Placement Of Distribution Static Compensator Research Articles

Allocation and Sizing of DSTATCOM with Renewable Energy Systems and Load Uncertainty Using Enhanced Gray Wolf Optimization

Over the last decade, flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) have been crucial in ensuring optimal power distribution within modern power systems. A vital component of FACTS devices is the distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM), which is essential for maintaining a reliable power supply. It is commonly used for reactive power compensation, voltage regulation, and harmonic reduction. Determining the appropriate size and placement of DSTATCOMs is vital to ensuring their efficiency. This study introduces the improved gray wolf optimizer (I-GWO), a refined version of the classical gray wolf optimization (GWO) method. The I-GWO incorporates a dimension learning-based hunting (DLH) strategy to preserve population diversity, balance exploration and exploitation, and prevent the premature convergence of classical GWO. In this research, the I-GWO was applied to determine the optimum allocation and sizing of the DSTATCOMs, considering system constraints, including those presented by the intermittent and stochastic nature of the load and renewable energy resources, specifically wind and solar energy. The suggested approach was successfully tested on 33-, 69-, and 85-bus distribution systems and then compared with existing studies. The results demonstrated the I-GWO-based approach’s superiority in terms of reducing power losses, improving voltage profiles, and enhancing voltage stability.

A Novel Hybrid Optimization Approach for Optimal Allocation of Distributed Generation and Distribution Static Compensator with Network Reconfiguration in Consideration of Electric Vehicle Charging Station

Electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) infrastructure development is a crucial part of the sustainable growth of the electric vehicle (EV) industry. However, the installation of EVCS may negatively affect the performance of the distribution system. This article presents a novel hybrid optimization approach to solve the optimal allocation problem of EVCS with network reconfiguration in the presence of distributed generation (DG) and distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM), with the objectives of reducing the voltage deviation, real power loss, and investment costs of DGs and DSTATCOMs while improving the voltage stability of the distribution network. A hybrid of African vulture optimization and pattern search (HAVOPS) algorithm is proposed to solve this problem. The impacts of EVCSs are examined for the 33-bus and 136-bus systems with five different cases of DG and DSTATCOM placement with reconfiguration of the network. The efficacy and performance of the HAVOPS algorithm are validated by comparison to the results of the African vulture optimization algorithm, marine predators’ algorithm, grey wolf optimizer, artificial gorilla troops optimizer, and genetic algorithm. According to the findings, the HAVOPS algorithm is superior to the other methods in terms of the merit of the solutions it produces.

Expansion Planning in Distribution Network With DSTATCOM Using Distance-Oriented Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm

This paper intends to consider a multi-objective problem for expansion planning in Power Distribution System (PDS) by focusing on (i) expansion strategy (ii) allocation of Circuit Breaker (CB), (iii) allocation of Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM), (iv) Contingency Load Loss Index (CLLI), and power loss. Accordingly, the encoding parameters decide for expansion, Circuit Breaker (CB) placement, DSTATCOM placement, load of real and reactive powers of expanded bus or node are optimized using Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA) based on its distance and hence, the proposed algorithm is termed as Distance Oriented Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (DGOA). The proposed expansion planning model is carried out in IEEE 33 test bus system. Moreover, the adopted scheme is compared with conventional algorithms and the optimal results are obtained.

Development of DSTATCOM Optimal Sizing and Location Technique Based on IA-GA for Power Loss Reduction and Voltage Profile Enhancement in an RDN

The efficiency of electrical distribution systems is being more affected by the increase in voltage drops and power losses. These issues of voltage drop and power loss can be significantly minimized by the incorporation of a Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) in the distribution network. However, inappropriate positioning and sizing of DSTATCOM can undermine its efficiency. Despite the contributions of many researchers to the optimal placement of DSTATCOM and other compensators in distribution networks, the problems of voltage drop, power losses, and power quality persist, necessitating the need for additional research in this area. In this paper, an innovative technique based on hybridized Immune and Genetic Algorithm (IA-GA) for optimal DSTATCOM placement and sizing for three distinct load levels is proposed. Simulation and analysis of the proposed algorithm were carried out using IEEE-33 bus radial distribution network (RDN) in MATLAB. The simulation results demonstrate a substantial decrease in power loss and a significant improvement in the voltage profile. Evaluation of the proposed method against existing techniques reveals that the proposed technique outperforms IA and PSO in terms of decreasing power loss and enhancement of voltage profiles. A cost-benefit analysis was performed, and it was discovered that the proposed technique yields improved annual cost savings.

Efficient Operative Cost Reduction in Distribution Grids Considering the Optimal Placement and Sizing of D-STATCOMs Using a Discrete-Continuous VSA

The problem of reactive power compensation in electric distribution networks is addressed in this research paper from the point of view of the combinatorial optimization using a new discrete-continuous version of the vortex search algorithm (DCVSA). To explore and exploit the solution space, a discrete-continuous codification of the solution vector is proposed, where the discrete part determines the nodes where the distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) will be installed, and the continuous part of the codification determines the optimal sizes of the D-STATCOMs. The main advantage of such codification is that the mixed-integer nonlinear programming model (MINLP) that represents the problem of optimal placement and sizing of the D-STATCOMs in distribution networks only requires a classical power flow method to evaluate the objective function, which implies that it can be implemented in any programming language. The objective function is the total costs of the grid power losses and the annualized investment costs in D-STATCOMs. In addition, to include the impact of the daily load variations, the active and reactive power demand curves are included in the optimization model. Numerical results in two radial test feeders with 33 and 69 buses demonstrate that the proposed DCVSA can solve the MINLP model with best results when compared with the MINLP solvers available in the GAMS software. All the simulations are implemented in MATLAB software using its programming environment.

Multi-Objective Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distribution Static Compensator in Radial Distribution Networks With Variable Residential, Commercial and Industrial Demands Considering Reliability

This article presents an optimal placement and sizing of distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) in radial distribution networks as multi-objective optimization with the objective of power loss reduction, voltage profile improvement and network reliability considering different variable demands using whale optimization algorithm (WOA). The WOA is inspired by the hunting behavior of humpback whales. The optimal location and size of DSTATCOM are considered as decision variables that are determined using the WOA. Network reliability is defined as energy not supplied (ENS) of the customers caused by line outages. The proposed method is implemented on IEEE 33-bus and Ahvaz 59-bus distribution networks. The optimal placement and sizing of DSTATCOM are investigated considering different residential, commercial and industrial loads, and also the effect of incorporating reliability is evaluated on power loss, minimum voltage and ENS. The simulation results show that the power loss and ENS are declined and also voltage profile is improved by determining the location and size of DSTATCOM in the networks in different loading conditions using the WOA. The obtained results demonstrate that considering reliability further reduces the ENS and more customer demand is met. The power loss decreases 21.60%, 30.71%, and 22.03% for residential, commercial and industrial loads in the 33-bus network and 26.86%, 31.94%, and 24.39% for the 69-bus network, respectively compared to base networks. Moreover, the performance of the WOA is compared with previous studies and the results indicate the superiority of the proposed method.

Simultaneous sitting and sizing photovoltaic unit and distribution static compensator in distribution grid considering the effect of geographical conditions

AbstractThis paper proposes a model to allocate photovoltaic unit (PVU) and distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) that incorporate the operation effect of PVU in sizing and sitting problem. The model is based on the dynamic assessment of PVU production and the effect of it on placement of PVU and DSTATCOM. Geographical conditions are interfered in placement problem of PVU and DSTATCOM simultaneously. The model is verified in a multi‐objective form. The multi‐objective problem is formulated based on voltage stability, liability, power loss and total cost of PVU and DSTATCOM. This problem is solved by employing optimization technique and the results of optimization processes are tested in different scenarios. Uncertainty in network loads is an inevitable task that should be considered in network planning. Uncertainty in the presented model has been defined as a set of divided parts in the presented model. The proposed model has been evaluated on two test system, 33‐bus and 69‐bus. The obtained results indicate that the presented model can be employed to study the intermittent behavior of PVU in placement problem.

A New Approach to Optimal Location and Sizing of DSTATCOM in Radial Distribution Networks Using Bio-Inspired Cuckoo Search Algorithm

This article proposes a new approach based on a bio-inspired Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) that can significantly envisage with several issues for optimal allocation of distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) in Radial Distribution System (RDS). In the proposed method, optimal locations of the DSTATCOM are calculated by using the Loss Sensitivity Factor (LSF). The optimal size of the DSTATCOM is simulated by using the newly developed CSA. In the proposed method, load flow calculations are performed by using a fast and efficient backward/forward sweep algorithm. Here, the mathematically formed objective function of the proposed method is to reduce the total system power losses. Standard 33-bus and 69-bus systems have been used to show the effectiveness of the proposed CSA-based optimization method in the RDS with different load models. The simulated results confirm that the optimal allocation of DSTATCOM plays a significant role in power loss minimization and enhanced voltage profile. The placement of DSTATCOM in RDS also plan an important role for minimizing uncertainties in the distribution level. The proposed method encourages one to use renewable-based resources, which results in affordable and clean energy.

Multi-objective model for simultaneous distribution networks reconfiguration and allocation of D-STATCOM under uncertainties of RESs

This paper proposes an approach for simultaneous placement of distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) and renewable energy sources (RESs) and distribution system reconfiguration (DSR) based on stochastic multi-objective modelling. Associated uncertainties of RESs in generating power, market price errors and load forecasting are modelled in this problem. The problem is optimised by non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms-II (NSGA-II) and then the best compromise solution is specified with fuzzy set theory. The aim of optimisation is to minimise installation and operation costs of distributed generation (DG) units, cost of D-STATCOM installation, the cost of procured energy from the transmission grid, costs of reactive and active power losses, line upgrade cost and DSR expense. A risk-based model of energy not supplied (ENS) as a reliability index is considered in the objective function to improve the reliability of the system. The proposed approach is validated on the IEEE 33-bus test grid.

Optimal placement and sizing of DSTATCOM using firefly algorithm in the distribution system

The electric power distribution system must be intended to operate and deliver acceptable level of electrical energy to consumers. Distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is a custom power device implemented in the distribution system to improve the power quality. This paper presents the optimal size and placement of DSTATCOM in the distribution system by using firefly algorithm (FA). Minimisation of power loss and minimisation of installation cost of DSTATCOM are considered as the objective function (OF), where the voltage and current limits of the buses are chosen as the optimisation constraints. The performance of the proposed methodology using FA is demonstrated on IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus radial distribution systems using MATLAB software. Backward/forward sweep algorithm is used for load flow analysis of radial distribution system. The efficacy of the proposed methodology using FA is compared with the results obtained by using immune algorithm (IA).

Optimal placement and sizing of DSTATCOM using firefly algorithm in the distribution system

The electric power distribution system must be intended to operate and deliver acceptable level of electrical energy to consumers. Distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is a custom power device implemented in the distribution system to improve the power quality. This paper presents the optimal size and placement of DSTATCOM in the distribution system by using firefly algorithm (FA). Minimisation of power loss and minimisation of installation cost of DSTATCOM are considered as the objective function (OF), where the voltage and current limits of the buses are chosen as the optimisation constraints. The performance of the proposed methodology using FA is demonstrated on IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus radial distribution systems using MATLAB software. Backward/forward sweep algorithm is used for load flow analysis of radial distribution system. The efficacy of the proposed methodology using FA is compared with the results obtained by using immune algorithm (IA).

Probabilistic and Multi-Objective Placement of D-STATCOM in Distribution Systems Considering Load Uncertainty

Advanced technologies such as distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) are broadly deployed in distribution systems (DSs) to tackle different issues. Successful deployment of such technologies requires their adaption to stochastic nature of DS. This paper proposes a new method for allocation of D-STATCOM in DSs considering load uncertainty. Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique is utilized to cope with uncertain attribute of loads. To do so, output of MCS is considered as a deterministic case which is solved by backward-forward sweep power flow approach. The objective functions of the proposed model include total voltage deviation, total active losses, and voltage stability metrics. These metrics are combined in a multi-objective optimization formulation and solved by non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). Lastly, the best compromise solution is determined by Pareto front technique taking advantage of fuzzy decision making (FDM) engine. Comprehensive simulation studies are carried out on IEEE 33-bus standard distribution system as well as on Portuguese 94-bus real-world distribution system. Simulation studies confirm the accuracy of the proposed method in determining proper location of D-STATCOM in DSs by fulfilling the objectives.

A Review on Placement of DSTATCOM in Distribution Systems for the Compensation of Reactive Power

Flexible AC transmission (FACT) system is an AC transmission system that incorporates a power electronic controller and other static controllers to improve the controllability as well as power transfer capability. It improves the performance of electrical networks by managing active and reactive powers. These FACT devices are SVC, STATCOM, IPC, DVR, UPFC, TCSC, TCPST and distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM). DSTATCOM is a custom power device which is installed in parallel with distribution system. Regarding problems of power quality, these devices are used, but for getting better response, DSTATCOM is used. There are various modulation techniques, and control techniques are also available for implementing these problems. These techniques are PWM and SPWM (modulation techniques), and other techniques are phase shift control, d-q theory, synchronous reference frame model and so on.

Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation and D-STATCOM in Radial Distribution Network

Analytical approach-based technique was used in this work for finding the optimized size and location for distributed generations (DG) and Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) placement in a distribution network. Optimum placement of DG and D-STATCOM mitigated the power losses and improved the voltage profile in a radial distribution system. This technique was tested on a 33-bus radial distribution system through a voltage stability index and loss sensitivity factor, thereby determining the best possible size and optimal location for DG and D-STATCOM. The changes in voltage profile and active power losses were compared before and after installation of these devices in the distribution system.

Multi-objective simultaneous placement of DG and DSTATCOM using novel lightning search algorithm

Abstract In this proposed study, a new long term scheduling is proposed for simultaneous placement of Distributed Generation (DG) and Distribution STATic COMpensator (DSTATCOM) in the radial distribution networks. The proposed work has a unique multi-objective function which consists of minimizing power loss, and total voltage deviation (TVD), as well as maximizing the voltage stability index (VSI) subject to equality and inequality system constraints. The multi-objective problem has been solved by a novel metaheuristic optimization algorithm called as lightning search algorithm (LSA). In the proposed approach, the feeder loads are varied linearly from light load (0.5) to peak load (1.6) with a step size of 1%. In each load step, the optimal sizing for DG and DSTATCOM are calculated by LSA. Through curve fitting technique (CFT), the optimal sizing for both DG and DSTATCOM per load level is formulated in the form of generalized equation. The proposed generalized equation will help the distribution network operators (DNOs) to select the DG and DSTATCOM sizes according to the load changes. The proposed method is tested on two test systems of 33-bus and 69-bus in different cases.

Reactive power deployment and cost benefit analysis in DNO operated distribution electricity markets with D-STATCOM

The aim of this paper is to analyze unbalanced radial distribution systems (UBRDS) with the distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM). The main objectives of this paper are D-STATCOM allocation in UBRDS with an objective of providing reactive power support to enhance voltage profile and reduce line losses of the distribution network, determination of optimal D-STATCOM rating subjected to minimization of total cost, and impact of D-STATCOM placement on improving power factor and savings in cost of energy loss. The analysis is conducted on a large industrial load model with light, medium and high loading scenarios. Further, the impact of load growth is also considered for better planning of the power distribution system. The results are obtained on standard 25-bus UBRDS to check the feasibility of the proposed methodology.

Fuzzy-GA based algorithm for optimal placement and sizing of distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) for loss reduction of distribution network considering reconfiguration

This work presents a fuzzy based methodology for distribution system feeder reconfiguration considering DSTATCOM with an objective of minimizing real power loss and operating cost. Installation costs of DSTATCOM devices and the cost of system operation, namely, energy loss cost due to both reconfiguration and DSTATCOM placement, are combined to form the objective function to be minimized. The distribution system tie switches, DSTATCOM location and size have been optimally determined to obtain an appropriate operational condition. In the proposed approach, the fuzzy membership function of loss sensitivity is used for the selection of weak nodes in the power system for the placement of DSTATCOM and the optimal parameter settings of the DFACTS device along with optimal selection of tie switches in reconfiguration process are governed by genetic algorithm (GA). Simulation results on IEEE 33-bus and IEEE 69-bus test systems concluded that the combinatorial method using DSTATCOM and reconfiguration is preferable to reduce power losses to 34.44% for 33-bus system and to 45.43% for 69-bus system.

Optimal Allocation of DG and DSTATCOM in Radial Distribution System Using Cuckoo Search Optimization Algorithm

This paper proposes a new approach to determine the optimal location and sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) and Distribution STATic COMpensator (DSTATCOM) simultaneously in the distribution network. The objective function is formulated to minimize the total power losses of the system subjected to equality and inequality constraints. Loss sensitivity factor (LSF) and Voltage Stability Index (VSI) are used to predetermine the optimal location of DG and DSTATCOM, respectively. Recently developed nature-inspired cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) has been used to determine the optimal size of both DG and DSTATCOM. In the present work, five different cases have been considered during DG and DSTATCOM placement to access the performance of the proposed technique. To check the feasibility, the proposed method is tested on IEEE 12-bus, 34-bus, and 69-bus radial distribution system and the results were compared with other existing techniques.

A fuzzy-ExIWO method for optimal placement of multiple DSTATCOM/DG and tuning the DSTATCM’s controller

Purpose The purpose of this paper is optimal placement of multiple Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) and Distributed Generation (DG) units along with nonlinear control of the DSTATCOM in order to loss reduction, voltage drop improvement, increase in the voltage stability and improvement of the performance of the controller of the DTATCOM. Design/methodology/approach A combination of a fuzzy system and Expanded Invasive Weed Optimization (ExIWO) has been employed for solving the nonlinear/complex problem. A nonlinear control has been designed based on Partial Feedback Linearization (PFL) theory for the DSTATCOM and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers have been employed to trace the reference values. Findings A combination of a fuzzy system and Expanded Invasive Weed Optimization (ExIWO) has been employed for solving the nonlinear/complex problem. A nonlinear control has been designed based on Partial Feedback Linearization (PFL) theory for the DSTATCOM and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers have been employed to trace the reference values. Practical implications An expandable application was written in MATLAB software to investigate the electrical distribution system with multiple DSTAOM and DG units by considering the DSTATCOM controller. Originality/value 1- Definition of a new technical and hybrid optimization problem (i.e. optimal placement of multiple DSTATCOM and DG units along with nonlinear controlling of the DSTATCOM). Indeed another important challenge in distribution systems (i.e. optimal placement (size and location) of multiple DSTATCOM and DG units) has been considered along with previous problem (i.e. tuning the DSTATCOM controller). 2- Development the objective function and convert it from a purely controlling function to a multi objective function which aims to not only improve the controller of DSTATCOM performance but also aims to reduce the power losses, improve voltage drop and voltage stability. 3- Solving the nonlinear-complex problem by a new combination of fuzzy sets and ExIWO algorithm. 4- Considering two 33 bus and 119 bus distribution test systems and analyzing them in five different scenarios in order to demonstrate the proper performance of the proposed technique for the both small and large systems. Please see the modifications in introduction, problem formulation and simulation results sections.

Impact of DG and D-STATCOM Placement on Improving the Reactive Loading Capability of Mesh Distribution System

In this paper, Distribution Generation (DG) and Distribution STATic COMpensator (D-STATCOM) are optimally placed in mesh distribution systems using sensitivity approaches. The objective of this paper is to improve the reactive loading capability of the network with maintaining voltage profile in an acceptable limit. Optimal locations of DG and D-STATCOM are determined using Voltage Stability Index and Combined Power Loss Sensitivity approaches respectively. The size of DG and D-STATCOM are determined by variational algorithm subjected to minimization of total power loss. In order to quantitatively analyze the impact of DG and D-STATCOM on voltage stability margin, Q-V curves are drawn using continuation power flow method. In this study the impact of simultaneous placement of DG and D-STATCOM is investigated separately for large industrial motor load as well as industrial load. Also, load growth scenario is considered for better planning of the system. The results are obtained on standard IEEE-33 and 69-bus mesh distribution systems to check the feasibility of proposed methodology.