Plank Road Research Articles

Application of artificial intelligence sensor and visual image technology in the analysis of hydrophilic space landscape characteristics

With the continuous development of intelligent sensor technology and artificial intelligence, the application of artificial intelligence feature recognition at the level of intelligent sensor information acquisition to urban landscape analysis has become a current research trend and hot spot, but also brings us new research directions and challenges. In this paper, the multi-sensor collaborative filtering algorithm is optimized, and a method based on evidence theory is proposed to deal with the fuzzy and unclear information generated in the process of multi-sensor collaboration. Then, the analysis and recognition of multi-sensor fusion information using AI technology are analyzed in detail. This paper discusses the problems in multi-sensor information fusion and related solutions. Combined with the key nodes of 3D object AI feature recognition, multi-sensor collaborative Dempster Shafer evidence theory and 3D convolutional neural network waterfront space landscape feature recognition sub-model are constructed, and the waterfront space landscape recognition analysis model is tested and analyzed. The results show that the multi-sensor information collection Kalman filtering fusion algorithm effectively realizes the recognition of landscape feature information and the filtering of irrelevant interference information combined with an artificial intelligence algorithm to build a landscape feature recognition model. Among all kinds of landscape recognition, the recognition effect of beach inflow is the best, and the recognition accuracy, recall, and F1 value are all above 95. However, the identification effect of hydrophilic plank roads and underwater breakwater is relatively poor. The recognition accuracy of the hydrophilic platform is the lowest at 83.16 % among the eight landscape types, and the recall rate of underwater breakwater is the lowest at 79.96 % among the eight landscape types. In general, the multi-sensor Kalman filtering algorithm information fusion model designed in this paper has higher recognition accuracy and better classification performance for the collection and classification of the entire landscape dataset. The work of this paper provides a new idea and direction for the design and application of waterfront landscape identification and analysis systems based on intelligent sensors and artificial intelligence technology and lays a certain foundation for the intelligent design of urban waterfront landscapes.

Myths and Realities of the Salt Lake Temple Foundation

Myths and Realities of the Salt Lake Temple Foundation

A Fire in the Wilderness: The First Battle Between Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee by John Reeves

Reviewed by: A Fire in the Wilderness: The First Battle Between Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee by John Reeves Christopher B. Bean A Fire in the Wilderness: The First Battle Between Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee. By John Reeves. (New York and London: Pegasus Books, 2021. Pp. [xii], 270. $28.95, ISBN 978-1-64313-700-1.) Few things bring to mind the carnage of the Civil War more than the two words the Wilderness. The fierceness, casualties, horror, and inconclusiveness of that battle embody the struggle between the North and the Confederate South. In his latest work, John Reeves chronicles this most notorious battle. A Fire in the Wilderness: The First Battle Between Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee focuses primarily on the interplay between the commanders of the Army of the Potomac and the Army of Northern Virginia. By the time the two commanders met in the woods of northern Virginia in the spring of 1864, both Grant and Lee were coming to be seen as their respective side's savior. Grant was perhaps the last chance for the North to prevent the Union from irretrievably cleaving. The Confederacy invested Lee with its hopes and dreams of independence. Without exaggeration, the fate of the United States, regardless of the outcome, rested on the shoulders of these two men when they confronted one another for the first time in the war. In sixteen chapters, Reeves recounts the ordeal of the Wilderness—although the last three chapters focus on events after the battle, including a chapter on the battle of Spotsylvania Court House. In order to spotlight the soldier's battle, Reeves follows the actions of Private William Reeves (no relation to the author), of the Seventy-Sixth New York Voluntary Infantry Regiment, and Brigadier General James Wadsworth, Reeves's division commander. As the author notes, Private Reeves's "story represented the experiences of tens of thousands of young men from all across America. … His tragic death epitomized the steep price that was paid for saving the Union" (p. 224). The author's description of these two men's actions during battle and their ultimate deaths is riveting. Through these two men, the author hits the familiar aspects of the battle—the Orange Turnpike, Orange Plank Road, Saunders Field, the conflagration in the woods—as well as the actions of the major participants, including Generals Winfield S. Hancock, Ambrose E. Burnside, James Longstreet, and, of course, Grant and Lee. Reeves is especially strong in two areas. He highlights the confusion of the battle, which was often obscured to the participants by the woods, and his description of what awaited any wounded soldier at the hands of the medical professionals is worth the read. The book's title aside, Reeves's work focuses primarily on the common soldier. His descriptions of their experiences during the battle are excellent. This focus comes, however, at the expense of fleshing out the experiences of Grant and Lee. Beyond cursory quotations and orders from Grant and Lee, the chess game that occurs between all opposing commanders in battle remains underwhelming. Furthermore, the strategic forces pressing down from Washington, D.C., on Grant and from Richmond on Lee are practically nonexistent. This reviewer can appreciate the necessity for vigilance against going down rabbit holes when doing a battlefield biography, but nothing occurs within a vacuum. Reeves's work, thus, falls short in chronicling the entirety of the Wilderness story that exists in Gordon C. Rhea's The Battle of the Wilderness, May 5–6, 1864 (Baton Rouge, 1994) and Noah Andre Trudeau's [End Page 571] Bloody Roads South: The Wilderness to Cold Harbor, May–June 1864 (Boston, 1989). In closing, more well-placed maps are warranted. Without maps, a less knowledgeable reader becomes as confused following the action and whereabouts as the actual participants. Those criticisms aside, Reeves's work is a quick read and easy to understand. This reviewer highly recommends this work for any student wanting an introduction to the Wilderness. Christopher B. Bean East Central University Copyright © 2022 The Southern Historical Association

Waterpower and Allegan, Michigan

Waterpower and Allegan, Michigan Patrick R. Hudson On an out-of-the-way back street in the city of Allegan stands a remnant of Allegan's, and indeed Michigan's, industrial heritage. Enter Allegan from the southeast on M-89, turn on Second Street using the "Old Iron Bridge" to cross the Kalamazoo River, and follow Second Street to its end at Water Street. There, instead of turning left toward the business district, turn right and follow the signs to the mill district. Crossing the bridge, look to the right to find the Allegan dam. The bridge runs over what is left of the old millrace. Look to the left across the mill pond to find a small concrete block building on the spot where Allegan's industrial and civic origins began. The Origins of the City In 1837, Michigan became a state. The development of these forested peninsulas from territory to statehood was delayed for over a decade by Ohio's claims on the port of Toledo, originally within the territorial boundary of Michigan. For the new state legislature, its greatest challenge was overcoming the early characterizations—by General Duncan McArthur and Edward Tiffin, Surveyor General of the United States, among others—of Michigan as a mosquito-infested swamp.1 The publication of John Farmer's gazetteer Farmer's Guide to Michigan in 1830 was the first of a number of documents refuting previous detrimental characterizations of the state. It became one of the catalysts for the migration of New Englanders and upstate New Yorkers to the Michigan territory.2 This migration, characterized as "Michigan Fever," was a movement of communities rather than the "rugged individuals" of common myth. These groups generally included skilled tradesmen, such as millwrights, masons, carpenters, bakers, butchers, and seamstresses, as well as farmers and lumbermen. In many cases, a surveyor would be sent [End Page 105] out to find the type of land the community desired, then a company would be formed to purchase the land and organize development. This type of company founded the village of Allegan. A group of businessmen, known as the Boston Company, hired a surveyor to lay out an industrial town and seat of government for the new county of Allegan. The economic life of this community would be centered around a millrace providing waterpower for industries. The company was initially successful. Within two years, Allegan was incorporated as a village. The village's near central location allowed Allegan to claim the county seat. Waterpower was the cheapest, most abundant source of energy available until after the Civil War, when coal-powered steam engines began to replace waterpower.3 The siting of settlements at locations suitable for a dam and watermill was typical of settlement patterns during the 1830s. The nineteenth century was a time when the general impression in both Europe and Anglo-America was that the individual could use science and industry to overcome nature. The religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening fed the common belief that mankind held a God-given right to remake the natural world for its use and prosperity.4 As important as waterpower, technology, and the physical setting were for any location, transportation connections for Allegan became a limitation for future development. The ancient aboriginal trail to the north and south in western Michigan ran ten miles east of the settlement, and the Kalamazoo River, running through the village site, did not have enough depth year-round to support river transport for heavy cargo to or from Lake Michigan.5 Michigan's territorial government (from 1827-1835) and state legislature (from 1835-1844) experimented with various means of funding roads. None of the territorial roads reached Allegan County. The 1835 state constitution provided for transportation improvements, but the Panic of 1837 put an end to state funding. This was followed in 1844 by the Plank Road experiment, which amounted to licensing private toll roads but proved to be a failure due to the very short lifespan of such roads. Michigan's 1850 constitution turned the question of road funding over to local townships and allowed for conscript labor to construct and maintain such roads. This method failed to provide for any...

ОПЫТ РЕКУЛЬТИВАЦИИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ВИДОВ НАРУШЕННЫХ ЗЕМЕЛЬ

The paper touches upon the analysis of disturbed lands various methods of reclamation on linear and site objects that make possible to minimise spending for recultivation work carrying out to achieve a desirable effect. It is noted the inexpediency of plank roads and wooden covering dismantling followed by the former road recultivation. It is suggested to use these roads as antifire ones; it will play a positive role in forest antifire protection. It is underlined the necessity of the highest possible potential possibilities utilisation of some disturbed lands for self-healing. The latter refers, in particular to seismic profiles, sites for wastes of saw-mills and woodworking as well as sand and clay extracting pits when their area is rat her small and when there exists no reliable source of their seed producing. Sometimes for the process of grass vegetation formation speeding and fertile soil layer formation, it is recommended grass sowing, leguminous plants in particular. The surface of the disturbed lands covering with a layer of sewage deposit is an effective method of recultivation as well. The latter is not only promoted fertile layer formation on the surfaces of dumps and some other types of disturbed lands but improves conditions of plants water nutrition playing the role of mulch. As the primary trend of reclamation in the Ural region, it is recommended to consider forestry main during the biological stage of ordinary pine forest plantations.

Response and Simulation of Vegetation in Desert Scenic Spot to Tourists’ Trampling Disturbance

A large number of tourists had a devastating effect to the scenic area. Shapotou and Huangshagudu scenic spots in Ningxia were selected as the research areas. The fait accompli method was used to investigate the response of footpath in the above scenic spots to tourists’ stampede interference. Three different angles and different vegetation types of quadrats were set up to simulate tourists’ stampede mode and observe the vegetation recovery after stampede. The results showed that: (1) The tourist trampling disturbance mainly were limited 0-4 meters distance from the tourist trails, but there was difference for different tourist trails. (2) The index of land cover impact ( ILCI ) of the investigating sections indicated the 1 meter distance from tourist trail is seriously disturbed; Because of the palisade on both sides of the plank road, the average value of ILCI in north of Shapotou (investigating section 4) is less than 44.9%.(3)With the increase of tourist activity,the coverage of vegetation decline, the height of plant reduce, the quantity and kinds decrease,soil crust fragmentation increase.(4)Because of different angle of sand dune, the impact of tourist activity to vegetation and soil is different.Vegetation and biological crust of sample C which is the biggest angle suffer from the devastation.(5)Based on limits of acceptable change ( LAC ) visitor questionnaires, the limit of acceptable change in ground coverage was 16.4%. The vegetation coverage should be below this level at desert scenic spots. It shows that there is natural incompatible relationship between tourist demand to the empty and desolate desert and desert ecological management. The results also indicated that the current tourism disturbance had some negative effect on the tourist experience and ecosystem.

Research topic: Tourists’ preference for public space based on Big Data online. Case study: Fuzhou National Forest Park

Taking the Fuzhou National Forest Park as the research sample, this study uses the crawler tool to capture the comments of tourists on the network of Fuzhou National Forest Park, and uses ROST6.0 information mining software to analyze the emotional distribution and classification of word frequency. When analysed, the results showed that:(1) On the whole, tourists showed positive emotions towards Fuzhou National Forest Park, and the proportion of their neutral emotions and negative emotions was small.(2) Visitors’ favourite activities were “barbecuing”, “mountain hiking”, “leisure”, “walking”, “sightseeing”, “playing games”, “exercising”, “tourist-visit”, “entertainment” and “picnicking”.(3) Visitors’ favourite scenic spots in turn were “Banyan”, “Sakura blossoms”, “Peach Blossom”, “Bird Language Forest”, “Longtan pond”, “trees”, “Botanical Garden”, “waterfall”, “vegetation”, “reservoir”, “garden”, “museum”, “Bamboo forest” and “Plank road”(4) In the insufficiency aspect, the Fuzhou National Forest Park had the situation where there are too many people queuing up at certain times of the day.Finally, a set of public space management mechanism based on Big Data is summarized, which provides theoretical support for its management and optimization.

Comprehensive Approach to Meaningful Continuing Professional Development

Mrs. Caples: Director, Continuing & Professional Education, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Office of Continuing & Professional Education, Milwaukee, WI. Correspondence: Linda D. Caples, MBA, Continuing and Professional Education, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Office of Continuing and Professional Education, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, RPC, Suite 125, Milwaukee, WI 53226; e-mail: [email protected]. Disclosure: The author is a member of the Society for Academic Continuing Medical Education. The author declares no conflict of interest.

A Virtual Restoration Approach for Ancient Plank Road Using Mechanical Analysis with Precision 3D Data of Heritage Site

The ancient plank road is a creative building in the history of Chinese ancient traffic through cliffs. In this paper, a virtual restoration approach for ancient plank road using mechanical analysis with precision 3D data of current heritage site is proposed. Firstly, an aero photogrammetry with multiple view images from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imaging system is presented to obtain the 3D point cloud of ancient plank roads, which adopts a density image matching and aerial triangulation processing. In addition, a terrestrial laser scanner is integrated to obtain detail 3D data of the plank road. Secondly, a mechanical analysis method based on the precision 3D data of the current plank roads is proposed to determine their forms and restore each of their components with detail sizes. Finally, all components and background scene were added to the existing model to obtain a virtual restoration model, which indicates that it is effective and feasible to achieve a three-dimensional digital and virtual restoration of ancient sites. The Chiya Plank Road is taken as a virtual restoration example with the proposed approach. The restored 3D model of the ancient plank can be widely used for digital management, research, and visualization of ancient plank roads.

An adoptive parental perspective on personal genomic screening.

Parenthood changes one’s perspective and focus. Myriad things that previously seemed benign, such as escalators, shopping carts, and even forks, now represent imminent danger. Like biological parent–child relationships, adoptive parent–child relationships come in many forms, sometimes good and sometimes bad. I am lucky: My bond with my daughter is strong. I see her light up when I enter the room, and I feel myself light up over something as simple as someone turning the conversation to how she is doing. My world now revolves around her. The focus of my life has become her happiness and well-being and protecting her from harm and sadness. I want to shape the world in her favor: Where I perceive her to lack something that might benefit her, the urge to fill that gap for her benefit is among the strongest influences I have ever felt. One gap that is constantly present for many adoptive parents (especially for parents of children, like my daughter, who are adopted internationally) is the inability to provide sophisticated genetic heritage information. In my own experience, we were provided with little more than a photograph, and a vague statement that the child appears healthy, as the “medical” portion of our information packet (the rest of the packet focused on personality, temperament, and behavioral traits). We were told that she received basic vaccinations, but lack of verifiable documentation and concerns about reliability resulted in pediatricians in the United States providing vaccinations as if she had not received them before. We are unaware of any newborn screening as might be done in the United States, nor do we believe such screening occurred. Indeed, we have no information about illnesses that run in her biological family from either side. I can relate, then, to the emotions behind adoptive parents’ advocacy of genetic … Address correspondence to Thomas May, PhD, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226. E-mail: tmay{at}mcw.edu

Matching the pace of genomic advances through the integration of genomic education into high school health education.

Journal of School HealthVolume 84, Issue 6 p. 351-354 COMMENTARY Matching the Pace of Genomic Advances Through the Integration of Genomic Education Into High School Health Education Kaija L. Zusevics PhD, MPH, CHES, Corresponding Author Kaija L. Zusevics PhD, MPH, CHES Postdoctoral Fellow, ([email protected]), Program in Genomics and Ethics, Institute for Health and Society, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226.Address correspondence to: Kaija L. Zusevics, Postdoctoral Fellow, ([email protected]), Program in Genomics and Ethics, Institute for Health and Society, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226.Search for more papers by this authorKimberly A. Strong PhD, Kimberly A. Strong PhD Assistant Professor of Bioethics and Medical Humanities, ([email protected]), Primary Faculty in the Program in Genomics and Ethics, Institute for Health and Society, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226.Search for more papers by this authorMichael H. Farrell MD, Michael H. Farrell MD Associate Professor, Medicine (General Internal Medicine), ([email protected]), Pediatrics and Bioethics and Medical Humanities, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226.Search for more papers by this authorMary E. Shimoyama PhD, Mary E. Shimoyama PhD Assistant Professor, Surgery-Cardiothoracic, ([email protected]), Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226.Search for more papers by this author Kaija L. Zusevics PhD, MPH, CHES, Corresponding Author Kaija L. Zusevics PhD, MPH, CHES Postdoctoral Fellow, ([email protected]), Program in Genomics and Ethics, Institute for Health and Society, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226.Address correspondence to: Kaija L. Zusevics, Postdoctoral Fellow, ([email protected]), Program in Genomics and Ethics, Institute for Health and Society, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226.Search for more papers by this authorKimberly A. Strong PhD, Kimberly A. Strong PhD Assistant Professor of Bioethics and Medical Humanities, ([email protected]), Primary Faculty in the Program in Genomics and Ethics, Institute for Health and Society, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226.Search for more papers by this authorMichael H. Farrell MD, Michael H. Farrell MD Associate Professor, Medicine (General Internal Medicine), ([email protected]), Pediatrics and Bioethics and Medical Humanities, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226.Search for more papers by this authorMary E. Shimoyama PhD, Mary E. Shimoyama PhD Assistant Professor, Surgery-Cardiothoracic, ([email protected]), Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226.Search for more papers by this author First published: 21 April 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12160Citations: 1 Work for this manuscript was funded, in part, by the Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Research and Education Program Fund, a component of the Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin endowment at the Medical College of Wisconsin. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume84, Issue6June 2014Pages 351-354 RelatedInformation

Study on Runoff Pollution Load Model

Along with the development of JiuZhai valley tourism scenic spots increasing at the same time, and the ecological environment is also with the change, how much of the change of ecological environment must be given. The TP emissions non-point source is one of the important indexes of each branch road and plank road be given. But the results is discrete, if use the current calculation model. Need a lot of data,For this，surface runoff load model is put forward based on the average load value. Through the comparative analysis, this model lead to specific areas of non-point pollutant average load value according to some small amount of water quality monitoring data. Not only eliminates random character, but also to improve the operability. Non-point source area highway TP emission load of jiuzhai valley is given by the model.

Ethical Issues in Aesthetic Research

If I were to ask the typical board-certified plastic surgeon, “What is the essential aspect of ethical research in aesthetic surgery?” I would expect the most common answer to be “informed consent,” and most other physicans would probably agree. To an extent, that answer is correct, reflecting today’s common view of bioethics. However, there is much more to ethical research than informed consent. A noted authority on the subject, E. J. Emanuel, stated, ”While informed consent is necessary in most but not all cases, in no case is it sufficient for ethical clinical research.”1 There are other issues that must be taken into account in any clinical research, aesthetic or otherwise. There are numerous, well-known historical documents regarding conduct in clinical research, such as the Nuremberg Code, the Belmont Report, and the Declaration of Helsinki. Although none of these traditional ethical guidelines includes the seven requirements mentioned below, the fundamental protections are reflected in the basic philosophies of all of them. The following seven requirements should provide the plastic surgeon, both in academic or private practice, with a framework to guide the practice of ethical clinical research … David L. Larson, MD, Department of Plastic Surgery, 8700 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226-3575. E-mail: dlarson{at}mcw.edu

Treatment Approaches to Irritable Bowel Syndrome

CME Educational Objectives 1. Describe approaches to the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. 2. Identify and characterize pharmacologic agents used to treat diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. 3. Discuss the currently recommended management options for constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.

From the Editor

He stood a little over five feet five. He had black hair, blue eyes and impressive mutton chop sideburns. A thirty-one-year-old Jewish immigrant from Guttentag, East Prussia, Abraham Cohn had joined the 6th New Hampshire volunteer regiment as a private in early 1864. It was now May 6, 1864 and Sergeant Major Cohn was just north of the Orange Plank Road, in a place they called “the Wilderness,” fighting for his life. Cohn's regiment was part of General Ambrose Burnside's IX Corps, attached to General George Meade's Army of the Potomac, then under the effective command of General Ulysses S. Grant. The Wilderness was the first of several battles that comprised Grant's costly Overland Campaign in Virginia that led eventually to General Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse the following spring. It is unlikely that you know of Abraham Cohn. Like thousands of rank-and-file soldiers, he would have...

Lung Dendritic Cells and IgE: The Link Between Virus and Atopy

Stephanie S Park, Sarah J Ehlenbach & Mitchell H Grayson† †Author for correspondence Medical College of Wisconsin, MACC Fund Research Center, Room 5075, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA Tel.: +1 414 456 5648; Fax: +1 414 456 6487; wheeze@allergist.com ‘...the virus–FceRI–atopy axis certainly appears to provide much promise for understanding how and why atopic diseases develop, and more importantly, what could be done to prevent them...’

Education and the Creation of Capital:orWhat I have Learned From Following the Money

In the Fall of 1840, twenty-four-year-old Clarissa Pengra journeyed from a small town in western New York to the growing city of Syracuse to take up a new teaching position. She began by heading north by carriage on a plank road to Rochester, where she would catch a canal boat east. Arriving in Rochester in the evening, after what she described as “an unpleasant ride,” she decided to spend the night at a boarding establishment rather than at the home of a family friend, “in order to be convenient for the boat in the morning.” While in the city, she finished her “shopping,” a term she had never used in the context of her rural hometown. Already, Clarissa had traveled a social and psychological distance. In the hours, weeks, and months that followed, her sense of dislocation would continue. At 6 a.m. on the morning after she arrived in Rochester, she boarded the canal boat for a trip that would take 24 hours, ending in Syracuse the following day “before daylight.” On the boat, Clarissa encountered whist-players, whiskey drinkers, and a follower of the Calvinist evangelist, Charles Finney, each in his own way somewhat at odds with her own principles and ideas. With respect to the trip as a whole, she expressed a sense of adventure, tempered by a hint of anxiety. “I have left home and friend,” she wrote in her journal, “and for the present must learn to depend upon myself.”

Adenosine Receptors and Angiogenesis

See related article, pages 1130–1138 As originally hypothesized by Berne,1 adenosine is formed in the heart during hypoxia or ischemia and serves as a negative feedback signal to maintain oxygen delivery within a normal physiological range. Adenosine is formed by the metabolism of ATP and transported into the extracellular space by various nucleoside transport proteins.2 In a more localized manner that provides the opportunity for coordinated signaling with the diverse P2 purinoreceptor family that recognizes ATP and ADP, adenosine is also formed from the extracellular metabolism of adenine nucleotides released from stored granules (sympathetic nerves, platelets, mast cells) or through hemichannels (neutrophils, endothelial cells, epithelial cells) by ecto-apyrases and ecto-nucleotidases.3–5 Adenosine signals through activation of widely distributed cell surface G protein–coupled receptors, of which 4 different subtypes have been identified designated A1, A2A, A2B, and A3.6 By activating A2A receptors that are abundantly expressed in coronary vascular smooth muscle, adenosine generated under hypoxic conditions produces potent vasodilation thereby increasing nutrient and oxygen delivery. Although less appreciated, adenosine also serves to maintain tissue oxygenation in response to chronic ischemic/hypoxic stress by increasing the formation of new blood vessels; that is, by stimulating angiogenesis.7,8 Using adenosine receptor agonists or modulators of adenosine metabolism, an important role for adenosine has been established in in vivo models of angiogenesis.7,8 In cell culture systems, adenosine stimulates endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and tube formation,7–11 actions required for the formation of new capillary networks. This action occurs at concentrations of adenosine that are …

Abstracts for the 8th World Congress for Microcirculation August 15‐19, 2007 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

MicrocirculationVolume 14, Issue 4-5 p. 439-569 Abstracts for the 8th World Congress for Microcirculation August 15-19, 2007 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA Editor Julian H. Lombard Ph.D., Corresponding Author Editor Julian H. Lombard Ph.D. Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226Address correspondence to Julian H. Lombard, Ph.D., Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226. Telephone: (414)-456-8530, Fax: (414)-456-6546. E-mail: jlombard@mcw.eduSearch for more papers by this author Editor Julian H. Lombard Ph.D., Corresponding Author Editor Julian H. Lombard Ph.D. Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226Address correspondence to Julian H. Lombard, Ph.D., Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226. Telephone: (414)-456-8530, Fax: (414)-456-6546. E-mail: jlombard@mcw.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 26 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.1080/10739680701413573Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume14, Issue4-5June‐July 2007Pages 439-569 RelatedInformation

Combating Nitrate Tolerance

Discovered and patented as an explosive by Alfred Nobel in the 1860s, nitroglycerin has been formulated for use in the treatment of symptomatic CAD for over 140 years. In fact, later in life, Nobel himself was prescribed the medication for angina, but refused to take it because of the associated side effect of headache. See page 1729 With glycerol trinitrate (GTN) as the prototype, nitrates represent one of the safest and most rapidly effective pharmacological means to reduce acute symptoms of myocardial ischemia attributable to obstructive coronary disease. This has led, over the years, to the development of long-acting oral and topical preparations. However, efficacy with chronic administration is more difficult to achieve because of the development of therapeutic resistance, generally occurring a few days after initiating treatment. This phenomenon known as nitrate tolerance has been the stimulus for intense investigation of the metabolic fate of nitroglycerin with the idea that modulation of its biotransformation could improve efficacy of chronic treatment. The mechanism of GTN-induced dilation is complex and was not identified until more than 100 years after its discovery. GTN is not a direct vasodilator, rather it must be converted to dinitrate products for vasoactivity. Biotransformation to the active metabolite nitric oxide (NO) occurs in parallel with the formation of glycerol-1,2-dinitrate and involves a dithiol-dependent process.1 It was not until recently that the principal enzyme responsible for biotransformation of GTN was identified. Chen et al1 showed that mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-2) metabolizes GTN to glycerol-1,2-dinitrate and nitrite. This was confirmed by Sydow et al2 using mitochondrial-deficient cultured endothelial cells, although a cytosolic source of ALDH-2 has also been suggested.3 The mitochondrial enzyme converts nanomolar concentrations of GTN to active nitrodilator metabolites in vivo and in vitro, as shown by direct measurements coupled with the use …