Planetary Gravitational Field Research Articles

The Formation of Oscillation Patterns Based on the Planetary Gravitational Field and Their Suitability for Earthquake Prediction

The Formation of Oscillation Patterns Based on the Planetary Gravitational Field and Their Suitability for Earthquake Prediction

The Formation of Oscillation Patterns on the Basis Oo the Planetary Gravitational Field and Their Influence on the Birth of A Human Being

The fluctuating planetary gravitational field influences not only activities on the sun but also on the earth. A special correlation function describes the harmonics of these fluctuations. Investigations of time windows at the birth of a human being show the influence in the structure formation of the human psyche. These oscillation patterns differ significantly from randomly chosen control groups. These patterns are suitable as an element of an AI for prognostics of probability changes for the mental structure formation of newborns.

Kinetic Nonequilibrium Signatures in the Distribution Function of Earth-Escaping Hydrogen Atoms

The lightest atmospheric gas constituents, like H- and He- atoms, are known to escape from planetary gravitational fields to open space. Hereby it counts that not only the uppermost atmospheric layer, the so-called exobase, contributes to this planetary gas escape, but the layers below do contribute as well, especially since from below a nonthermal character of the final particle outflow is induced.We consider the outflow of H - atoms from lower levels of a planetary oxygen-dominated upper atmosphere, stratified by the planet‘s gravitational field - as given in case of the Earth. The terrestrial H-atom outflow is locally modified by elastic collisions of upwards flying H-atoms with the heavy major atmospheric background constituent. This causes a collision–induced velocity-modulation of the upwards directed H-atom flow and induces nonthermal kinetic signatures of the local H ˗ atom distribution function. An important, hitherto unrespected point hereby is that angle-integrated elastic O ˗ H- collision cross sections are velocity-dependent, falling off with increasing velocity v like (1/v). Consequently this modulation influences low velocity H-atoms stronger than high-velocity ones, which changes the kinetic profile of the escaping H-atoms and causes deviations from the classic Jeans escape. Deeply down in the lower thermosphere the local H-atoms, like as well the O-atoms, indeed are in a thermodynamical equilibrium characterized by Maxwell distributions with a common temperature TH = TO. Nevertheless, at the upper exobase border of the atmosphere the resulting H-atom escape flow turns out to be a, non-equilibrium flow with non-thermal escape-relevant properties. Here we describe this collisional modification of the H-escape flow and quantify the upcome of kinetic non-equilibrium features like power laws in the wings of the H-distribution function. This collisional modulation via velocity-dependent collision cross-sections acts as a typical process to convert equilibrium distributions into non-equilibrium kappa-like distribution functions. On the basis of this theoretical approach and stabilizing the upper atmosphere by the type of so-called "iso-baric Kappa functions" which all represent the same H ˗ atom- pressure we can calculate the effective escape flux of H- atoms to open space and can quantify its difference with respect to the classical Jeans escape value. While finding again that the classical Jeans formula slightly overestimates the actual escape flux, we now for the first time taking into account the nonthermal influence of collisional modulations can show that the actual escape with respect to the actual Jeans value is even enhanced by factors 2 to 3.

IQ Stimulation-Fluctuations of the planetary gravitational field and nonlinear interactions with matter

A person's intelligence is shaped by genes and later by environmental conditions. This paper explores the question: Is there an influence of the fluctuations of the planetary gravitational field on the development of the human brain? The oscillations of the planetary gravitational field lead to higher oscillations, to higher harmonics, in material structures. A correlation function, which can describe nonlinear correlations and which has already been used with success in triggering earthquakes, is applied in this investigation to the development of the highly complex human brain. At the time of birth, it is not only the genes that determine a person's intelligence. The research also suggests that fluctuations in the planetary gravitational field also have an influence. The results suggest that there is something like a "quality of time" in the temporal environment of birth that has a stimulating effect on the development of the brain.

Fluctuations of the Planetary Gravitational field and non-linear Interactions with matter - Triggering Earthquakes

Our planet is embedded in the planetary gravitational field. The weak changes caused by the sun, moon and planets have had a relatively stable effect for billions of years. It is not only the causally acting, direct forces of gravity, but also the higher harmonics, the harmonics of the gravitational field, that exert an influence on matter over time. This influence is shown here using the example of the triggering of earthquakes. The results reinforce the assumption that about 6% of the earthquakes studied are triggered by the sun, moon and the major planets. Other investigations (http://www.planetare-korrelation.eu/index_htm_files/ GRAV-book-manual.pdf) show that the method can also trigger events in other areas, (e.g. in the individual evolution of humans and in social development) by changing the probability of stability and instability. Thus, this method is suitable to function as an element of an artificial intelligence that makes predictions of the character of a probability

Fluctuations of the planetary gravitational field and nonlinear interactions with matter as an element of artificial intelligence.

For the first time, extensive research has been done on the harmonics of the planetary gravitational field [1]. Gravity is a force that acts both on large scales, the planetary system, and on small scales, on the micro scale of atoms. The kinematics of the planets correspond to oscillators that have been stable and have been able to exert their effects over billions of years of evolution. The gravitational forces are weak and sensually only in the coupling of sun and moon in the tides directly noticeable. As in nonlinear optics, the special effects of the fluctuating gravitational field become visible only in the harmonics. A correlation function constructed to indicate the change in probabilities for stable (harmonic) and unstable (disharmonic ) states is applied to a wide variety of situations and events. The found correlation function was used to study the structure formation of human intelligence, the stability of mental processes, human developmental psychology, social events and crises, and also the triggering of earthquakes [2].

Triggering Earthquakes Fluctuations of The Planetary Gravitational Field and Nonlinear Interactions with Matter

This research investigates the extent to which a non-linear correlation function can describe the influence of the planetary gravitational field on the triggering of earthquakes. This method differs from the methods I have known so far, which have only investigated the position of the Sun and Moon. A correlation function is developed that can describe changes in the probability of stable and unstable states in matter. It can be shown that about 6% of the investigated earthquakes can be triggered by the planetary gravitational field. The method could also be suitable as an element for artificial intelligence.

Nonthermal Messages from Thermal Planetary Atmospheric Systems

Light atmospheric gas constituents tend to evaporate from the planetary gravitational fields. The point is that not only the uppermost atmospheric layer contributes to this gas escape, but the lower layers contribute their share as well and give the outcoming particle flow a nonthermal, non-Maxwellian character. In this article we do study the outflow of hydrogen atoms from a planetary oxygen atmosphere assumed to be one-dimensionally stratified by the action of the planet‘s gravitational field. This outflow is modified by local elastic collisions of upwards flying H-atoms with the heavy major atmospheric background constituent, as in case of the terrestrial atmosphere, the monoatomic oxygen atoms. This shock-modulation of the upwards particle flow produces nonthermal kinetic features of the particle distribution which we want to decribe. Since angle-integrated elastic collision cross sections are velocity-dependent, falling off with the velocity v like (1/v), the occuring collision-modulation of the H-atom flow does change the kinetic velocity profile of the escaping H-atoms. Deeply down in the lower atmophere the local H-atoms, like the O-atoms as well, are in thermodynamical equilibrium characterized by Maxwell Boltzmann distributions with a common temperature TH = TO. Nevertheless, at the upper exobase border of the atmosphere the resulting H-atom escape flow is shown to be a nonMaxwellian, non-equilibrium flow with non-thermal escape-relevant properties. We describe this collisional modification of the H-escape flow and can quantify the upcome of kinetic non-equilibrium features like power laws in the H-distribution function. Thus, as we demonstrate in this article, this collisional modulation effect via velocity-dependent collision cross-sections acts as a typical process to convert equilibrium distributions into non-equilibrium distribution functions. On the basis of this new kinetic theoretical approach we then calculate the effective escape flux of H- atoms to open space, demonstrate its nonthermal character, and quantify its difference with respect to the classical Jeans escape value. We find that with the classical Jeans formula one slightly overestimates the actual escape flux by an amount that varies between 30 - 80 percent, depending on the temperature of the lower atmosphere of the planet which varies with the solar 10.7-cm- radioflux.

The Nonlinear Influence of Large Celestial Bodies on Earthquakes—Short Commentary

A new study on the nonlinear interaction of the fluctuating planetary gravitational field with the lithosphere suggests that not only the directly acting gravitational forces are of influence, but mainly higher harmonics of the celestial bodies considered as oscillators on large scales [1]. In the meantime, resonances caused by fluctuating gravity can also be detected on small scales in the laboratory [2].

Spheroidal forward modelling of the gravitational fields of 1 Ceres and the Moon

A novel, explicit, and efficient forward modelling of the spheroidal harmonic spectra of external planetary gravitational fields is developed in this article. We introduce the oblate spheroidal coordinate system and derive the mathematical apparatus for the analysis of the spheroidal harmonic spectrum from the volumetric bulk density and geometry of a gravitating body. We discretise the volume integral and formulate a new and efficient numerical algorithm for the spheroidal forward modelling. We provide complete sets of recursions for calculating the associated Legendre functions of the first kind and their integrals in the Supplementary material. We also develop a computer program that implements the numerical algorithm and we test its performance. For this purpose, we consider synthetic gravitational fields of 1 Ceres (a significantly flattened asteroid) and of the Moon (a nearly spherical body). These tests prove high numerical accuracy and applicability of the spheroidal forward modelling up to degree and order 2519. We finally apply our spheroidal forward modelling and its simpler spherical counterpart for computing global gravitational field models up to degree and order 2519 generated by realistic topographic mass distributions of 1 Ceres and of the Moon. These models are compared in the spatial and spectral domains to manifest an enhanced applicability of the spheroidal approach with respect to the spherical one. In particular, we show an extended convergence space when using the spheroidal forward modelling and the corresponding harmonic representation for the oblate 1 Ceres.

On the account of the Moon’s gravitational field in LEND measurements

Space nuclear planetology experiments play significant role in the studies of planetary surface composition and volatiles distribution. To determine concentration of major rockforming elements and volatiles, one needs to perform model-dependent deconvolution and interpretation of experimental data. This model should completely simulate all environments and experimental conditions influencing neutron production and transport an also including finite lifetime of neutron. The existing Monte Carlo codes are extremely useful for complicated geometry simulations where time-dependent and wide-energy-range solutions are required. However, they usually do not include or include in very simplified way the gravitational field description appropriate for the simulation of neutron propagation on planetary scales. We have proposed an approach useful for surface-to-orbit transport simulations where neutron lifetime and planetary gravitational field are taken into account. The discussion how gravity force and finite neutron lifetime may influence the spectral and angular neutron distributions at different spacecraft altitudes is presented. The obtained results are implemented to the detection of hydrogen-bearing compounds in the lunar regolith. As a good example we used experimental data from LEND/LRO to evaluate how insertion of neutron finite lifetime and lunar gravitational field in numerical model of experiment may influence on the interpretation of measurements made by different LEND neutron detectors.

On the thermal process of atomic hydrogen escape from the Earth's atmosphere

The authors' approach to the problem of the escape of gases from the planetary gravitational field is close to the consideration by Biutner (1958,1959) which generalizes results obtained by Jones (1923) for the particular cases of the dense and rarefied atmosphere. The choice of the escape layer, the height distribution of the escape probability as well as escape intensity, have been investigated carefully by Biutner when considering the helium isotope escape from the atmosphere. The objects of the present paper include: (a) to take into account the escape of atomic hydrogen from the bulk atmospheric layer ( h≈10 2−10 3 km) using present-day data on the composition and temperature distribution in the upper atmosphere ( Jacchia, 1977) , (b) to find the perturbation of the velocity distribution function in energy space under escape conditions when it is not assumed to be Maxwellian or close to it in the whole dissipation layer and (c) to compare the escape rates obtained under such consideration with the production rates of atomic hydrogen in the atmosphere as well as with local values of the fluxes that are observed. The difference between the results obtained and those of Monte Carlo calculations is attributed to the placing of the lower boundary surface at a lower atmospheric level in the present model.

Determination of orbits of planetary artificial satellites and planetary gravitational fields.

The state vector of a planetary artificial satellite is determined by using Earth-based rangerate measurements. The satellite velocity component in the direction from the planet center to Earth center instead of that from the satellite to an observation station is computed in a theoretical model. The relatively simple, least-squares estimation criterion thus obtained for the case of a planet at infinite distance facilitates the comparison study of numerical methods of solving a system of nonlinear equations. Simulation results obtained by programing in double precision show that the longitude of the ascending node of a planetary satellite can be determined to prescribed accuracy within a few days of tracking. The comparison study is made among 1) classical differential correction method, 2) Newton-Raphson method, 3) generalized differential correction method, and 4) generalized Newton-Raphson method. It indicates that the new generalized differential correction method has a convergence range of initial estimate wider than the other methods. The extension, in the convergence range of initial estimate, enhances the success of obtaining a preliminary state vector in a short tracking period and is particularly important in planetary missions. The effects of perturbations of noncentral forces on the satellite can be incorporated in the formulation without resorting to numerical integration.

Interpretation of the Mariner 5 Lyman Alpha Measurements

The Mariner 5 Lyman alpha measurements can be fitted with the barometric-exospheric equation only if a two-component model atmosphere is used. Of the three possible hypotheses to explain such an atmosphere, the model containing a mixture of atomic hydrogen and molecular hydrogen is preferred over the atomic hydrogen-deuterium model or the atomic hydrogen two-temperature model. The source of molecular hydrogen in the upper atmosphere may be chemical reactions either in the hot, dense lower atmosphere or in the upper atmosphere. The photodissociation of molecular hydrogen produces atoms with excess kinetic energy which either escape from the planetary gravitational field or react with the molecules in the lower atmosphere. The presence of molecular hydrogen affects calculations of the temperature of the Venus upper atmosphere as well as its ionic and chemical structure.

Escape From Planetary Gravitational Fields by Use of Solar Sails

An escape maneuver by use of solar radiation pressure is computed for an initially circular orbit in the plane of the ecliptic of a planetary gravitational field. The flat sail is rotated about its axis at half the revolution rate about the planet. It is assumed that the sun is the only body that provides a flux of radiant energy, and that the sail perfectly reflects this energy specularly from either surface. Effects of extraneous gravitational fields, including that of the sun and moons (if any), are all neglected, as are other perturbing phenomena (such as atmospheric drag, magnetic fields, solar winds, meteoric showers, re-radiation from the planet's surface, etc.). Under these assumptions it is found that for a practical case of escape from Earth's gravitational field, solar sailing could accelerate a payload to escape condition in a period of time of the order of several months, during which time it would pass the vicinity of the moon's orbit about Earth.