Planning In Taiwan Research Articles

Bilingual lesson planning in Taiwan: challenges and implications

ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the planning of bilingual teaching by in-service teachers in elementary and junior high schools in Taiwan. Through individual interviews and a questionnaire survey, the author examines (1) the principles that bilingual teachers (including content teachers and English teachers) integrate into bilingual lesson planning; (2) how bilingual teachers’ integration of these principles differs considering the types of teachers, levels of schools, and bilingual teaching experiences; and (3) challenges facing teachers in planning bilingual teaching. The findings indicate that when planning bilingual lessons, the teachers frequently considered the principles regarding the dimensions of content, language, teaching methods, teaching activities, materials, assessment, and class arrangement. On the other hand, teachers’ integration of the principles differed between teacher groups, and teachers encountered various challenges when planning bilingual teaching. Based on the findings, suggestions are made for bilingual lesson planning and teacher professional development.

Utilizing a Dashboard for Efficient Biodiversity Data Overview and Gap-Filling Effort

Taiwan Biodiversity Information Facility has been leading the effort to integrate and mobilize biodiversity data nationally. We recently accomplished the integration of local databases and successfully developed a data portal that efficiently links to the most comprehensive biodiversity database in Taiwan: the Taiwan Biodiversity Information Alliance Data Portal. However, we identified an emerging challenge following this development. Preliminary analyses have revealed several gaps in the current dataset, impeding robust data use. For instance, land data dominates over sea data, and bird records are more abundant than those of other taxonomic groups. In our endeavour to enhance national biodiversity data coverage, we are actively exploring methodologies to address these existing data gaps. Here, we broadly define data gap as the absence of required data or information for use. Our primary objective is to empower users to identify these gaps, thereby facilitating efficient, informed survey planning and eventually filling these gaps. For this purpose, we are evaluating the effectiveness of a user-friendly dashboard, tailored for biodiversity survey planning in Taiwan. We developed and deployed a R Shiny dashboard*1 that provides users with insightful data visualizations that highlight spatial, temporal, and taxonomical data overviews. It also offers customizable filtering options, such as by major taxon groups and habitat types, for easy viewing. Additionally, the dashboard includes a download function, so users can access spatial and taxon gap information in their survey planning efforts. After deploying the dashboard, we conducted user interviews to collect feedback aimed at refining its usability and effectiveness. In addition to helping survey planning, we anticipate that this tool will also aid data users in promptly assessing data integrity within the national biodiversity data portal, thereby enabling them to identify potential data gaps and biases that may affect subsequent use. Through this presentation, we aim to share our experience in developing an interactive dashboard tailored for public use. Preliminary results had indicated that the dashboard highlighted some visible data gaps and biases, particularly in underrepresented areas such as marine habitats and less-studied taxonomic groups. Additionally, user interviews revealed a demand for a feature that provides single species data overviews, suggesting a potential area for further development to enhance the tool's utility. Some challenges remain, such as the need to enhance data granularity and user interface usability. Future work will focus on incorporating more real-time data integration and expanding the range of customizable filters. We believe these efforts will further empower users in Taiwan to conduct more informed and efficient biodiversity surveys, ultimately supporting research and policy-making to address critical biodiversity data gaps.

Factors influencing the willingness of older cancer patients to receive palliative care in advance care planning in southern Taiwan

ABSTRACT This study investigates the factors influencing the willingness of older cancer patients to receive palliative care, considering the ‘person-centered’ approach to advance care planning in Taiwan. Autonomy challenges are prevalent among these patients. The retrospective study, conducted at a tertiary teaching hospital in southern Taiwan from June 2020 to December 2022, included 195 eligible older cancer patients. Logistic regression was utilized to analyze factors influencing their willingness for palliative care. The optimal logistic regression analysis identified five key factors associated with receiving palliative care: age (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.20–0.92), educational level (OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.27–6.25), metastatic disease (OR, 4.62; 95% CI, 2.08–10.27), hospice and palliative care knowledge (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.11–1.57), and attitude (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.12–1.33). The findings suggest that younger, more educated patients with metastatic disease, higher knowledge of hospice and palliative care, and positive attitudes toward these services were more likely to receive palliative care. Patients’ awareness of hospice and palliative care, attitudes shaped by such awareness, and disease status significantly influenced their willingness to undergo palliative care. This highlights the increasing vulnerability of older cancer patients to decision-making challenges as their illness progresses, emphasizing the importance of initiating conversations about advance care planning early on. Healthcare practitioners are urged to actively advocate for these discussions, particularly considering the decline in decision-making capacity as the disease advances. Future research should focus on empowering individuals in making end-of-life care choices.

The mundane politics of war in Taiwan: Psychological preparedness, civil defense, and permanent war

The concept of war has always been taken for granted in the study of Taiwan vis-a-vis the People’s Republic of China. Under the dominant international narrative, Taiwan is often framed as a contested territory, where its land and sovereignty are up for competition. While recent escalating geopolitical tension has brought increasing international attention to Taiwan, international discourse on Taiwanese sovereignty has been largely limited to a traditional conception of war that views Taiwan as a geopolitical pawn in a ‘new Cold War’ between the United States and the People’s Republic of China or, under the banner of ‘geopolitical realism’, treats the rise of Taiwanese national identity as war-making. Both approaches minimize the significance of Taiwanese sovereignty and subjectivity in the struggle between superpowers. This article intervenes in both of these views by applying the framework of martial empiricism with an analysis of the subjectivity of war preparedness in Taiwanese civil society to demonstrate that war has become a normative and liberal mode of politics in Taiwan. From my ethnographic fieldwork on the grass-roots mobilization of civil defense in the time of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, I illustrate how civil defense rearticulates war not as a distant, spectacular event but as a mundane scenario that can be prepared for through daily practices and communal planning in Taiwan.

Advance Care Planning in Taiwan

Taiwan has been promoting the concept of palliative care since 1983. In the 2021 global quality of death index, Taiwan ranked third. Regarding the development of patient autonomy, there are two phases. The first phase was the passage of the Hospice Palliative Care Act in 2000, which respects the personal choices of terminally ill patients, including the decision to refuse cardiopulmonary resuscitation and to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment. The second phase was the passage of the Patient Right to Autonomy Act in 2015, which expanded the scope of application beyond terminally ill patients to include four other severe and irreversible conditions, while providing clearer explanations on life-sustaining treatment and artificial nutrition. Taiwan's legislation regarding the respect for patient autonomy has become increasingly comprehensive. However, there is still room for improvement in its practical implementation.

Conformity and variety: city planning in Taiwan during 1683–1895

ABSTRACT This article examines the planning intentions and practices of sixteen administrative cities in Taiwan during 1683-1895, focusing on their relationship with the giant city system of Qing Dynasty. Since Taiwan was brought under Qing’s rule in 1683, sixteen cities were gradually planned and constructed as government seats to achieve spatial governance of new territory. These cities thus became a small but typical group within the entire city system, which included over 1500 members at that time. How were these cities planned and constructed in such remote, undeveloped territories? What principles and methodology had been strictly complied with or actively adjusted in their planning, facing the reality of various topography, unstable policies, diverse social demands, and changing situations of different times? This article attempts to answer the questions from four aspects: city site selection, city-wall shaping, functional facility configuration, and planning and construction sequence. Multiple study materials were employed in this research to reconstruct and analyse historical planning practices, including officially compiled local gazetteers, multisource historical records, digital elevation model(DEM), and field survey data. This study aims to enrich the understanding of city planning history in Taiwan, and to reveal these cities’ conformity and variety to the age-old Chinese city-planning tradition.

Review on the Conflicts between Offshore Wind Power and Fishery Rights: Marine Spatial Planning in Taiwan

In recent years, Taiwan has firmly committed itself to pursue the green energy transition and a nuclear-free homeland by 2025, with an increase in renewable energy from 5% in 2016 to 20% in 2025. Offshore wind power (OWP) has become a sustainable and scalable renewable energy source in Taiwan. Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) is a fundamental tool to organize the use of the ocean space by different and often conflicting multi-users within ecologically sustainable boundaries in the marine environment. MSP is capable of definitively driving the use of offshore renewable energy. Lessons from Germany and the UK revealed that MSP was crucial to the development of OWP. This paper aims to evaluate how MSP is able to accommodate the exploitation of OWP in Taiwan and contribute to the achievement of marine policy by proposing a set of recommendations. It concludes that MSP is emerging as a solution to be considered by government institutions to optimize the multiple use of the ocean space, reduce conflicts and make use of the environmental and economic synergies generated by the joint deployment of OWP facilities and fishing or aquaculture activities for the conservation and protection of marine environments.

Evolutionary artificial intelligence algorithms for the one-way road orientation planning problem with multiple venues: An example of evacuation planning in Taiwan.

In large-scale events such as concerts and sports competitions, participants often leave the venue at the same time to return to their respective destinations. Improper traffic planning and traffic light operation usually lead to traffic congestion and road chaos near the sites. Rapid evacuation of participants has become an important issue. In this work, a one-way road orientation planning problem with multiple venues is studied in which all roads near the venues are to be scheduled into a one-way orientation with strong connectivity to increase the evacuation efficiency of participants. In accordance with Robbins' theorem and a random sequence of integers, an encoding scheme based on module operator is presented to construct a strongly connected graph and plan a one-way orientation for all roads. The proposed encoding scheme is further embedded into four artificial intelligence approaches, namely, grey wolf optimization, immune algorithm, genetic algorithm, and particle swarm optimization, to solve the one-way road orientation planning problem such that the total distance of all vehicles from venues to their destinations is minimized. Numerical results of test problems with multiple venues in Taiwan are provided and analyzed. As shown, all four algorithms can obtain the best solution for the test problems. The new presented encoding scheme with four algorithms can be used to effectively solve the one-way road orientation planning problem for the evacuation of participants. Moreover, grey wolf optimization is superior to the other three algorithms and particle swarm optimization is faster than the other three algorithms.

The Sustainable Development Indicators of the Environment for Cultural Landscapes in Chung Hsing New Village, Taiwan

Chung Hsing New Village was built up to ease administrative issues and air defense relocate scheme by the government in 1956. It covers up to 252 hectares by national land and aims to in charge of the essential works of counties, cities and towns of the province. Furthermore, it was the pioneer of urban planning concerned with the development, design of land use and the built environment in Taiwan. Chung Hsing New Village took the case study from Ebenezer Howard's Garden City, included connecting the suburbanization development with compact layouts, low-density development with good public spaces and emphasis on neighborhood unit in the thoughts, to create a functional working environment and public facility as a model of town planning in Taiwan. However, due to the downsizing of the Taiwan provincial government in 1998, most administrative workers were laid off, and yet, the Jiji earthquake damaged lots of buildings in 1999. Despite this, the remarkable value of culture and advanced concept of town planning made Chung Hsing New Village had been listed as cultural landscapes preservation since 12th April 2011, but compare to the other countries’ regulation of cultural landscapes and sustainable environmental preservation framework, the authorities failed to act and lack of big picture caused severe problems like abandoned and ruined, etc. To sum up, this research aims to explore the core value of Chung Hsing New Village environmentally sustainable, follow up with literature review, field investigate and in-depth interview with experts to construct Chung Hsing New Village cultural landscapes. The sustainable development indicators and the weight analysis of analytic hierarchy Process (AHP). Comparing the two results, it demonstrates the value of sustainable development indicators and contributes to the following cohort study of Chung Hsing New Village.

Assessing the Blockage Risk of Disaster-Relief Road for a Large-Scale Earthquake

After a large-scale earthquake, the road is susceptible to get blocked by liquefaction or building collapse, and that results in disaster-relief difficulty. This study adopted two earthquake loss estimation systems in Taiwan, and the risk of road blockage caused by liquefaction or building collapse was calculated separately. A new modeling was proposed, and the comparisons of the results of a single factor and that of the joint factors were made. Four scenarios of peak ground acceleration (PGA) = 250, 400, 550, 750 Gal were tested. The result shows that the probability of road blockage due to liquefaction almost reaches the maximum when PGA hits 400 Gal. On the other hand, the probability of road blockage due to building collapse increases if PGA increases. The joint probability of road blockage due to liquefaction and building collapse can improve the underestimation when using either one factor, and it can evaluate the risk more realistically. At present, there is no risk assessment modeling considering two important factors for disaster-relief road planning in Taiwan. This study provides a simple and comprehensive disaster-relief road risk assessment modeling to make better emergency rescue plans. In addition, it can provide the information for conducting seismic strengthening policy for both sides of the disaster-relief road that can reduce the risk of obstacles to disaster-relief roads.

Land teleconnections of urban tourism: A case study of Taipei’s agricultural souvenir products

The impacts of cities on remote areas have seldom been considered in urban sustainability assessments, because geographical areas are bounded and predefined for the purpose of spatial planning. A process-based concept of urban land teleconnections (ULTs) is incorporated within this study to demonstrate the influences of urban activities on distant areas through the physical movement of raw materials, goods and services. Urban tourism not only has spillover effects on adjacent tourist spots but also affects distant places that are sources of tourism-related goods and services. This paper presents a case study of Taiwan’s signature specialty agricultural souvenir products, pineapple cakes, to demonstrate the ULTs of Taipei’s tourism and to examine the ecological exchange relations between Taipei and remote areas that provide tourism-related resources. The land cover inventory resulting from the imposition of digital orthophoto maps on land cover maps revealed that pineapple cakes drove the increase in indigenous pineapple fields in the teleconnected area. Emergy evaluations of pineapple, pineapple cakes, and the study areas indicated that pineapple crops are playing an increasingly significant role in these area’s agricultural sectors. Moreover, the added value from processing pineapples into pineapple cakes benefits local pineapple-based industries in terms of ecological energetic flows. This case study of pineapple cake souvenirs demonstrates how rural planning in Taiwan neglected the effects of ULTs. Our findings contribute to raising awareness, highlighting the need to broaden the scope and vision of urban sustainability assessments relating to the impacts of ULTs on distant areas.

A Two-Tier Scenario Planning Model of Environmental Sustainability Policy in Taiwan

This study proposes a two-tier scenario planning model, consisting of scenario development and policy portfolio planning, to demonstrate the environmental sustainability policy planning process. Scenario development embodies future scenarios that incorporate the uncertainties regarding the decision values and technological alternatives. Policy portfolio planning is used to assess the selected policy alternatives under each scenario and to develop a robust and responsive plan. We organized first- and second-tier committees of 10–12 experts from diverse professional fields to undertake environmental sustainability policy planning in Taiwan. The first-tier committee generated three scenarios: “live at the mercy of the elements”, “industry convergence”, and “technology pilot”. The second-tier committee ensured that, from cradle-to-cradle (C2C), green supply chain management (GSCM), and industry symbiosis (IS), life-cycle type policies enhance green willingness and capabilities in the businesses. This is the first study to consider the first-tier process with scenario development and the second-tier process with policy portfolio planning for environmental sustainability, and contributes by considering intuitive logics approach-based scenarios and robust policies for extant portfolio plans, providing life-cycle- type policy profiles in environmental sustainability.

Development Rights: Regulating Vertical Urbanism in Taiwan

ABSTRACTThis article examines the contested interaction between planning and private property by focusing on development rights: an important, yet under-studied, aspect of private ownership. Three regulatory approaches – a road-based rule, a FAR (floor area ratio)-based rule, and a TDR (transfer of development rights) mechanism – have influenced how planning in Taiwan has governed vertical development since the early twentieth century. We link them to three planning ideologies, the city pathological, the city rational, and the city neoliberal. We argue that regulation-ideology dynamics have led to greater power for the real estate sector in appropriating density rent in Taiwan.

The Making of Power Shortage: The Sociotechnical Imaginary of Nationalist High Modernism and Its Pragmatic Rationality in Electricity Planning in Taiwan

High modernism, the dominant sociotechnical imagination in postwar Taiwan, manifested in tacit answers to the questions of what a better society would look like and the most pragmatic and viable approach to make the particular dreamed-of future become reality. This article explores the exclusion of alternative energy futures brought about by a high modernist imaginary. This imaginary underlies a strategy of emphasizing shortage at present and prosperity in the future—as long as the current shortage is solved in a reliable way. Focusing on the contention over energy supply between 2011 and 2015, this article provides an analysis of how power shortages are presented in discursive ambiguity, how the claimed crisis over the electricity shortage moves to the center of public debate via the institutional practices of power rationing, and how its public authority is established through collective witness. Renewable energy is continually represented as an “immature” and “unviable” technology when it comes to satisfying the nation’s need, through particular routinized practices in the calculation of “reserve margins” in electricity planning and the collective witnessing of (limited) operating reserves. We argue that both of these come with their own assumptions and political implications and therefore invite scrutiny.

Dynamic modeling of the policy effect and development of electric power systems: A case in Taiwan

Electric power is the cornerstone of economic growth, as well as one of the major energy sources for modern society. Economic growth, the demand for electricity, the security of fuel supplies, power-generating technologies, and the impact on the environment must be considered in the development planning and policy making of electric power. In fact, the planning of electric power development and the establishment of power generation capacity are complex and dynamic processes, which are influenced by national policies, citizens’ acceptance, and domestic and international energy sources. Hence, this study adopted system dynamics methodology to explore the development of policy-based electric power planning in Taiwan, analyzed its system structure, and simulated the impact of energy source policies on Taiwan's power supply according to different scenarios of economic growth. The findings of this study showed that the power supply in Taiwan is mainly influenced by four sub-systems with three important level variables, including the installed capacity of thermal power, installed capacity of nuclear power, and installed capacity of renewable energy. Currently, Taiwan plans to eradicate nuclear power by 2025 and replace it with renewable energies, which could result in power shortages and power rationing.

Nitrogen Emissions-Based Assessment of Anthropogenic Regional Ecological Risk: An Example of Taiwanese Urbanization, 1990-2015.

This study proposes a framework for evaluating anthropogenic nitrogen emissions and local vulnerability in order to assess regional ecological risk of human activity during a stable urbanization process. Taiwan, an isolated island with a unique environment, intensive agriculture, concentrated industries, and stable urbanization, was an ideal location for testing this framework. Local vulnerability is influenced by social characteristics, economic development, environmental protection, and other indicators related to these. Within the context of urbanization, therefore, and using official statistical data, human metabolism, agricultural and industrial production, and transportation were evaluated. The results indicate that the rate of anthropogenic nitrogen emissions decreased as the process of urbanization in Taiwan stabilized. While nitrogen emissions from agricultural production, household and industrial wastewater gradually decreased due to a reduction in the area of arable farmland, a reduction in the use of fertilizers and increased sewage treatment, nitrogen emissions from transportation increased due to higher energy consumption from vehicle use. Taiwan exhibited a higher degree of regional vulnerability in 1998 because motor vehicle density increased significantly, while rates of per capita green area and resource recovery remained relatively low. The study found that if Taiwan maintains its current conditions with respect to standard of living, agriculture, industry, and transportation, nitrogen emissions from human metabolism and agricultural and industrial production will not increase regional ecological risk, while nitrogen emissions from transportation will likely increase this risk. Therefore, this paper suggests that future environmental planning in Taiwan should prioritize low-emissions sustainable transportation.

The Effects of Youth Entrepreneurship Community Engagement on Sustainable Design: A Case Study of Guangfu Village Redevelopment

Public participation plays a decisive role in the way to achieve sustainability deign for local redevelopment. Guangfu Village, the first garden city model town in Taiwan is facing redevelopment issue when executing sustainable design with human resources after 921 earthquake in 1999. Recently, youth entrepreneurship program imported 70 non-residential participants for the purpose of promoting Guangfu Village as an ecological urbanism demonstration base on garden city planning in Taiwan. Previous studies approved sustainable development was benefited with place attachment of residents. Relative literatures indicated that imported creative community brought positive effects for local redevelopment This study focused on exploring how community engagement as a trend of human resource influenced local redevelopment when facing the challenge of sustainable design. 70 questionnaires of youth entrepreneurship community members were analysed to verify place attachment of imported community in Guangfu Village. The study furthermore applied semi-structured questionnaire to explore the effects on sustainable design for local redevelopment. According to the research analysis, community involvement factors including involvement, participation and control, local dependency factors including local dependence and local identity are the major factors for sustainable design with social, economic and ecological aspects.

Development of an Evaluation System for Sustaining Reservoir Functions—A Case Study of Shiwen Reservoir in Taiwan

Reservoirs serve as important facilities, providing a stable source of public water in Taiwan. As construction of new reservoirs becomes more difficult, it is essential to ensure sustainable functionality of reservoirs in the future. To this end, this study proposes a system for reservoir sustainability evaluation. The evaluation system consists of social justice, environmental protection, and economic development containing 12 indicators which are grouped into six categories: flood control, sediment management, water resources allocation, river ecology, water quality, and benefit and fairness. Moreover, evaluation system operational procedures to supplement planning and decision-making processes are proposed, and applied in a case study of the Shiwen reservoir planning in Taiwan. The planned reservoir in this case study is rated as “Good”, nearly “Excellent”, in sustainability as evaluated with the Sustainability Confidence Index (SCI). Additionally, Analytic Network Process (ANP) results indicate that the flood control capacity and sediment management are the first and second most important indicators for the reservoir. If desilting operations had been conducted, the SCI values would have increased from 3.3 to 3.7, warranting an “Excellent” rating for the reservoir. The case study demonstrates that decision-makers can apply the proposed system when managing reservoir evaluations.

Promotion of Advance Care Planning in Taiwan

Promotion of Advance Care Planning in Taiwan

Expanding Higher Education in Taiwan: The Case of Doctoral Education

<p>Higher education expansion is not a new development in the world. Different countries have faced various contexts and factors that push the expansion to occur. Since 1996, the Taiwanese government has allowed the private sector to open new higher education institutions or be upgraded for open more access at the higher education level to correspond to the general public’s educational expectations. This article starts by describing the expansion of higher education from the elite to universal stage both globally and locally. The article then specifically introduces the case of the doctoral manpower structure in Taiwan and lists three specific scenarios regarding local PhDs’ reality in the current competitive job market, highlighting the further talent fault crisis in society today. In addition to discussing the consequences and challenges at the doctoral level of talent cultivation, the article further identifies the main issues facing the current manpower planning in Taiwan. The article calls for all stakeholders of the agenda to rethink the purpose of doctoral manpower cultivation in Taiwan over the long run.</p>