provide a description of the system of internal control of the production activity of small agricultural enterprises. Method or methodology for conducting research. The theoretical and methodological basis of scientific research is general scientific and special methods of learning phenomena and processes: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, abstraction, monographic, systematic and logical methods. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The features of internal control at small enterprises in accordance with domestic and international practice are characterized. The conducted study of the activities of small enterprises shows the imperfection of the organization of the internal control system, which directly affects the amount of production costs. The main elements, methods and stages of internal control at small agricultural enterprises are defined in order to observe their sequence. The field of application of results. The results of the research can be used in the practical activities of small agricultural enterprises. Conclusions. The system of internal control of production costs and cost of sales of plant products at small enterprises should be built in such a way as to timely inform the management of the need for corrective and preventive measures based on effective management decisions.

The Yield of M7 Mentik Wangi Rice Irradiated With Several Doses of Gamma Rays Under Drought Stress

The possible risk of yield losses due to drought stress could threaten rice production and national food security. One way to deal with drought limitations is by developing drought- tolerant varieties using gamma-ray irradiation. This research aimed to get the optimal dose of gamma-ray radiation to create an M7 generation of Mentik Wangi variety that is drought tolerant. Field experiments were conducted from December 2020 to March 2021 at the Screen House of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, the Laboratory of Soil Physics, and the Laboratory of Plant Production Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada. This study has carried out using a Randomized Complete Block Design with two factors. The first factor is gamma-ray irradiation dose (0gy. 100gy, 200gy, 300gy), and the second factor is drought stress treatment (without drought stress and drought stress in the flowering stage) with three replications. The results showed no interaction between gamma-ray irradiation dose and drought stress on all observed variables except plant dry matter. Drought stress in the flowering stage increased the percentage of unfilled grain, reducing the harvest index and grain weight significantly by 40.9%. Gamma-ray irradiation in a range of 100 to 300 gy did not affect panicle numbers and length, also the percentage of unfilled grain, but reduced the number of grains per panicle, thereby reducing the harvest index and grain weight 45.0% compared to those without irradiation.

Interactive effects of salinity and drought stress on photosynthetic characteristics and physiology of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) seedlings

Sufficient quantity and quality of water are essential for vegetable production.Evaluating the individual and combined effects of drought and salt stress on plant establishment may help inform management of plant production in terms of stabilizing yield. This study investigates the effects of drought and salt stress on plant growth, nutrition elements, and select physiological parameters of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. H2274) through a pot experiment under greenhouse conditions. Drought stress was applied to tomato seedlings at 3 different levels of irrigation: D0 (control), D1, and D2 at 100%, 75%, and 50% field capacity, respectively. Salinity stress was applied at 3 different doses S0, S1, and S2 at 0 mM, 100 mM, and 150 mM NaCl, respectively. The effects of salinity, drought and their co-occurring stresses on growth, physiological and photosynthetic properties of tomato seedlings were statistically significant. Photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), chlorophyll reading value (CRV), and plant dry weight (DW) decreased with salt and drought treatments. However, electrolyte leakage (EL) of the leaves increased with increasing salt and drought treatments. Fresh weight (FW) of the tomato seedlings decreased 67% under the 150 mM NaCl treatment (S-2), and decreased 69% under severe drought (D2); however, the interactive effects of these two treatments together (S2D2) resulted in an 80% decrease in FW. Furthermore, dry weight (DW) decreased 80% in the S2D2 treatment compared to the control. In general, both drought and salinity altered the mineral nutrient composition by decreasing N, P, K, Fe, Ca and Z content of the tomato seedlings, but Na, B and Cl content increased. These results show that effects of salinity and drought on tomato seedlings were less detrimental for plant establishment than the combined effects of the two stresses together.

SELECTED MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS IN AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS

In order to get acquainted with the problem of production of plant equipment. Most often commented by surveyed farmers. However, it is a problem that human factor has no influence. Another problem arising from the analysis of own research is the lack of a farm development plan. Over a longer period of time it can cause poor use of resources available to the farm. Researched subjects take benefits from external support in the form of all kinds of training that complement the deficits of knowledge and experience. They also use software supporting plant production management. The lack of available land and high rent costs are an important factor limiting the development of plant production.

Optimization of the production process model using pattern search method

The paper presents the use of the pattern search method for optimization of the plant production process. The described approach can be used for management of production and for increasing the quality of products obtained during the production process. The presented optimization method can be applied in various fields of service economics, such as: quality management, financial management, production management and many others. In the production process the maximization of income with constraint conditions is taken into account. Proper management of plant production is based on the correct rotation of plants in order to obtain the highest crop, keeping the soil in good condition.

Potassium Dynamics in Calcareous Vertisols of Southern Iran

The study was conducted to evaluate different forms of K, and release and fixation characteristics of 12 representative calcareous Vertisols of southern Iran. Mineralogical analysis indicated that smectite was the main clay mineral in the Vertisols, but some Vertisols had chlorite, illite, and palygorskite, as well as smectite in the clay fraction. Soluble, exchangeable, HNO3-extractable, and total K ranged from 0.4 to 11.7 mg kg−1, 127.1 to 435.6 mg kg−1, 839.7 to 1942.4 mg kg−1, and 4971.5 to 11427.3 mg kg−1, respectively. Cumulative K released to 0.01 M CaCl2 during 1496 h ranged from 167.7 to 244.9 mg kg−1 for surface soils and from 109.1 to 198.0 mg kg−1 for subsurface soils. Generally, the studied soils fixed 14–38% of the added K. The K fixation in different soils correlated significantly (r = 0.90, n = 42, p < 0.01) with the smectite content in the clay fraction and cumulative K released correlated significantly with illite content in the clay fractions (r = 0.79, n = 42, p < 0.01). Results indicated that clay mineralogy of Vertisols is a key factor affecting dynamics of K in the soils and thereby sustainable management of K in crop production. Generally, we concluded that calcareous Vertisols in southern Iran have sufficient K for plant uptake, but with intensive crop production and without application of K fertilizers, these soils will be transformed to K depleted soils in the future. Thus, application of K fertilizers in long term management of plant production may be required.

Regulation of Sorus Formation by Auxin in Laminariales Sporophyte

Young sporophytes of Laminaria japonica Areshoug were cultured in six indole-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations (0, 10−8, 10−7, 10−6, 10−5, 10−4 M) to examine the effect of auxin on growth. The effects of auxin on sorus formation were also examined by using discs taken from the adult sporophyte. The auxin contents and IAA oxidase activities in the thallus and sorus parts of the sporophyte were determined with the blade and sporophyll of other Laminariales plants, Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar and Alaria crassifolia Kjellman. The young sporophytes of L. japonica showed highest elongation rate in 10−5 M IAA. In contrast, the sorus formation on the discs cultured in 10−5 M IAA was markedly delayed in comparison with other concentrations, indicating that sorus formation was suppressed by IAA. Free and conjugated auxin contents were lower in the reproductive parts than in the vegetative parts. In three Laminariales sporophytes, IAA oxidase activity was about 3–9 times higher in the reproductive parts than in the vegetative parts. Taken together these results suggest that the growth and reproduction of Laminariales sporophytes are regulated by internal auxin levels. Elucidating the regulation mechanism is likely to provide information that is important for the management of plant production and the assessment of the physiological status of plants in the field.

Production–inventory scheduling using Ant System metaheuristic

The present paper presents the algorithmic solution, based on an Ant System metaheuristic, of an industrial production–inventory problem in a steel continuous-casting plant. The model proposed is based on an objective function, the aim of which is to find the most profitable production schedule of the steel billets. Furthermore, the model takes into account the relevant parameters of the finite-capacity productive system (e.g. set-up and processing times, demand profile, warehouse capacity). Moreover, the make-to-order production environment of the company presents a significant manufacturing phase, which is represented by the billet cooling warehouse (similarly to the drying process in paper and textile production, or maturing in food production): this fact introduces a relevant constraint to production schedule. The study shows the basic criteria used for the problem modelling and the steps proposed for profit optimisation. The Ant System algorithm implemented is discussed and its relevance for the steel plant production management is shown.