Plant-derived Foods Research Articles

The Role of Exogenous microRNAs on Human Health: The Plant–Human Trans-Kingdom Hypothesis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, single-stranded RNAs that act on gene silencing at the post-transcriptional level by binding to a target messenger RNA (mRNA), leading to its degradation or inhibiting translation into functional proteins. The key role of miRNAs in development, proliferation, differentiation andapoptosis has been deeply investigated, revealing that deregulation in their expression is critical in various diseases, such as metabolic disorders and cancer. Since these small molecules initially evolved as a mechanism of protection against viruses and transposable elements, the fascinating hypothesis that they can move between organisms both of the same or different species has been postulated. Trans-kingdom is the term used to define the migration that occurs between species. This mechanism has been well analyzed between plants and their pests, in order to boost defense and increase pathogenicity, respectively. Intriguingly, in the last decades, the plant–human trans-kingdom migration via food intake hypothesis arose. In particular, various studies highlighted the ability of exogenous miRNAs, abundant in the mainly consumed plant-derived food, to enter the human body affecting gene expression. Notably, plant miRNAs can resist the strict conditions of the gastrointestinal tract through a methylation step that occurs during miRNA maturation, conferring high stability to these small molecules. Recent studies observed the anti-tumoral, immune modulator and anti-inflammatory abilities of trans-kingdom interaction between plant and human. Here, we depict the existing knowledge and discuss the fascinating plant–human trans-kingdom interaction, highlighting first the eventual role of plant miRNAs from foods on our somatic gene identity card and then the potential impact of using plant miRNAs as novel therapeutic avenues.

Organoleptic Evaluation of Aonla (Emblica officinalis G.) Ready-To-Serve during Storage

A research experiment was conducted during the year 2019-20 and 2020-21 in the Fruit and Vegetable Processing Unit Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Gwalior with seven different varieties of aonla viz., NA-4, NA-5, NA-6, NA-7, NA-10, Laxmi and Chakaiya for preparation of aonla RTS. Hence an attempt was made to standardized non-alcoholic based products viz., ready-to-serve with different varieties. 9 hedonic scale, out of there. From the findings, Laxmi and Chakaiya varieties were found superior with respect to colour, appearance, taste and aroma as well as flavor. The overall acceptability of processed items has been found to be significantly higher with storage periods of 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. To overcome present national and international prohibitions on the use of chemical food additives in food processing and preservation, research into biological and plant-derived food additives has considerably increased. With respect to the sensory evaluation of different aonla products was concerned, the Laxmi and Chakaiya varieties are found to be superior for the purpose of the processing industry.

MicroRNA Biogenesis, Gene Regulation Mechanisms, and Availability in Foods.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that control gene expression by degrading or repressing mRNA translation into proteins. Research recently suggested that food-derived miRNAs are bioavailable and may be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Since these small RNAs may reach the circulation and organs, possible interactions with host genes will lead to epigenetic effects that alter metabolism. Therefore, from a precision nutrition standpoint, exogenous miRNAs may be essential in modulating health status. This review summarizes the process of miRNA biogenesis, the post-translational mechanisms of gene regulation, and their bioavailability in animal- and plant-derived foods.

Gene isolation and enzymatic characterization of UDP-glycosyltransferases of terpene glucoside biosynthesis involved in linalyl-glycoside accumulation in Coffea arabica

Terpenes, one of the secondary metabolites produced by plants, have diverse physiological functions. They are volatile compounds with physiological bioactivities (e.g., insect repellent, attracting enemies, and interacting with other plants). Terpenoids are also essential for flavor and aroma in plant-derived foods. In coffee, its aroma decides the value of coffee beans. Linalool, one of the volatile terpene compounds, is dominant in the coffee aroma. Coffee, with its good flavor and aroma, has high demand worldwide. Because terpenoids generally accumulate as glycosides in plant cells, glycosylation is catalyzed by UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Two linalyl-diglycosides have been identified: terpenoids reflected as necessary for coffee flavor. However, these UGTs and their action mechanisms are unknown in the Coffea genus. To obtain knowledge of terpene UGTs and elucidate the mechanism of terpene glycosylation in coffee, this study isolated terpene UGT genes and analyzed their functions. In silico screening based on the sequence of UGT85K11, which catalyzes terpene glycosylation from Camellia sinensis, was performed to obtain sequence information on five candidate UGT genes (CaUGT4, CaUGT5, CaUGT10, CaUGT15, and CaUGT20). These genes were isolated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and the recombinant enzymes were produced with the Escherichia coli expression system. In functional analysis using radioisotopes, CaUGT4 showed critical activity against linalool, which had a higher affinity for its substrate than that of UGT85A84 from Osmanthus fragrans. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry also revealed that CaUGT4 mainly produces linalyl glucoside. In this study, the first linalyl UGT was isolated from coffee. These findings can be used to elucidate the fundamental mechanism of the chemical defense in plants and apply aroma precursors for the plant-derived food industry in the future.

Effect of pollen consumption on development and intraguild predation of two predatory Coccinellidae

Many omnivorous predaceous coccinellids consume both pests like aphids and a range of plant-derived foods including pollen. It is critical to understand how plant-derived food like pollen could affect the fitness and interspecific interactions of predaceous coccinellids. This study investigated the effect of pollen consumption on the development, reproduction and intraguild predation (IGP) of two naturally co-existing aphidophagous ladybirds, Harmonia axyridis and Propylea japonica. Both species were provided with three diets including a moist canola pollen, the aphid Myzus persicae, or moist canola pollen together with aphids. The 1st instar larval of both H. axyridis and P. japonica could not survive and develop to the next larval stage when supplied with water alone. When fed on pollen only, 53 % of the H. axyridis larvae and 25 % of the P. japonica larvae successfully developed to adult. Both species exhibited an elongated development time, shorter larval body length and lower adult body weight than when offered with aphids and the mixed diet. In addition, P. japonica could not reproduce when fed on pollen alone. Interestingly, when pollen was provided as additional food, the overall IGP between larvae of H. axyridis and P. japonica was significantly reduced compared with water control or aphid as food alone. The results of this study indicated that pollen not only supports the survival of H. axyridis and P. japonica when prey is scarce, but also could benefit the co-existence of these species. For future study, it is necessary to investigate how pollinivory could benefit the fitness and biological control potential of H. axyridis and P. japonica under field conditions.

Comprehensive dietary exposure assessment of the Chinese population to organophosphate esters (OPEs): Results of the sixth China total diet study

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are emerging pollutants, while data on their occurrence in foods and human dietary intake are limited. Based on the 6th China total diet study conducted in 2016–2019, this study implemented a comprehensive survey of OPEs in plant-derived foods of cereals, potatoes, legumes, fruits, vegetables, and further assessed dietary exposure from both plant- and animal-derived food. The sum concentrations of 15 OPEs in the plant-derived samples ranged from 0.567 to 106 ng/g ww. 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) (median: 1.14 ng/g ww) had the highest level in plant-derived foods, with a proportion of 35.6% in the total median OPEs. Regional distribution analysis showed a higher contamination of OPEs in plant-derived food from northern area of China. Estimated dietary intakes (EDIs) of ∑OPEs for Chinese population were from 109 ng/kg bw/day in Beijing to 1164 ng/kg bw/day in Gansu province, with mean and median of 296 and 222 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. Although animal-derived foods had higher levels of OPEs, plant-derived foods, specifically cereals, was the major source of dietary OPE intake. The EDIs were much lower than reference doses, which suggested the intakes of OPEs via food consumption could not cause significant health risks to the Chinese population at present.

Investigation of the Effects of Energy-Efficient Drying Techniques and Extraction Methods on the Bioactive and Functional Activity of Banana Inflorescence

Plant-derived foods with therapeutic potential have strong connection with both the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. The effectiveness of these therapeutic properties is heavily influenced by the thermal treatment during drying and extraction methods. Traditional convective drying is a very energy incentive and lengthy process. Although some advanced and hybrid drying methods have been developed, these have not been applied in drying of banana inflorescence. In this study, we investigated the effects of freeze-drying (FD) and intermittent microwave convective drying (IMCD), as well as traditional convective oven drying (CD), on the polyphenol profile of banana inflorescence when extracted using the energy-efficient Accelerated Solvent Extraction method (ASE). Our findings revealed that the freeze-dried banana inflorescence powder exhibited the highest extraction of bioactive compounds when using 75% methanol at 100 °C as a solvent. It recovered 2906.3 ± 20.83 mg/100 g of the phenolic compounds and 63.12 ± 0.25% antioxidant activity under the optimal extraction conditions. While IMCD was found to be the second-best drying method in terms of preserving bioactive compounds, its operational time and cost were significantly lower compared to freeze-drying. Furthermore, our study confirmed the presence of medicinal compounds such as gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, catechin, ferulic acid, kaempferol, and quercetin in banana inflorescence. The development of innovative functional foods and pharmaceutical ingredients through green extraction methods and optimal drying conditions holds significant potential to save energy in the process, enhance human health, and promote environmental sustainability and circular economy processes. These efforts align with supporting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 and 12.

Food-Pollen Cross-Reactivity and its Molecular Diagnosis in China.

Plant-derived foods are one of the most common causative sources of food allergy in China, with a significant relationship to pollinosis. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of this food-pollen allergy syndrome and its molecular allergen diagnosis to better understand the cross-reactive basis. Food-pollen cross-reactivity has been mainly reported in Northern China, Artemisia pollen is the major related inhalant source, followed by tree pollen (Betula), while grass pollen plays a minor role. Pollen allergy is relatively low in Southern China, with allergies to grass pollen being more important than weed and tree pollens. Rosaceae fruits and legume seeds stand out as major related allergenic foods. Non-specific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) has been found to be the most clinically relevant cross-reacting allergenic component, able to induce severe reactions. PR-10, profilin, defensin, chitinase, and gibberellin-regulated proteins are other important cross-reactive allergen molecules. Artemisia pollen can induce allergenic cross-reactions with a wide range of plant-derived foods in China, and spring tree pollens (Betula) are also important. nsLTP found in both pollen and plant-derived food is considered the most significant allergen in food pollen cross-reactivity. Component-resolved diagnosis with potential allergenic proteins is recommended to improve diagnostic accuracy and predict the potential risk of causing allergic symptoms.

A Support Vector Machine-Assisted Metabolomics Approach for Non-Targeted Screening of Multi-Class Pesticides and Veterinary Drugs in Maize.

The contamination risks of plant-derived foods due to the co-existence of pesticides and veterinary drugs (P&VDs) have not been fully understood. With an increasing number of unexpected P&VDs illegally added to foods, it is essential to develop a non-targeted screening method for P&VDs for their comprehensive risk assessment. In this study, a modified support vector machine (SVM)-assisted metabolomics approach by screening eligible variables to represent marker compounds of 124 multi-class P&VDs in maize was developed based on the results of high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis indicate the existence of variables with obvious inter-group differences, which were further investigated by S-plot plots, permutation tests, and variable importance in projection to obtain eligible variables. Meanwhile, SVM recursive feature elimination under the radial basis function was employed to obtain the weight-squared values of all the variables ranging from large to small for the screening of eligible variables as well. Pairwise t-tests and fold changes of concentration were further employed to confirm these eligible variables to represent marker compounds. The results indicate that 120 out of 124 P&VDs can be identified by the SVM-assisted metabolomics method, while only 109 P&VDs can be found by the metabolomics method alone, implying that SVM can promote the screening accuracy of the metabolomics method. In addition, the method's practicability was validated by the real contaminated maize samples, which provide a bright application prospect in non-targeted screening of contaminants. The limits of detection for 120 P&VDs in maize samples were calculated to be 0.3~1.5 µg/kg.

Comprehensive Identification of Costus pictus Rhizome Extract as a Potent Plant Food: Unveiling Anti-Diabetic, Antimicrobial, Anticancer, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties.

Plant-derived foods are esteemed as natural preventives due to the constraints of contemporary pharmaceuticals, intensifying scrutiny of traditional medicinal flora. This study marked the first extensive evaluation of the anti-diabetic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects of Costus pictus rhizomes, expanding beyond its well-known anti-diabetic properties in leaves. Hot air-dried C. pictus rhizomes underwent ultrasound-assisted extraction to produce the rhizome extract. Anti-diabetic effects were determined through enzymatic inhibition studies targeting "α-amylase and α-glucosidase," crucial enzymes in glucose regulation, revealing potent inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 266.591 and 324.938µg/ml, respectively. The ubiquity of breast cancer and constrained therapeutic alternatives for triple negative breast cancer led to the utilization of the "MDA-MB 231 cell line" for the study. The rhizome extracts demonstrated cytotoxicity at an IC50 concentration of 770µg/ml, with a pronounced decline in the "reactive oxygen species (ROS)" and "mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP)." They also regulated the cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and positively induced apoptosis, thus making it a potent anticancer candidate. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed using "RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line" and exhibited dose-dependent reduction with IC50 of 495.074µg/ml, declining nitric oxide (NO) levels. Antimicrobial studies provided insights into its effectiveness against pathogens. This pivotal understanding laid groundwork for advancing C. pictus rhizome extract as a potential ingredient in pharmaceuticals or functional foods, leading to favorable health outcomes.

Discovery and characterization of dietary antigens in oral tolerance.

Food antigens elicit immune tolerance through the action of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the intestine. Although antigens that trigger common food allergies are known, the epitopes that mediate tolerance to most foods have not been described. Here, we identified murine T cell receptors specific for maize, wheat, and soy, and used expression cloning to de-orphan their cognate epitopes. All of the epitopes derive from seed storage proteins that are resistant to degradation and abundant in the edible portion of the plant. Multiple unrelated T cell clones were specific for an epitope at the C-terminus of 19 kDa alpha-zein, a protein from maize kernel. An MHC tetramer loaded with this antigen revealed that zein-specific T cells are predominantly Tregs localized to the intestine. These cells, which develop concurrently with weaning, constitute up to 2% of the peripheral Treg pool. Bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that these cells express higher levels of immunosuppressive markers and chemokines compared to other Tregs. These data suggest that immune tolerance to plant-derived foods is focused on a specific class of antigens with common features, and they reveal the functional properties of naturally occurring food-specific Tregs.

Method development, residue level analysis, and dietary risk assessment of six morpholine pesticide residues in plant-derived foods based on modified QuEChERS–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

A modified QuEChERS purification–liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to simultaneously detect six morpholine pesticide residues in plant-derived foods. The samples were extracted using acetonitrile and purified using three adsorbents, namely, graphitized carboxyl MWCNTs, C18, and SAX. The limit of quantitation was 0.07–0.75 µg/kg, and the average recoveries ranged from 71.3 % to 113.8 %. The precision ranged from 1.2 % to 13.8 % at four spiked concentrations of 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 µg/kg. The method was applied to analyze 540 samples obtained from 17 types of plant-derived foods collected in Yining, China. Dimethomorph and flumorph were detected in nine types of matrices, and the residue levels did not exceed the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by the national standard GB 2763–2021. Furthermore, we assessed the risk of acute and chronic exposure to the tested pesticides. The pesticide residue levels were acceptable in all the samples.

Photoperiod-Dependent Nutrient Accumulation in Rice Cultivated in Plant Factories: A Comparative Metabolomic Analysis.

Plant factories offer a promising solution to some of the challenges facing traditional agriculture, allowing for year-round rapid production of plant-derived foods. However, the effects of conditions in plant factories on metabolic nutrients remain to be explored. In this study, we used three rice accessions (KongYu131, HuangHuaZhan, and Kam Sweet Rice) as objectives, which were planted in a plant factory with strict photoperiods that are long-day (12 h light/12 h dark) or short-day (8 h light/16 h dark). A total of 438 metabolites were detected in the harvested rice grains. The difference in photoperiod leads to a different accumulation of metabolites in rice grains. Most metabolites accumulated significantly higher levels under the short-day condition than the long-day condition. Differentially accumulated metabolites were enriched in the amino acids and vitamin B6 pathway. Asparagine, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine are key metabolites that accumulate at higher levels in rice grains harvested from the short-day photoperiod. This study reveals the photoperiod-dependent metabolomic differences in rice cultivated in plant factories, especially the metabolic profiling of taste- and nutrition-related compounds.

Revealing Molecular Mechanisms of the Bioactive Saponins from Edible Root of Platycodon grandiflorum in Combating Obesity.

Obesity has emerged as a significant health concern, as it is a disease linked to metabolic disorders in the body and is characterized by the excessive accumulation of lipids. As a plant-derived food, Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) was reported by many studies, indicating that the saponins from PG can improve obesity effectively. However, the anti-obesity saponins from PG and its anti-obesity mechanisms have not been fully identified. This study identified the active saponins and their molecular targets for treating obesity. The TCMSP database was used to obtain information on 18 saponins in PG. The anti-obesity target of the PG saponins was 115 targets and 44 core targets. GO and KEGG analyses using 44 core anti-obesity genes and targets of PG-active saponins screened from GeneCards, OMIM, Drugbank, and DisGeNet showed that the PI3K-Akt pathway, the JAK-STAT pathway, and the MAPK pathway were the major pathways involved in the anti-obesity effects of PG saponins. BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer and AutoDock Vina were used to perform molecular docking and process the molecular docking results. The molecular docking results showed that the active saponins of PG could bind to the major therapeutic obesity targets to play an obesity-inhibitory role. The results of this study laid the foundation for further research on the anti-obesity saponins in PG and their anti-obesity mechanism and provided a new direction for the development of functional plant-derived food. This research studied the molecular mechanism of PG saponins combating obesity through various signaling pathways, and prosapogenin D can be used to develop as a new potential anti-obesity drug.

Effect of Kaempferol on Modulation of Vascular Contractility Mainly through PKC and CPI-17 Inactivation.

In this study, we investigated the efficacy of kaempferol (a flavonoid found in plants and plant-derived foods such as kale, beans, tea, spinach and broccoli) on vascular contractibility and aimed to clarify the detailed mechanism underlying the relaxation. Isometric contractions of divested muscles were stored and linked with western blot analysis which was carried out to estimate the phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) and phosphorylation-dependent inhibitory protein for myosin phosphatase (CPI-17) and to estimate the effect of kaempferol on the RhoA/ROCK/CPI-17 pathway. Kaempferol conspicuously impeded phorbol ester-, fluoride- and a thromboxane mimetic-derived contractions regardless of endothelial nitric oxide synthesis, indicating its direct effect on smooth muscles. It also conspicuously impeded the fluoride-derived elevation in phospho-MYPT1 rather than phospho-CPI-17 levels and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate-derived increase in phospho-CPI-17 and phospho-ERK1/2 levels, suggesting the depression of PKC and MEK activities and subsequent phosphorylation of CPI-17 and ERK1/2. Taken together, these outcomes suggest that kaempferol-derived relaxation incorporates myosin phosphatase retrieval and calcium desensitization, which appear to be modulated by CPI-17 dephosphorylation mainly through PKC inactivation.

An Efficient Workflow for Quality Control Marker Screening and Metabolite Discovery in Dietary Herbs by LC-Orbitrap-MS/MS and Chemometric Methods: A Case Study of Chrysanthemum Flowers.

LC-MS is widely utilized in identifying and tracing plant-derived food varieties but quality control markers screening and accurate identification remain challenging. The adulteration and confusion of Chrysanthemum flowers highlight the need for robust quality control markers. This study established an efficient workflow by integrating UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS with Compound Discoverer and chemometrics. This workflow enabled the systematic screening of 21 markers from 10,540 molecular features, which effectively discriminated Chrysanthemum flowers of different species and cultivars. The workflow incorporated targeted and untargeted methods by employing diagnostic product ions, fragmentation patterns, mzCloud, mzVault, and in-house databases to identify 206 compounds in the flowers, including 17 screened markers. This approach improved identification accuracy by reducing false positives, eliminating in-source fragmentation interference, and incorporating partial verification utilizing our established compound bank. Practically, this workflow can be instrumental in quality control, geolocation determination, and varietal tracing of Chrysanthemum flowers, offering prospective use in other plant-derived foods.

Novel Drying Technologies for Future Animal- and Plant-Derived Protein Foods: Research Progress, Challenges, and Potential Applications

Novel Drying Technologies for Future Animal- and Plant-Derived Protein Foods: Research Progress, Challenges, and Potential Applications

Review on the Effective Implications of Plant-generated Polyphenols as Novel Therapeutic Agents against Neurodegenerative Diseases

Abstract: Various neurodegenerative diseases have become a serious threat to human health all around the world. The progressive loss of functionality of active neurons causes neurodegenerative disease. Current research suggests that plant-derived foods, such as fruits and vegetables, are a good source of natural polyphenols, which can be effective in reducing the risk factors of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), etc. These polyphenols exhibit cognitive repair and can reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to establish neuroprotection. Various animal models were developed to understand the neuromodulatory and therapeutic activities of polyphenols for the treatment of AD, PD, HD, etc. Moreover, polyphenols indirectly modulate the gut microbiome to generate neuroprotection. Although there is a disadvantage to the low oral bioavailability of these polyphenols, the conjugation can enhance the efficiency of these compounds with nanoparticles. The present review gives an outline of plant-generated polyphenols and highlights their effects in the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases. As a result, the prevention of aging-related disorders through natural products certainly shows excellent therapeutic efficiency soon. For this study, various reviews as well as original research articles from PubMed describing the possible therapeutic effects of dietary polyphenols to cure neurodegenerative diseases are used.

Chemical characteristics of meat analog from sorghum, oyster mushroom, and red bean

Food security is a challenge faced by emerging countries such as Indonesia. One of the solutions is food diversification by developing meat analogs or meat substitutes, which are plant-derived food products typically processed to mimic the flavor, texture, and appearance of meat. Meat and animal-based food products are generally related to environmental threats like global greenhouse gases. Excessive red and processed meat consumption have also been identified as risk factors. Therefore, developing meat analogs from plant-based ingredients has advantages in creating a diverse, balanced, and healthy substitute. This study aims to determine the chemical characteristics of meat analogs from sorghum, oyster mushroom, and red bean. This research consisted of 4 treatments with the ratio of sorghum, oyster mushroom, and red bean (%): P1 (20:55:25), P2 (15:65:20), P3 (10:75:15), and P4 (5:85:10). Meat analog was analyzed such as water content, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrate, fiber, and Fe content. The results showed that the best treatment for physicochemical characteristics was P1 (20% sorghum:55% oyster mushroom:25% red bean), which contained fiber 3.99%, ash 0.90%, protein 7.02%, carbohydrate 42.34%, fat 1.35%, water 43.13%, and Fe 21.81%.

New Insights into Identification, Distribution, and Health Benefits of Polyamines and Their Derivatives.

Polyamines and their derivatives are ubiquitously present in free or conjugated forms in various foods from animal, plant, and microbial origins. The current knowledge of free polyamines in foods and their contents is readily available; furthermore, conjugated polyamines generate considerable recent research interest due to their potential health benefits. The structural diversity of conjugated polyamines results in challenging their qualitative and quantitative analysis in food. Herein, we review and summarize the knowledge published on polyamines and their derivatives in foods, including their identification, sources, quantities, and health benefits. Particularly, facing the inherent challenges of isomer identification in conjugated polyamines, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of conjugated polyamines' structural characteristics, including the cleavage patterns and characteristic ion fragments of MS/MS for isomer identification. Free polyamines are present in all types of food, while conjugated polyamines are limited to plant-derived foods. Spermidine is renowned for antiaging properties, acclaimed as antiaging vitamins. Conjugated polyamines highlight their anti-inflammatory properties and have emerged as the mainstream drugs for antiprostatitis. This paper will likely help us gain better insight into polyamines and their derivatives to further develop functional foods and personalized nutraceuticals.