Implementation Of Planning Policies Research Articles

The Evolution of China’s Policy for Family Planning

It is imperative to understand factors of demographic and social issues, economic development, and global influences which have influenced China’s family planning policy implementation through time from the one-child to three-child policy. To further explore how such factors influenced the evolution of China’s family planning policy and to predict future policy outcomes, this research has extensively discussed demographic challenges, economic development, social issues, and global influences. The research has also analyzed how these factors influence China’s family planning policy direction towards the future. For sustainability, in relation to family planning, this research has identified that the Chinese government could implement targeted and flexible approaches to childbirth control, implement social support and services to help couples meet their family goals, and enhance social awareness via education and family therapy. In sum, this research is important because it provides an elaborate discussion of the evolution of China’s family planning policy and predicts the future direction of such policing to ensure sustainable family planning in China.

SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND PRECARIOUS HOUSING: THE CASE OF ALGERIA

After its experience with the Millennium Development Goals program, Algeria is committed to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. This is to develop and improve its regions and cities that suffer from several problems, including the persisting proliferation of precarious housing. The government has set up a national development strategy and implemented it through a policy based on the reconciliation of the three pillars of sustainable development to ensure sustainable cities and regions. Through a review of government policy instruments and their deliverables, this paper explores the extent of success of the policies. It investigates the relationship between sustainable cities and precarious housing by means of an analysis of the measures taken to incorporate the concept of sustainable development into urban planning policies to achieve the SDGs by 2030. Finally, it suggests the need to include communities in any urban planning policy implementation.

The role of planning policy in the evolution of the spatial structure of the Guangzhou metropolitan area in China

Planning policies are important drivers of spatial evolution in Chinese metropolitan areas; however, research on the impact of planning policy implementation on the spatial evolution of metropolitan areas is lacking. This study identifies the spatial evolution process of the Guangzhou metropolitan area, evaluates the results of planning policy implementation, and analyzes the possible spatial interactions between them. The results show that the spatial evolution of the Guangzhou metropolitan area is consistent with the point-axis development theory, and has formed a polycentric network-type spatial structure evolution. Moreover, there is an obvious spatial correlation between the implementation planning policies and the spatial evolution of a metropolitan area; that is, the planning policies have driven the spatial structure of the metropolitan area to develop gradually in different periods. This research enriches the theoretical study of the spatial evolution of metropolitan areas, and provides a point of reference for the development and planning of other metropolitan areas.

A tale of two cities: Contemporary urban planning policy and practice in Greater Sydney, NSW, Australia

Greater Sydney is spatially divided in terms of socio-economic conditions and access to employment and urban amenities. Community engagement, urban planning policy implementation, and outcomes also vary in its planning system. It is argued that the urban divide in Sydney is underpinned by making exceptions for advantaged areas in the urban policy related to the provision of more housing. This paper analyses three cases of different community participation and urban policy practice in different areas in Greater Sydney through the theoretical prism of post-politics. It explores why the techno-managerial process causes suppression of community input into planning matters only in socio-economically disadvantaged areas and how the formal planning process could be contributing to gaps between different parts of Greater Sydney.

Participatory Land Use Planning Policy Implementation in Tanzania: Assessment of Zones Sufficiency in Ulanga District

Participatory Land Use Planning Policy Implementation in Tanzania: Assessment of Zones Sufficiency in Ulanga District

Chinese Pattern of Urban Development Quality Assessment: A Perspective Based on National Territory Spatial Planning Initiatives

The State Council of the People’s Republic of China issued the National Territory Spatial Planning Outline (2016–2030), which is a fundamental guide and blueprint for China to achieve its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Based on its sustainable-city initiatives, this paper establishes a “four-space (4S)” assessment framework, and measured the urban development quality (UDQ) of 336 cities in China. Then we analyzed the spatial patterns of UDQ, and identified the main obstacles. Our results show that there is considerable room for improvement in UDQ in China. The spatial pattern of UDQ shows that the eastern economic zone score is higher than the western score and the northern lower than the southern. The spatial efficiency, structure, and quality in Chinese cities have significant hierarchical structure, while the form pattern is complicated. The most important obstacle to China’s high-quality development is spatial efficiency. The most significant limiting indicator is the industrial structure, followed by land output level and land consumption per unit GDP. Our findings help enhance the effectiveness of National Territory Spatial Planning policy implementation and guide China’s urban planning and management to achieve sustainability.

Participatory Land Use Planning Policy Implementation in Ulanga District, Tanzania: Assessment of Zones Sufficiency

Land use plans have been considered as a solution to land use problems and hence enhance ecological, economic and social sustainability of land use. Appropriateness of land use plans and hence its potential for adherence may rely on sufficiency of zones allocated for different land uses. This study was designed to empirically identify land use implementation problems and suggest solutions relevant to the land users, the government, planners and other stakeholders. Specifically, the study assesses: (1) The extent to which the land use zones cover all zones needed by the stakeholders and; (2) Reasons for levels of sufficiency of the allocated land use zones. Data were collected through household survey of 120 respondents from two villages, key informants, focus group discussions and field observation survey while secondary data were collected through review of guidelines for land use planning, village land use plans, district land use framework, books and journals. Information used to assess sufficiency of land use zones used in Village Land Use Plans (VLUP) from household survey and village records were descriptively analysed. The implementation of village land use plans was not done as expected. Land use zones were insufficient in terms of the allocated size and needs within the zones for current and future situation. Overall the insufficiency of the land use zones was reported by 90% of the respondents. For individual land use zones the insufficiency was reported by the following percentages of the respondents: 95.0% for residential zone, 89.2% for agriculture zone, 96.7 for grazing zone, 25.2 for forest zone, 0% for wildlife management area, 0% for wildlife corridor and 0% for wetland. The reasons for insufficiency of the land use zones were increasing population, overstocking, and lack of infrastructure necessary within specific zones. Other factors included inadequate consideration for uncertainties in population projection standard, unclear zoning regulation and discrepancy in population data. Based on the findings and conclusions, this study makes the following recommendations. First, the National Land Use Planning Commission should devise mechanisms to ensure that all the six steps of land use planning are completed towards implementable land use plans. Secondly, the national land use planning commission should review zoning standards to sufficiently allocate the land use zones. The population projections used for future allocation of land had influence on the sufficiency of the zones where the rate of population increase is assumed to be fixed throughout the ten years implementation period without consideration of uncertainties. It is worth incorporating GIS to establish trend of land use and forecast future land use to sufficiently allocate land during the 10 years lifespan of the VLUP. Thirdly, the national land use planning commission need to validate spatial data and population data at village level to avoid discrepancies which affect implementation of the village land use plans.

Stakeholder Perspectives on Barriers and Facilitators on the Implementation of the 1000 Days Plus Nutrition Policy Activities in Ghana.

Optimizing nutrition in the preconception and 1000 days periods have long-term benefits such as higher economic productivity, reduced risk of related non-communicable diseases and increased health and well-being. Despite Ghana’s recent progress in reducing malnutrition, the situation is far from optimal. This qualitative study analyzed the maternal and child health nutrition policy framework in Ghana to identify the current barriers and facilitators to the implementation of nutrition policies and programs relating to the first 1000 days plus. Data analyzed included in-depth interviews and focus group discussions conducted in Ghana between March and April 2019. Participants were composed of experts from government agencies, civil society organizations, community-based organizations and international partners at national and subnational levels. Seven critical areas were identified: planning policy implementation, resources, leadership and stakeholders’ engagement, implementation guidance and ongoing communication, organizational culture, accountability and governance and coverage. The study showed that, to eradicate malnutrition in Ghana, priorities of individual stakeholders have to be merged and aligned into a single 1000 days plus nutrition policy framework. Furthermore, this study may support stakeholders in implementing successfully the 1000 days plus nutrition policy activities in Ghana.

Changing greenspace in residential developments in an inner suburb of Brisbane, Australia

ABSTRACT The benefits of urban greenspace have been well researched and acknowledged in a strategic planning vision for Brisbane, Australia. As the world implements social distancing and home isolation in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, access to quality greenspace close to where people live may become more critical. This research investigated residential zoning code assessment benchmarks and development outcomes in terms of changing greenspace but found that the planning assessment process made analysis fraught and inaccurate. Nonetheless, the findings indicated that impact assessable development applications and approvals were not consistent with the stated policy objectives. Closer adherence to stated assessment benchmarks providing more generous setbacks, building separation and greenspace, could achieve the policy intent of higher-density development in a clean, green, sustainable city. The significance and implications of such findings has relevance for broader policy development, implementation and evaluation to improve governance through effective, efficient evaluation of policy outcomes. This study highlighted the imperative for demonstrable compliance with assessment benchmarks; and identified the need for future research into evaluation of planning policy implementation, to ensure outcomes comply with stated objectives. Further research is also required to understand the impact of, and future planning requirements for, residential greenspace. Highlights: Brisbane’s planning vision recognises the importance of greenspace provision. Development applications and approvals were not consistent with the stated policy intent. New development approvals had significantly reduced greenspace around sites. Public submissions had minimal impact on development approval outcomes. Planning policy evaluation requires consistent, measurable, enforceable assessment benchmarks.

The Spatial Planning Policy Implementation of Gianyar Regency in Preserving Paddy Field

The global phenomenon of agricultural land conversion struck in the most famous island in Indonesia, Bali especially Gianyar Regency. In 2017, Gianyar Regency known as one of Bali rice barns and got the highest Food Security Index (IKP) scores in Indonesia. Therefore, in order to maintain the availability of agricultural land to support the food security, the intervention from government needed. In this case is the spatial planning policy. This study explores the implementation of spatial planning policy in Gianyar Regency, Bali. The research use qualitative approach focused on four factors of effective implementation proposed by Edward III: communication, resource, disposition and bureaucratic structure. This study use interview, observation and documentary study to collect the data. The result shows that the communication among the local authority is need to improve because of inconsistently transmission to the farmer/ public. Furthermore, the bureaucratic structure fragmented in a local level result in less effective implementation. While for another factors is not urgently enough for further consideration.

Rising Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) in Pekanbaru: Billboard Planning Policy Tax

This research is based on the principal issues concerning the billboard planning policy which has not been optimally being able to improve the Local Revenue of Pekanbaru City and has not improved the beauty of Pekanbaru City. It was estimated to be caused by the model of the billboard planning policy can not increase PAD through billboard tax receipts as well as to enhance the visual beauty of Pekanbaru City. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, which aims to establish model of billboard planning policy implementation which be able to improve the PAD of Pekanbaru City. The research result indicated that the model of billboard planning policy implementation which be able to improve the PAD of Pekanbaru City mandated the Regional Revenue Office of Pekanbaru City as the responsible agency for organizing and billboard planning in Pekanbaru City. Regarding the supervision and control, the Regional Revenue Office of Pekanbaru City coordinates with the Municipal Police of Pekanbaru City who is conducting surveillance and control in the field up to a dismantling of the billboard that violates the rules.

Analisis Pelaksanaan Kebijakan Penataan Pemasangan ReklameLuar Ruangan di Kota Pekanbaru

The research is based on the principal issues concerning the billboard planning policy which has not optimally be able to improve the loca revenue of Pekanbaru City an has not improved the beauty of Pekanbaru City . It was estimated to be caused by the model of the billboard planning policy can not increase the billboard tax receipts as well as to enhance the visual beauty of Pekanbaru City. The method used in this research is descriptive quantative, which be able to improve the billboard tax planning policy implementation which be able to billboard tax receipts and to enhance the visual beauty of Pekanbaru City. The collection of data is used, as is common in quantitave research are observation, interviews and documentation. The research result indicated that (1) the billboard planning policy implementation running in the Pekanbaru City still not effective because of lack of attention to standards and palicy objevtives and amplementing organizational characteristic are also not proved the role in billboard planning policy implementation in Pekanbaru City .(2) the model of billboard planning policy implementation of Pekanbarun City mandated the regional revenue office of Pekanbaru City as the responsible agency for organizing and billboard planning in Pekanbaru City.

Supermarket access, transport mode and BMI: the potential for urban design and planning policy across socio-economic areas.

To investigate dietary intake, BMI and supermarket access at varying geographic scales and transport modes across areas of socio-economic disadvantage, and to evaluate the implementation of an urban planning policy that provides guidance on spatial access to supermarkets. Cross-sectional study used generalised estimating equations to investigate associations between supermarket density and proximity, vegetable and fruit intake and BMI at five geographic scales representing distances people travel to purchase food by varying transport modes. A stratified analysis by area-level disadvantage was conducted to detect optimal distances to supermarkets across socio-economic areas. Spatial distribution of supermarket and transport access was analysed using a geographic information system. Melbourne, Australia. Adults (n 3128) from twelve local government areas (LGA) across Melbourne. Supermarket access was protective of BMI for participants in high disadvantaged areas within 800 m (P=0·040) and 1000 m (P=0·032) road network buffers around the household but not for participants in less disadvantaged areas. In urban growth area LGA, only 26 % of dwellings were within 1 km of a supermarket, far less than 80-90 % of dwellings suggested in the local urban planning policy. Low public transport access compounded disadvantage. Rapid urbanisation is a global health challenge linked to increases in dietary risk factors and BMI. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying the most appropriate geographic scale to inform urban planning policy for optimal health outcomes across socio-economic strata. Urban planning policy implementation in disadvantaged areas within cities has potential for reducing health inequities.

Strategic Planning for Employment Self-Containment in Metropolitan Sub-Regions

Metropolitan strategic plans often focus on strengthening local employment opportunities to address the congestion and commuting issues threatening city sustainability. The success of such strategies relies on a more equitable distribution of jobs between sub-regions and can be comparatively benchmarked through one of the three related measures of employment self-sufficiency, self-containment or jobs-housing balance. However, in practice, planning policy implementation to meet these targets seldom reduces automobile commuting. This paper investigates self-containment across a range of occupation and industry types to highlight large differences in commuting and employment patterns through a case study of Perth’s Northwest sub-region, Western Australia. Its findings suggest the application of current sub-regional policy and targets within Perth may reinforce the wage and skill disadvantage of outer metropolitan sub-regions over the inner core. It recommends a more nuanced understanding of these measures taking into account the complex dynamics of both employment opportunities and commuting patterns across sub-regions of a city.

A11-B From Knowledge-to-Action: A Synthesis of Barriers and Facilitators to Advance Care Planning Policy Implementation Across a Healthcare System

A11-B From Knowledge-to-Action: A Synthesis of Barriers and Facilitators to Advance Care Planning Policy Implementation Across a Healthcare System

Understanding culture in territorial management and its implications for spatial planning

Previous experiences have shown that the implementation of planning policy does not always lead to the originally intended territorial management outcomes. This issue is particularly crucial when policy ideas, institutions, models and programmes are transferred into places with different cultural settings without adaptations (Knieling and Othengrafen 2009b; Sanyal 2005). These unexpected consequences in planning practice and management outcomes have brought a significant amount of attention to the importance and roles of culture on shaping decision-making in territorial management process and determining transferability of a policy (Friedmann 2005a, 2005b; de Jong and Mamadouh 2002; Sanyal 2005; Ostrom 2005a; Knieling and Othengrafen 2009b). However, conceptual frameworks that seek to understand the roles of culture and its implications for spatial planning are still rather limited. This study presents and applies an integrative conceptual framework which is used to explain how culture, planning policy and territorial management outcomes are interrelated, and what the implications are for spatial planning. The framework integrates relevant theories and ideas from anthropology, organisational management and political sciences to understand influences of culture on spatial planning. The integrative framework suggests a way of characterising territorial management in the form of ideal types. This helps simplify cultures regarding territorial management to make them comparable. It enables an analysis of ‘cultures’ that includes a broader scope of culture than existing frameworks that focus primarily on ‘planning cultures’ expressed in forms of planning systems, organisations and instruments. This broader scope includes also the implicit expressions of culture in informal forms, such as ideas, customs and social behaviours shared by involved actors in the management of a given territory. The framework also offers two analytical perspectives to investigate whether culture is an important element (or context variable) explaining planning practices and territorial management outcomes in different settings. These perspectives are the analysis that assumes a stable state of culture (a synchronic perspective) and the analysis that considers culture as dynamic and interrelating with other context variables (a diachronic perspective). Findings derived from the analysis of the case studies based on these two perspectives help draw theoretical conclusions about how planners may deal with culture in order to improve planning practices. The study investigates territorial development processes in the context of floodplain management in urbanised delta regions. This specific context is selected because of its strong relations between physical attributes and spatial planning activities. The analysis is carried out based on a comparative approach at two levels. At the cross-national level, the Rhine-Meuse delta region in the Netherlands and the Chaophraya delta region in Thailand are used as case studies. The comparative approach is useful for this study because culture can be best understood in a relative form. The sub- national analysis emphasises comparison of floodplain management in three selected districts in the Chaophraya delta region. The two levels of analysis are carried out in order to understand whether the influences of cultures on planning practices and territorial management outcomes at different scales of development are affected by similar elements. Besides the theoretical contribution, this study also contributes methodologically through development of a common conceptual framework that can be applied to the analysis of various issues in territorial management, which is not limited only to the subject studied here. The framework is also expected to be applicable for the analysis of territorial management in a diverse range of cultural settings. The findings derived from a synchronic analytical approach validates arguments given by previous studies (such as de Jong and Mamadouh 2002 and Stead et al. 2008) regarding the importance of ‘conformity’ between policy content and local cultures for enhancing achievement of policy implementation and transfer. The findings from a diachronic perspective contribute to understanding of dynamic dimensions of culture as interrelating to other context variables. It reveals that cultures regarding floodplain management can be categorised into two parts – (i) the part that is significantly affected by core values and (ii) the experiential part of culture with close relationships with physical environments. Each dimension of culture regarding floodplain management is sensitive to each part of culture to different degrees. Furthermore, the analysis reveals two fundamental conditions required to promote effective management of collective tasks. They are (i) a unified perception towards shared problems and solutions; and (ii) management that acknowledges local institutions throughout planning process. In short, the conceptual framework proposed in this study proves to be helpful in gaining a better understanding of culture regarding territorial management and its implications for spatial planning. The findings imply that despite the significant influences of cultural preconditions in shaping planning practices and territorial management outcomes, planners may use spatial intervention mechanisms to ensure that outcomes match initial policy objectives. This could be done through the promotion of caution and cultural sensitivity in policy design, and in selecting appropriate implementation mechanisms to match the local preconditions.