Plain Sucrose Research Articles

Utilization of Left over Peach Pulp for Making Puree after Canning of Peach–Halves in Peach Fruit Juice

Peach fruits of the cultivar TA-170 were lye peeled and canned in A2 ½ tin cans with a covering medium of 400 Brix containing enzymatically extracted fruit juice in a concentration of 30-40 per cent with or without ascorbic acid (500 ppm) and compared with the control (400 Brix of sucrose syrup + 0.3% citric acid). Cut out analysis carried out upto 6 months with 2 months storage interval, revealed that all the treatments met FPO specification for drained weight and showed superiority in quality over conventional canned peaches. The vitamin C fortified treatments had a higher retention of ascorbic acid throughout the storage as compared to the unfortified treatments. In comparison to peach halves canned in juice with or without ascorbic acid in the covering medium, more non-enzymatic browning was seen in the peach halves canned in plain sucrose syrup.

Pollen-inspired enzymatic microparticles to reduce organophosphate toxicity in managed pollinators.

Pollinators support the production of the leading food crops worldwide. Organophosphates are a heavily used group of insecticides that pollinators can be exposed to, especially during crop pollination. Exposure to lethal or sublethal doses can impair fitness of wild and managed bees, risking pollination quality and food security. Here we report a low-cost, scalable in vivo detoxification strategy for organophosphate insecticides involving encapsulation of phosphotriesterase (OPT) in pollen-inspired microparticles (PIMs). We developed uniform and consumable PIMs capable of loading OPT at 90% efficiency and protecting OPT from degradation in the pH of a bee gut. Microcolonies of Bombus impatiens fed malathion-contaminated pollen patties demonstrated 100% survival when fed OPT-PIMs but 0% survival with OPT alone, or with plain sucrose within five and four days, respectively. Thus, the detrimental effects of malathion were eliminated when bees consumed OPT-PIMs. This design presents a versatile treatment that can be integrated into supplemental feeds such as pollen patties or dietary syrup for managed pollinators to reduce risk of organophosphate insecticides.

Hot summers, long life: egg laying strategies of Maniola butterflies are affected by geographic provenance rather than adult diet

Maniola butterflies undergo summer dormancy in dry and hot habitats and deposit their eggs only in early autumn when conditions become more favourable for their offspring. Female individuals of this genus are therefore relatively long-lived. For long-lived butterflies adult diet is of particular importance. We tested if added amino acids in nectar substitute fed to the butterflies affected timing of oviposition, fecundity and longevity. A hundred Maniola females were sampled from Mediterranean and Central European populations and made to oviposit under controlled laboratory conditions. Forty individuals were offered sucrose solution with additional amino acids while the remainder were fed with plain sucrose solution. We found that egg-laying strategies and longevity depended on geographic provenance rather than diet. Supplementary amino acids in adult diet did neither prolong lifetime nor increase total egg production. Maniola females from Sardinia started to lay eggs at least 20 days later relative to Central European M. jurtina and lived three times as long. Mediterranean individuals had on average twice the length of reproductive period and lifespan relative to Central European ones, and individuals of Pannonian origin lived longer than Alpine butterflies. Average total egg numbers were 200-350 eggs per female and did not differ significantly between populations. The fact that oviposition strategy could not be altered through diet may indicate that for univoltine butterflies, like Maniola, diet-quality at the adult stage is less important than endogenous factors, or factors the butterflies are exposed to in an earlier developmental stage than the imago. Oviposition strategy closely matched the climatic conditions that prevail in the geographic regions where these butterflies fly.

Acute genistein treatment mimics the effects of estradiol by enhancing place learning and impairing response learning in young adult female rats

Endogenous estrogens have bidirectional effects on learning and memory, enhancing or impairing cognition depending on many variables, including the task and the memory systems that are engaged. Moderate increases in estradiol enhance hippocampus-sensitive place learning, yet impair response learning that taps dorsal striatal function. This memory modulation likely occurs via activation of estrogen receptors, resulting in altered neural function. Supplements containing estrogenic compounds from plants are widely consumed despite limited information about their effects on brain function, including learning and memory. Phytoestrogens can enter the brain and signal through estrogen receptors to affect cognition. Enhancements in spatial memory and impairments in executive function have been found following treatment with soy phytoestrogens, but no tests of actions on striatum-sensitive tasks have been made to date. The present study compared the effects of acute exposure to the isoflavone genistein with the effects of estradiol on performance in place and response learning tasks. Long–Evans rats were ovariectomized, treated with 17β-estradiol benzoate, genistein-containing sucrose pellets, or vehicle (oil or plain sucrose pellets) for 2days prior to behavioral training. Compared to vehicle controls, estradiol treatment enhanced place learning at a low (4.5μg/kg) but not high dose (45μg/kg), indicating an inverted pattern of spatial memory facilitation. Treatment with 4.4mg of genistein over 2days also significantly enhanced place learning over vehicle controls. For the response task, treatment with estradiol impaired learning at both low and high doses; likewise, genistein treatment impaired response learning compared to rats receiving vehicle. Overall, genistein was found to mimic estradiol-induced shifts in place and response learning, facilitating hippocampus-sensitive learning and slowing striatum-sensitive learning. These results suggest signaling through estrogen receptor β and membrane-associated estrogen receptors in learning enhancements and impairments given the preferential binding of genistein to the ERβ subtype and affinity for GPER.

Odour of limonene affects feeding behaviour in the blowfly, Phormia regina

Experiences of odours at meals are thought to affect food preference in many animals. To study appetite modulation by odours, we established a new experimental system based on the modification of a previous method, where flies fed sucrose flavoured with d-limonene subsequently showed reduced appetite to plain sucrose. In this new experimental system, a fly population was divided into two groups: (1) the “simultaneous” group of flies was exposed to d-limonene and sucrose simultaneously for 10 min, and (2) the “separate” group of flies was exposed to sucrose alone for 10 min, and 1 h later, to limonene for 10 min. The appetite of flies in the “separate” group for sucrose was unaffected by the experiment, but the appetite of flies in the “simultaneous” group was significantly decreased, and this effect lasted for ≥3 days. To investigate if this appetite modulation by d-limonene was based on long-term memory formation (protein synthesis), we examined the effects of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. Injection of cycloheximide 1 h after exposure to limonene and sucrose inhibited the appetite suppression in the “simultaneous” group of flies. In addition, to exclude the possibility that d-limonene exerted its effect through taste, rather than odour, we examined the effect of removing of the olfactory organs, antennae and maxillary palps on appetite modulation by d-limonene. When the olfactory organs were removed, no reduction in appetite was observed in the flies in the “simultaneous” group, indicating olfaction. In our new and effective appetite-modulation system for flies, modulation of appetite by olfactory detection of d-limonene was shown.

Feeding responses and food preferences in the tropical, fruit-feeding butterfly, Bicyclus anynana

In the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana (Nymphalidae) essential components of fitness (such as fecundity and longevity) depend to a large degree on exogenous adult-derived nutrients, particularly carbohydrates. We investigated which of the nutrients/compounds found in the adult diet act as feeding stimuli, and whether butterflies show preferences for particular nutrients or combinations. Only sugars and alcohols acted as feeding stimuli, the highest responses being found for sucrose, glucose, ethanol, butanol and propanol. Various other compounds (e.g. amino acids, acetic acid, vitamins, lipids, salts, and yeast) did not elicit any probing or feeding responses. Behavioural tests revealed a clear preference hierarchy for sugars (sucrose > glucose > fructose > maltose), but not for alcohols. Butterflies did not discriminate between sucrose solutions enriched with different nutrients and plain sucrose solutions, although they showed a preference for acetic acid and an aversion to salts and ascorbic acid when offered in combination with sucrose. Throughout, both sexes showed very similar patterns. We conclude that locating carbohydrate sources seems sufficient to cover all the butterflies’ nutritional needs, while alcohols function primarily as long range signals, guiding the butterflies to food sources. Thus, fruit-feeding butterflies, in contrast to nectar-feeding butterflies, appear not to have distinctive preferences for e.g. amino acids or salts, but do share a common primary preference for sucrose.

Adult nutrition and butterfly fitness: effects of diet quality on reproductive output, egg composition, and egg hatching success.

BackgroundIn the Lepidoptera it was historically believed that adult butterflies rely primarily on larval-derived nutrients for reproduction and somatic maintenance. However, recent studies highlight the complex interactions between storage reserves and adult income, and that the latter may contribute significantly to reproduction. Effects of adult diet were commonly assessed by determining the number and/or size of the eggs produced, whilst its consequences for egg composition and offspring viability were largely neglected (as is generally true for insects). We here specifically focus on these latter issues by using the fruit-feeding tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana, which is highly dependent on adult-derived carbohydrates for reproduction.ResultsAdult diet of female B. anynana had pronounced effects on fecundity, egg composition and egg hatching success, with butterflies feeding on the complex nutrition of banana fruit performing best. Adding vitamins and minerals to a sucrose-based diet increased fecundity, but not offspring viability. All other groups (plain sucrose solution, sucrose solution enriched with lipids or yeast) had a substantially lower fecundity and egg hatching success compared to the banana group. Differences were particularly pronounced later in life, presumably indicating the depletion of essential nutrients in sucrose-fed females. Effects of adult diet on egg composition were not straightforward, indicating complex interactions among specific compounds. There was some evidence that total egg energy and water content were related to hatching success, while egg protein, lipid, glycogen and free carbohydrate content did not seem to limit successful development.ConclusionThe patterns shown here exemplify the complexity of reproductive resource allocation in B. anynana, and the need to consider egg composition and offspring viability when trying to estimate the effects of adult nutrition on fitness in this butterfly and other insects.

Experiential Effects of Appetitive and Nonappetitive Odors on Feeding Behavior in the Blowfly,Phormia regina: A Putative Role for Tyramine in Appetite Regulation

In humans, appetite is affected by food experiences and food flavors. In the blowfly Phormia regina, we found that feeding threshold to sugar increased in the presence of the odor of D-limonene and decreased in the presence of the odor of dithiothreitol (DTT). Using these odors as representative nonappetitive and appetitive flavors, we demonstrated the role played by tyramine (TA) in appetite regulation by experiences of food flavors. When fed with sucrose flavored with D-limonene for 5 d after emergence, flies showed subsequent decreased appetite to plain sucrose, whereas when they were fed with sucrose flavored by DTT they showed increased appetite. However, mushroom body (MB)-ablated flies did not show these patterns. This suggests that MB, one of the primary memory centers of the insect brain, is necessary for the flies to apply previous experiences of food flavors to appetitive learning behaviors. In addition, flies' previously acquired decreased or increased appetites showed parallel changes with both octopamine (OA) and tyramine levels in the brain. However, injection experiments with OA, TA, or their agonist and antagonist indicated that TA more directly mediates feeding threshold determination, which was affected by acquired memories of food flavors.

The effects of feature type in operant serial feature-positive discriminations

In two experiments, rats were trained on two operant serial feature positive discriminations in which one feature was a flavored solution and the second feature was a visual or auditory cue. As in a previous study ( Goddard & Holland, 1996), transfer of a feature’s control to the target of the other discrimination was not observed when the flavor feature and the reinforcer were flavored sucrose solutions (Experiment 1). The performance of comparison groups showed that this lack of transfer was not due to confounded differences in the event contingencies resulting from having similar stimuli serve as feature and reinforcer. By contrast, in Experiment 2, transfer was observed between visual and flavor features when the flavor feature was unsweetened and the reinforcer was plain sucrose. These results suggest that the lack of transfer in Experiment 1 and in Goddard and Holland’s (1996) study were related to the biological significance or hedonic properties of the sucrose feature.

Chronic cough in children: bronchoalveolar lavage findings.

Isolated chronic cough in childhood is a common complaint. Although the symptom cough is included in the definition of clildhood asthma, there is debate as to whether the majoritv of these children have asthma. The authors studied children with isolated chronic cough looking for evidence of airway inflammation typical of asthma, with increased numbers of airway eosinophils as assessed from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). The investigations were carried out on 23 children (median age: 6.7 yrs; range: 1.7-12.75 yrs), attending the Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children for elective surgery, who also had a chronic unexplained cough. Written informed consent was obtained from the parent(s) and a nonbronchoscopic BAL was performed. BAL samples were analysed for total and differential white cell counts and also for the inflammatory mediators, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and histamine. Results were compared with a group of normal nonatopic children and also a group of atopic asthmatic children, who had been recruited for other studies on airway inflammation. There was a small but statistically significant increase in BAL percentage eosinophils in the children with chronic cough compared with nonasthmatic controls (0.28% versus 0.10%, p=0.03). However, the children with cough had lower percentage eosinophils than the atopic asthmatic controls (0.28% versus 0.66%, p=0.01). Three out of 23 children with chronic cough had BAL eosinophils greater than the normal upper 95% reference interval in BAL. There was a small but statistically significant increase in percentage neutrophils in the children with cough compared with the nonasthmatic controls (5.85% versus 3.21%, p=0.03). Four out of the 23 children had BAL neutrophils greater than the normal upper 95% reference interval in BAL. The authors conclude that only a minority of children with chronic unexplained cough have asthmatic-type airway inflammation. It is speculated that the increased percentage neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage from children with cough could relate to underlying persistent airways infection.

Feeding responses by female Pieris brassicae butterflies to carbohydrates and amino acids

SummaryMost Lepidoptera feed during the adult stage on carbohydrate‐rich food sources, primarily floral nectar. However, little is known about the factors leading to the acceptance of a possible food source. It is reported that butterflies select for nectar rich in sucrose and amino acids. This suggests that the insects have developed a sensitivity to these nectar compounds. We tested females of the large cabbage white, Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) for their responses to 10 different nectar‐ or honeydew‐sugars after either tarsal or proboscis stimulation. In no‐choice experiments, food‐deprived P. brassicae showed the strongest response to sucrose, followed by fructose. Other sugars, including galactose, glucose, maltose, mannose, melezitose, melibiose, raffinose and trehalose, did not elicit a feeding response. Mixtures of essential or common non‐essential amino acids did not stimulate feeding. In a choice situation, P. brassicae preferred sucrose over fructose, whereas they accepted a sucrose and amino acid solution equally to a plain sucrose solution. The results indicate that for P. brassicae, feeding is mainly elicited by sucrose and fructose.

Effects of iron salts in sucrose on dental caries and plaque in rats

Anaemia caused by iron deficiency and dental caries are still among the most prevalent diseases in some developing countries. Anaemia can be prevented by iron fortification of food. Previous studies demonstrated that iron-sucrose, which has been used for prevention of anaemia, reduces the incidence of caries in rats. The aim of the present study was to compare the influence of ferrous sulphate and ferric glycerophosphate co-crystallized with sucrose on the incidence of dental caries in rats. Forty-eight desalivated rats were caged in a programmed feeder and received their essential nutrition by gavage. The animals were fed 17 meals per day at hourly intervals of 88 parts/10 6 Fe + + or Fe + + + co-crystallized with sucrose. Plain sucrose and calcium glycerophosphate with sucrose were used as control groups. Both ferric- and ferrous-sucrose meals reduced the incidence of smooth-surface and sulcal caries in rats. Stain formation, organic acid production and acidogenic activity of dental plaque in animals receiving iron-sucrose meals were also investigated. Ferric glycerophosphate did not induce extrinsic staining on the tooth surface. The concentration of organic acids did not differ significantly among the groups. The acidogenic activity of plaque in animals receiving either of the iron-sucrose meals tended to be lower than that of the control groups. The possibility that iron-sucrose might reduce the prevalence of two major public health problems, dental caries and anaemia, makes this preventive approach extremely attractive for additional investigation.

Effects of copper, iron and fluoride co-crystallized with sugar on caries development and acid formation in desalivated rats

The purpose was to explore the effects of combinations of copper, iron and fluoride (Cu, Fe and F) incorporated in sucrose by co-crystallization on caries development in the desalivated rat model and to examine acid formation by bacteria in the rat mouth. Ninety-six Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 and desalivated when aged 26 days. Eight groups were placed in a König-Höfer programmed feeder and received 17 meals daily at hourly intervals, and essential nutrition (NCP No. 2) by gavage twice daily for 21 days. The groups received (1) plain sucrose, (2) F (8 parts/10 6) co-crystallized with sucrose, (3) Fe (88 parts/10 6) sucrose, (4) Cu (75 parts/10 6) sucrose, (5) Cu + F sucrose, (6) Cu + L Fe sucrose, (7) F + Fe sucrose, and (8) Cu + Fe + F sucrose. At death the jaws were removed and sonicated in 0.9% saline solution for microbial assessment. In addition, organic acid assays were performed for each animal. Keyes smooth-surface and sulcal caries scores were lowest in the Cu + Fe + F sucrose group, but not statistically significantly different from those of the other Cu groups. The numbers of Strep. sobrinus found in the groups that received Cu, Cu + Fe, Cu + F, F + Fe and Cu + Fe + F sugar were lower than in the control group. Lactic acid was found in lower concentrations in Fe, Cu, Cu + F, Cu + Fe and F + Fe groups than in the other groups. It appears that combinations of Cu, Fe and F co-crystallized with sugar may have an additive effect in reducing the cariogenic potential of sugar by affecting lactic acid formation and reducing bacterial colonization.

Effect of copper co-crystallized with sugar on caries development in desalivated rats.

The purpose of the present study was to explore the effects of varying levels of copper incorporated in sucrose by co-crystallization on caries development in the desalivated rat model and to examine the retention of copper in the oral cavity and its influence on protein and carbohydrate composition of plaque. Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were infected by Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 and desalivated when aged 26 days. Four groups were placed in a König-Höfer programmed feeder and received 17 meals daily at hourly intervals, and essential nutrition (NCP No. 2) by gavage twice daily. The control group (1) received meals of plain sucrose, and groups 2, 3, and 4 received sucrose co-crystallized with 300 ppm Cu2+(2), 150 Cu2+(3), and 75 Cu2+(4). After 3 weeks, the animals were killed, and blood was collected for determination of copper. The lower jaw was removed and sonicated in 0.9% saline solution. Microbial assessment and copper, protein and carbohydrate assays were performed for each animal. Smooth-surface and [sulcal] caries scores were: (1) 92.0[41.4]; (2) 6.1[34.2]; (3) 16.7[32.0]; (4) 24.0[36.0]. Copper in sucrose drastically affected the population of S. sobrinus when compared with the control. Also, Cu2+ sucrose groups had significantly more copper per unit of protein and carbohydrate in jaw suspension than the control group. Concentration of copper in the blood was apparently unaffected by any dietary regimen. It is concluded that Cu2+ in a range of concentrations (75-300 ppm Cu2+) when delivered co-crystallized with sucrose is an effective cariostatic agent. The co-crystallization of a cariostatic agent with sucrose may be an effective method to decrease the cariogenic potential of sucrose.

Stress and conflict conditions leading to and maintaining voluntary alcohol consumption in rats

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of unavoidable shock, conflict conditions, taste, and food deprivation on the voluntary consumption of alcohol by rats. Experiment 1 showed that when rats were given unavoidable shocks for one hour every day, those living in their home cages consumed greater amounts of a 5% ethanol solution than did rats living in the shock chambers. Experiment 2 revealed that this increased alcohol consumption was maintained and further elevated when these same rats were subjected to conflict, and it did not decrease when the conflict conditions were terminated. When the unavoidable shock conditions were repeated in Experiment 3 with naive rats and the fluid choice consisted of a plain sucrose solution and one containing alcohol, rats in both the shock box and safety cage living conditions consumed very little of the sucrose-plus-alcohol solution. Rats living in the aversive environment even decreased consumption of the plain sucrose solution. Experiment 4 showed that simple food deprivation can also result in an increased intake of an alcohol solution. The tension reduction hypothesis cannot account for these results: they demonstrate that deprivation can influence alcohol consumption, and indicate that an aversive environment can interfere with drinking of any solution. The results also demonstrate both the positive and negative properties that alcohol can have.

Role of plant volatiles in resistance of selected rice varieties to brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens (St�l) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

Rice plant volatiles extracted as steam distillates significantly affected the behavior and biology of the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). In a multichoice test, more females settled and fed on tillers of a susceptible rice variety "Taichung Native 1" (TN1), sprayed with its own extract or acetone than on TN1 tillers sprayed with the extract of the resistant variety "ARC6650" or "Ptb33." In another test,N. lugens females ingested significantly more of a 10% sucrose solution mixed with TN1 steam distillate extract than of plain sucrose solution or that mixed with extracts of resistant varieties. Topical application of the extracts of resistant varieties "Mudgo," "ASD7," "Rathu Heenati," "Babawee," Ptb33, and ARC6650 caused significantly higher mortality of females than did the TN1 extract. Likewise, significantly more first-instar nymphs died when they were caged on susceptible TN1 plants sprayed with the extracts of resistant varieties than on plants sprayed with TN1 extract. The extract of 60-day-old resistant plants was more toxic than the extract of 30-, 45-, or 100-day-old plants. However, toxicity of the extract from susceptible TN1 remained low at all plant growth stages.

On the media improving freeze-sectioning of plant material

Using a semiconductor freezing microtome, there is no difficulty in getting an ample supply of quite suitable sections of Ca formol fixed root tips ofVicia faba, applying Holt’s sirup or plain 0.88 M sucrose as media for keeping the material, getting the sections and treating them after sectioning, but the protoplasts shrink and often fall out from the cells. No improvement in this respect was revealed using — at different concentrations — sucrose and arabic gum alone. The changes in the proportions of the ingredients of the sirup were also ineffective. A series of experiments were therefore performed with plain sucrose, but none of the factors tested was efficient enough to improve the results as compared with the standard procedure, the gradual transfer being the only exception. Since this makes the procedure more laborious and time consuming, certain other media were tested, 0.88 M ethanol and 0.88 M dimethylsulf-oxide yielding the best results. Attempts are being made to understand some points of the present experience in connection with the results of other authors and on the basis of general theory respectively.

Further studies on the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid by brain.

Factors which can interfere with the paper chromatographic – ninhydrin method for determining γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are described. The GABA–ninhydrin reaction does not involve loss of CO2. GABA that is occluded in subcellular particles in plain sucrose homogenates of rat brain does not readily exchange with radioactive GABA in solution. The relevant particles are found mostly in the "mitochondrial fraction". These particles deteriorate with time and manipulations, and tend to lose much of their GABA content. The presence of sodium (but not of potassium, calcium, or magnesium) in the suspending medium allows considerably more GABA to be bound. The extra bound GABA is exchangeable with free labelled GABA. Sodium also promotes some exchange between free and occluded GABA. It is concluded from the present and previous results that in brain in vivo very little GABA exists in a freely diffusing situation. There are two forms of bound GABA. One of these is an occluded or storage form which does not readily exchange with free GABA though exchange is to some extent promoted by sodium ions. The other is a form which occurs only in the presence of sodium ion and is freely exchangeable with GABA in solution.

BOUND GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC AND OTHER AMINO ACIDS IN BRAIN.

Previous work has shown that when brain is homogenized in saline medium, part of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the tissue is found in free solution and part is bound or occluded in particulate material. In the present work it is shown that the GABA content of solid brain or anaerobic brain suspensions increases with time and the increase is all in the free form. In suspensions in the presence of oxygen and glucose no increase in GABA occurs. A lower proportion of the GABA is found in bound form if the suspension is prepared in the cold rather than at room or body temperature. The amount found in bound form is sharply dependent on pH. The optimum is about pH 7. If brain is homogenized in plain sucrose solutions, or if potassium is substituted for sodium in saline solution, the amount of bound GABA found is half that found in isosmotic sodium chloride. The normal amount remains bound if 10 mM sodium ion or 5 mM calcium ion is present in the sucrose solution. Glutamic acid, glutamine, alanine, and aspartic and acetylaspartic acids are also partly bound in brain. The amounts of these amino acids as well as of GABA found in brain frozen in situ are considerably lower than in brain which has been excised rapidly after death but without freezing.

Fatty acid oxidation by carp liver mitochondria

Carp liver mitochondria were shown to contain an enzyme system that will oxidize fatty acids in the presence of adenosine triphosphate, cytochrome c, and Mg ++. The addition of a sparking substance, i.e., a small amount of a tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate, considerably enhanced the rate of oxidation. Butyrate, octanoate, palmitate, oleate, linoleate, linolenate, arachidonate, eicosapentaenoate, and docosahexaenoate were readily oxidized. Cysteine, Cu ++, and the supernatant derived from the mitochondrial separation were found to be slightly stimulatory to the oxidation; added coenzyme A, flavine adenine dinucleotide, glutathione, cocarboxylase, Fe ++, Mn ++, and Zn ++ were without effect. Diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN) and ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) were slightly stimulatory to mitochondrial preparations derived from a homogenate prepared with plain sucrose, but if the homogenizing medium contained DPN and EDTA the stimulatory effect was no longer observed. Lipoic acid was inhibitory to the oxidation. Adenosine diphosphate or adenylic acid could replace adenosine triphosphate in the system; the simultaneous use of two of these adenylate compounds in the system was slightly stimulatory. The addition of hexokinase plus glucose was without effect. Malonate and 2,4-dinitrophenol effectively inhibited the oxidation. Acetoacetate was produced in less than theoretical amounts from the oxidation of octanoate and particularly from the oxidation of linoleate. This is likely due to the diversion of a portion of the fatty acid carbon into the tricarboxylic acid cycle.