Plane Wave Coupling Research Articles

A Segmentation Approach for Predicting Plane Wave Coupling to PCB Structures

A Segmentation Approach for Predicting Plane Wave Coupling to PCB Structures

Increasing Plane Wave Coupling to a Microstrip on a GTEM Cell Wall in Radiated Susceptibility Measurement

Increasing Plane Wave Coupling to a Microstrip on a GTEM Cell Wall in Radiated Susceptibility Measurement

Electromagnetically induced grating in azimuthal dependent three-level quantum dot system

The Fraunhofer diffraction pattern in a three-level quantum dot nanostructure is examined. A probe light, a two-dimensional standing wave field, and a weak signal light are the three optical laser fields that the graphene quantum dot interacts with them. The Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of the probe transmitted light has been addressed under two different coupling situations, including when the weak signal light into an optical vortex beam and a plane wave. The Fraunhofer diffraction pattern becomes symmetric for plane wave coupling light, and the diffracted light can be adjusted by the relative phase between applied lights. However, using the orbital angular momentum of light, it is possible to obtain an asymmetric diffraction pattern for optical light. It has been discovered that in both instances, phase modulation of the probe light’s transmission function allows the probe energy to move from zero order to higher orders.

Plane-Wave Coupling Analysis of a Distribution Line With a Multipoint Grounded Shield Wire and Surge Arresters Using the Three-Dimensional FDTD Method

A high-frequency electromagnetic plane wave arises owing to a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP), which may cause overvoltages in distribution lines and insulation failure. To protect distribution lines from such overvoltages properly, it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of countermeasures. Nowadays, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, which is one of the full-wave numerical approaches, has become a powerful tool for analyzing electromagnetic transient phenomena. In this article, first, we propose a simplified approach to modeling an impinging plane wave by taking into account homogeneous soil parameters in the three-dimensional FDTD method on the basis of a total field/scattered field technique for the analysis of HEMP-based plane-wave coupling. Second, using the proposed technique, we carry out the statistical analysis of overvoltages in a three-phase distribution line and evaluate the effectiveness of a multipoint grounded overhead shield wire and surge arresters, which are commonly used as lightning protection measures, while modeling the reinforcing bars of concrete utility poles, earth electrodes, and vertical grounding wires to simulate a realistic condition.

Investigation of the plane wave coupling to a linearly loaded transmission line network

The article is concerned with a complex investigation of the influence of the plane wave coupling with a certain function of time, incident direction and polarization to a linearly loaded transmission line network comprised of three single-wire conductors with different lengths connected in the center. Line load is represented as 50 Ω resistors connected to all terminations of the transmission line network. The exemplary network was modeled on a computer and experimentally investigated in a gigahertz transverse electromagnetic GTEM cell, which allows creating an electromagnetic field of a certain direction. The coupled voltage at the terminals of the network was investigated in the frequency and time domains. To conduct an experiment in the frequency domain, both to create an electromagnetic field inside the GTEM camera and to measure the induced voltage at the terminations of the network, a vector network analyzer VNA was used. To conduct an experiment in the time domain for the sake of creating an electromagnetic field, a high-voltage voltage generator was used, whereas a strobing oscilloscope was used to measure the induced voltages. The simulation was performed in the LTspice software - a tool for calculating electrical and electronic circuits, and Matlab. It is also examined to show the compliance with the experimental results. On the basis of obtained results, the author was able to identify the main aspects that may be useful in modeling and predicting the electromagnetic processes occurring in linearly loaded conductors, power supply and / or data transmission systems.

Pulsed EM Plane-Wave Coupling to a Transmission Line Over Orthogonal Ground Planes: An Analytical Model Based on EM Reciprocity

Pulsed electromagnetic field coupling to a transmission line (TL) located over two mutually orthogonal, perfect ground planes is described analytically. It is demonstrated that the effect of an additional ground plane can be readily accounted for by extending the existing formulas applying to the configuration with the single ground plane. The thus obtained closed-form time-domain (TD) formulas specifying the equivalent Thévenin circuits at the terminals of the TL are subsequently applied to calculating the plane-wave induced voltage across a general terminal load. Some special (limiting) cases concerning a relatively short line located close to the conducting reference planes are discussed. The novel analytical results are validated with the help of a three-dimensional computational tool by analyzing the TD response of a thin, conducting planar strip above two mutually orthogonal reference planes.

Polarization effects in metallic plates perforated with periodic arrays of subwavelength circular holes

The enhanced transmission phenomenon (ET) discovered by Ebbesen et al has recently been a topic of the intensive research, leading to such a branch of research as fishnet metamaterials. An application of the metamaterials is polarization sensitive devices. Polarization sensitivity for ET frequency selective structures, as for classical ones, is usually associated with the hole shapes being polarization sensitive. This paper discusses a new phenomenon of polarization sensitive extraordinary transmission through a thick screen perforated with polarization independent subwavelength circular holes. The possibility to control the polarization state of the waves transmitted through the screen by manipulation periodical cell dimensions only is shown, while hole shapes are polarization independent. A linear plane wave can be rotated through an arbitrary angle, and converted to a circular or elliptical one, when passing through the screen in the vicinity of Floquet-wave grazing points. Therefore, one can realize a simple and compact polarization device at the expense of reducing bandwidth. The origin of the phenomenon is in a plane wave coupling with different types of symmetry eigenmodes leading to polarization sensitive enhanced transmission. When an incident plane wave couples to orthogonal symmetrical and antisymmetrical eigenmodes with close eigenfrequencies, the screen can behave like a half-wave plate. For the case of several closely spaced eigenmodes jointly contributing to transmitted wave, the effect of enhanced polarization conversion can be observed for the screen to behave like a quarter-wave plate.

Plane Wave Coupling to a Transmission Line Above Ground with Terminating Loads

This paper considers plane wave coupling to a transmission line consisting of an aerial wire above a conducting ground. Simple circuit models are constructed for the terminating impedances at the ends of the line including radiation effects. We consider the following load topologies: open circuit, short circuit, and grounded rods. Results from the transmission line model with these loads show good agreement with full-wave simulations.

Normal-Incidence PEEM Imaging of Propagating Modes in a Plasmonic Nanocircuit.

The design of noble-metal plasmonic devices and nanocircuitry requires a fundamental understanding and control of the interference of plasmonic modes. Here we report the first visualization of the propagation and interference of guided modes in a showcase plasmonic nanocircuit using normal-incidence nonlinear two-photon photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM). We demonstrate that in contrast to the commonly used grazing-incidence illumination scheme, normal-incidence PEEM provides a direct image of the structure's near-field intensity distribution due to the absence of beating patterns and despite the transverse character of the plasmonic modes. Based on a simple heuristic numerical model for the photoemission yield, we are able to model all experimental findings if global plane wave illumination and coupling to multiple input/output ports, and the resulting interference effects are accounted for.

Normal incidence narrowband transmission filtering capabilities using symmetry-protected modes of a subwavelength, dielectric grating.

We computationally study a normal incidence narrowband transmission filter based on a subwavelength dielectric grating that operates through Fano interference between supported guided leaky modes of the system. We characterize the filtering capabilities as the cross section of the grating is manipulated and suggest techniques for experimental demonstration. Using group theory, we study the plane wave coupling to the supported modes that leads to broadband reflectance and narrowband transmittance responses for rectangular, pentagonal, rhomboidal, and right trapezoidal cross-sectional geometries.

Analysis of field coupling to transmission lines with random rotation over the ground**Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61231003 and 61201090).

In this paper we analyze plane wave coupling to transmission lines rotating randomly over an infinite and perfectly conducting ground and present an efficient method to calculate average voltage. Under the assumption of small rotation quantity, the factors affecting the induced voltage and their effects are analyzed and then an efficient method to calculate the average voltage is presented when the distribution of the random rotation angles is uniform in [−π, π]. The results show that voltage variation is mainly due to the change of the source term. The effects of the source term increase linearly with the magnitude of the incident wave, change periodically with the rotation angle, and are larger in the high frequency range than in the low frequency range. The results show that the average voltages obtained by the proposed method agree well with those via the Monte Carlo method and the proposed method is much more efficient. The results also imply that the effect of random rotation is more important than that of random translation.

Polarization-coupled polariton pairs in a birefringent microcavity

We demonstrate a clear anticrossing between two polarization-orthogonal exciton-polariton modes in ZnO microwires. The strong coupling between exciton polaritons with orthogonal polarization is evidenced by using angle-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. The evolution of the coupling strength with the detuning between the two coupled polariton modes is studied by scanning the excitation spot on a tapered ZnO microwire. Steady oscillations are established between the two differently polarized polariton modes with resonant wave vectors and frequencies, which is well described by the plane wave coupling model.

A Well-Conditioned Integral-Equation Formulation for Efficient Transient Analysis of Electrically Small Microelectronic Devices

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> A hierarchically regularized coupled set of time-domain surface and volume electric field integral-equations (TD-S-EFIE and TD-V-EFIE) for analyzing electromagnetic wave interactions with electrically small and geometrically intricate composite structures comprising perfect electrically conducting surfaces and finite dielectric volumes is presented. A classically formulated coupled set of TD-S- and V-EFIEs is shown to be ill-conditioned at low frequencies owing to the hypersingular nature of the TD-S-EFIE. To eliminate low-frequency breakdown in marching-on-in-time solvers for these coupled equations, a hierarchical regularizer leveraging generalized Rao–Wilton–Glisson functions is applied to the TD-S-EFIE; no regularization is applied to the TD-V-EFIE as it is protected from low-frequency breakdown by an identity term. The resulting hierarchically regularized hybrid TD-S- and V-EFIE solver is applicable to the analysis of wave interactions with electrically small and densely meshed structures of arbitrary topology. The accuracy, efficiency, and applicability of the proposed solver are demonstrated by analyzing crosstalk in a six-port transmission line, radiation from a miniature radio-frequency identification antenna, and, plane-wave coupling onto a partially-shielded and fully loaded two-layer computer board. </para>

Plane wave coupling into single-mode fiber in the presence of random angular jitter

Efficient coupling of coherent plane waves into single-mode fibers is a key technology for free-space optical communication at 1550 nm. Here we deal with the influence of random angular jitter on a plane wave to single-mode fiber coupling. The expression of mean-coupling efficiency in the presence of random jitter is handled in the pupil plane. First, an analytical expression of the mean-coupling efficiency is derived for the zero bias error case. Then the bias error was taken into account. By minimizing the coupling efficiency penalty, the optimum value of design parameter beta of fiber-coupled optical systems in the presence of random jitter is obtained. The results obtained here will be useful in facilitating parametric estimation and optimization of fiber-coupled optical systems.

A Spectral Formulation for the Transient Analysis of Plane-Wave Coupling to Multiconductor Transmission Lines

In this paper, a new spectral formulation for the transient analysis of plane-wave coupling to multiconductor transmission lines (MTLs) is presented. The proposed approach is fully based on a recently developed technique to represent the Green's function of the second-order telegrapher's equation in a series rational form. The use of trigonometric basis functions to model the spatial distribution of voltages allows one to analytically compute the convolution integrals describing the equivalent sources. Furthermore, the rational form of the Green's function permits one to handle MTLs with frequency-dependent per-unit-length parameters, leading to a rational form of the equivalent sources that can be easily computed and incorporated in nonlinear simulators. Hence, the proposed approach, besides avoiding the problem of mixed time/frequency simulations, provides a rigorous spectral form of the equivalent sources that is well suited for time-domain analysis. Numerical results are presented for port voltages induced on MTLs by incident plane waves, confirming the accuracy of the proposed method compared to existing techniques based on the inverse fast Fourier transform.

Corrections to “A Spectral Formulation for the Transient Analysis of Plane-Wave Coupling to Multiconductor Transmission Lines” [Aug 09 792-804

In the above titled paper (ibid., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 792-804, Aug. 09), equations (13e) and (39b) were incorrect. The correct equations are presented here.

Hybrid $S$-Parameters for Transmission Line Networks With Linear/Nonlinear Load Terminations Subject to Arbitrary Excitations

We propose a generalized S-parameter analysis for transmission lines (TLs) with linear/nonlinear load terminations subject to arbitrary plane-wave and port excitations. S-parameters are prevalently used to model TLs such as cable bundles and interconnects on printed circuit boards (PCBs) subject to port excitations. The conventional S-parameter approach is well suited to characterize interactions among ports. However, nontraditional port excitations associated with plane-wave coupling to physical ports at TL terminals lead to forced, as well as propagating, modal waves, necessitating a modification of the standard S-parameter characterization. In this paper, we consider external plane-wave excitations, as well as port (internal) sources, and propose a hybrid S-parameter matrix for characterization of the associated microwave network and systems. A key aspect of the approach is to treat the forced waves at the ports as constant voltage sources and induced propagating modal waves as additional entries (hybrid S-parameters) in the S-parameter matrix. The resulting hybrid S-matrix and voltage sources can be subsequently exported to any circuit solver such as HSPICE and Agilent's Advanced Design System for the analysis of combined linear and nonlinear circuit terminations at ports. The proposed method is particularly suited for susceptibility analysis of cable bundles and PCBs for electromagnetic interference evaluations. It also exploits numerical techniques for structural and circuit domain characterization and allows for circuit design optimization without a need to perform any further computational electromagnetic analysis

Near-Field and Plane-Wave Electromagnetic Coupling into a Slotted Circular Cylinder: Hard or TE Polarization

An analytically tractable model is proposed in this initial study of the electromagnetic phenomena that control our ability to synthesize, by using a near-field source, the effect of plane-wave coupling through an aperture into the interior of a vehicle under test. An integral equation for the tangential electric field in the slot aperture of a perfectly conducting, infinitesimally thin-walled circular cylinder is solved using a basis set of Chebyshev polynomials that are properly weighted according to the static edge condition. The resulting matrix elements from a Galerkin procedure are computed to high precision upon extracting the logarithmic singularity of the kernel of the integral operator. Exact expressions for the matrix elements, in the form of rapidly convergent series of elementary terms, are constructed by isolating another logarithmic function of the aperture width. A minimization of the mean-square error between the true plane-wave response and that due to a near-field line-source establishes the optimal complex source strength of the near-field source

Plane wave coupling to finite length cables buried in a lossy ground

The cable of a finite length below the ground surface is analysed applying the scattering theory. The problem is formulated via the electric field integral equation (EFIE) for thin wires. The EFIE is solved by the Galerkin–Bubnov boundary element procedure and the current induced along the buried cable due to the transmitted plane wave excitation is obtained.

Forcing term discretization techniques in the external field-to-MTL coupling problems

In this paper, two, under certain conditions, equivalent models of electromagnetic plane wave coupling to multiconductor transmission lines (MTLs) are described. The ‘frequency-to-time domain’ (FTD) model incorporates the effect of the impinging electromagnetic waves by means of distributed voltage and current sources whose expressions are found through mathematical approximations made in the frequency domain followed by a transformation to the time domain. The approximations were made in order to gain an advantage in computation time in the discrete FTD (DFTD) model. In contrast to this approach, the same distributed sources of the ‘approximate analytic’ (AA) model are derived by directly evaluating the corresponding integral formulas. It is shown that, although the same second-order-accurate discretization technique has been employed to create both the DFTD and the discrete AA (DAA) models, the simulation results are not the same. In the case of the DFTD model, significant numerical error can be seen in the simulation results, whereas the DAA model does not show such a behaviour. It is shown that time averaging of the forcing terms in the DFTD model helps to reduce the numerical errors significantly at no extra computational cost. Copyright © 2001 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.