Changes In Placement Research Articles

Matching in practice: how to find the right family foster home for the right child

The concept of matching refers to the process of selecting a family foster home to fit an individual child in placement. Matching is important for the quality of care, as the carers need the necessary resources to meet the child’s needs. Failure in matching can have negative consequences, such as a ‘breakdown’. The aim of this article is to explore the social workers’ practice when matching children and foster carers to ensure the children will receive good care and avoid a placement change. The article uses a qualitative approach and is based on interviews with 31 participants. Social workers and managers at municipal social services, as well as consultants, were interviewed about their work. The professionals reflected on what aspects they perceive as most important in matching and what challenges they encounter that complicate the process. Narratives of successful matches often focused on the characteristics, competence and experience of the foster carers to meet the needs of the children. Some of the challenges highlighted were time pressure and a lack of family foster homes to choose from. This means that professionals have to compromise and prioritise what is most important in relation to the needs of the child.

Children with cerebral palsy avoid stepping in potholes with mediolateral changes in foot placement that cause laterally instability

Children with cerebral palsy avoid stepping in potholes with mediolateral changes in foot placement that cause laterally instability

Evaluation of Two Clinical Stem-Fit Philosophies Within the Femoral Canal Using a Preoperative Planning Tool: Could a Hybrid Approach Be Best?

BackgroundTotal hip arthroplasty (THA) has transformed patient lives, yet evolving expectations and the number of postoperative foot angle changes have underscored the need for precise component positioning. The objective of this study was to use 3-dimensional (3D) preoperative planning to evaluate stem alignment and orientation for three THA systems using two different stem-fit algorithms. It was hypothesized that the different stem alignments would yield similar changes in stem orientation and placement within the canal for all 3 systems. MethodsThis study introduced a novel 3D preoperative planning tool, comparing two different surgical stem-fit philosophies within the canal: “canal fit” (CF) and “anatomical fit” (AF). We virtually implanted 10 subjects with three different THA implant systems using both philosophies, evaluating 60 total fits within the canals. The CF philosophy aimed to minimize cortical bone removal. In contrast, the AF philosophy prioritized aligning the implanted head with the anatomical head center. ResultsDetailed analyses revealed that AF led to fixation occurring mainly on the medial aspect of the stem, while CF exhibited a more even distribution between medial and lateral sides. The AF philosophy achieved significantly closer placement of the implanted head to the anatomical center (2.0 to 2.1 mm) compared to the CF philosophy (3.0 to 6.0 mm) (P < 0.01). The AF resulted in neutral stem orientation (0°) across all stems, whereas the CF exhibited greater malrotation (2.0 to 7.0°) (P < 0.02). The AF required more bone removal (0.13 to 0.46 cm³) than the CF (0.02 to 0.06 cm³) (P < 0.01). ConclusionsThe findings underscore the importance of 3D planning, emphasizing its potential to improve stem version alignment in THA. The results from this study may advocate 3D preoperative planning with robotic surgery to plan stem placement within the canal while maintaining anatomical femoral head restoration.

Determination of Activity Relationship Chart (ARC) Method in Office Layout Evaluation: A Case Study at XYZ Bandung Apartment

XYZ Apartment Bandung has 12 departments located from the lobby floor to the fourth basement floor. The apartment has an office layout that is not yet optimally arranged, such as the placement of departments that are far apart, ineffective handling of goods, and the risk of work accidents. The purpose of this study is to improve the existing layout so that the comparison results can be seen between before and after the improvement. A survey of 56 employees and managers was conducted to gather data on department relationships. The ARC (Activity Relationship Chart) method was employed to analyze these relationships and inform layout optimization. Based on the results of the analysis, there was a change in department placement that resulted in an efficiency of travel distance of 64.3% and time efficiency of 64.4%. The findings emphasize the importance of optimizing workspace layout to enhance operational efficiency and employee satisfaction. Implementing the proposed layout changes can lead to cost savings, increased productivity, and improved employee well-being within XYZ Bandung Apartment.

Effects of Exercise on the Inter-Session Accuracy of sEMG-Based Hand Gesture Recognition.

Surface electromyography (sEMG) is commonly used as an interface in human-machine interaction systems due to their high signal-to-noise ratio and easy acquisition. It can intuitively reflect motion intentions of users, thus is widely applied in gesture recognition systems. However, wearable sEMG-based gesture recognition systems are susceptible to changes in environmental noise, electrode placement, and physiological characteristics. This could result in significant performance degradation of the model in inter-session scenarios, bringing a poor experience to users. Currently, for noise from environmental changes and electrode shifting from wearing variety, numerous studies have proposed various data-augmentation methods and highly generalized networks to improve inter-session gesture recognition accuracy. However, few studies have considered the impact of individual physiological states. In this study, we assumed that user exercise could cause changes in muscle conditions, leading to variations in sEMG features and subsequently affecting the recognition accuracy of model. To verify our hypothesis, we collected sEMG data from 12 participants performing the same gesture tasks before and after exercise, and then used Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) for gesture classification. For the non-exercise group, the inter-session accuracy declined only by 2.86%, whereas that of the exercise group decreased by 13.53%. This finding proves that exercise is indeed a critical factor contributing to the decline in inter-session model performance.

Comparison of Three-Dimensional Bone Changes in Socket Shield Technique Versus Immediate Implant Placement – A Non-Randomized Clinical Trial

ABSTRACT Aim: The present study assessed the three-dimensional bone loss, at three different levels, around implants placed immediately after extraction using the socket shield method versus immediate implant placement. Materials and Methods: A non-randomized clinical trial was conducted in 30 cases divided into two groups: socket shield method and immediate implant placement (15 cases each). Horizontal bone width (HBW) (at three different levels from baseline) and vertical bone level (VBL) (mesial and distal surfaces of the implant) were measured preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively by using cone beam computed tomography and radio visio graphy. Results: The mean difference at 2-mm and 8-mm HBW from the baseline was better in the socket shield technique, although the results were not significant. Significant results were found in Levene’s test for equality of error variances. The VBL was significant at both the distal and mesial surfaces of the implant. Conclusion: The socket shield approach demonstrated promising clinical outcomes in preserving alveolar ridge morphology. It can be utilized as a substitute for the typical instantaneous implant placement in the aesthetic zone.

Comparative Evaluation of Hard- and Soft-tissue Changes in Immediate Implant Placement Using Flapless Approach with and without Demineralized Freeze-dried Bone Allograft Clinically and Radiographically Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography

Abstract Objectives: The present study evaluated hard- and soft-tissue changes in immediate implants using flapless approach with and without demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) clinically and radiographically using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Thirty-two sites in patients requiring immediate implants in the maxillary anterior region including the premolars were grouped according to the treatment provided with (test group) or without (control group) DFDBA. Plaque index, probing depth, soft-tissue assessment using Testori Esthetic Score (TS), and ridge width were recorded at baseline and postoperatively at 6 and 12 months, while crestal bone height (CBH), buccal bone thickness (BBT), jump space (JS), and gingival thickness were evaluated using CBCT at baseline and 12 months. Results: Considerable differences among the different time lines and the groups in favor of the test group were prominently seen on the midfacial aspects at 12 months, with CBH values of −0.28 ± 0.17 mm in the test group as compared to −0.78 ± 0.34 in the control group (P &lt; 0.0001). The JS was maximum on the buccal aspects being 1.42 ± 0.87 mm in the test group and 1.12 ± 0.81 mm in the control group which reduced at 12 months to 0.13 ± 0.35 mm and 0.73 ± 0.79 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Immediate implants with DFDBA augmentation using a flapless protocol demonstrated reduced CBH with resolution of JS and increased BBT, especially at the coronal aspects which influence the tissue stability and overall esthetics.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Dental Practitioners in Providing Care to Children in Out-of-Home Care: A Scoping Review.

A scoping review was conducted to synthesize available evidence of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dental practitioners in providing care to children in out-of-home care (OOHC). Scientific databases and the grey literature were searched: 855 studies were screened after removing duplicates; 800 studies were excluded based on the title and/or abstract, and the full text of 55 studies was reviewed, with 7 included in the analysis. These included three peer-reviewed articles regarding the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dental practitioners in providing care to children in OOHC, as well as four guidelines. Dental practitioners had some knowledge of the high health care needs of OOHC children, but knowledge regarding when children entering care received dental assessment and about OOHC dental care pathways was low. Practices of dental practitioners were varied, most gave oral hygiene instructions, but there was inconsistency in practices regarding continuity of care following placement changes and failure to attend policies. There was more consensus with dental practitioner attitudes, with practitioners in private settings seeming to prefer not to treat children in OOHC. Three of the identified guidelines provided logistical information about OOHC and consent. The final guideline gave practical information on treating children with a background of adverse childhood events (ACEs), including children in OOHC. Further research and education is warranted to aid dental practitioners in providing care to children in OOHC.

Spinal cord neurone loss and foot placement changes in a rat knock-in model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 8

Abstract Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is an age-dependent cell type-selective degenerative disease. Genetic studies indicate that Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is part of a spectrum of disorders ranging from spinal muscular atrophy to frontotemporal dementia that share common pathological mechanisms. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis type 8 is a familial disease caused by mis-sense mutations in VAPB. VAPB is localised to the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum where it serves as a docking point for cytoplasmic proteins and mediates inter-organelle interactions with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. A gene knock-in model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis type 8 based on the VapBP56S mutation and VapB gene deletion have been generated in the rat. These animals display a range of age-dependent phenotypes distinct from those previously reported in mouse models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis type 8. A loss of motor neurones in VapBP56S/+ and VapBP56S/P56Sanimals is indicated by a reduction in the number of large choline acetyl transferase-staining cells in the spinal cord. VapB-/-animals exhibit a relative increase in cytoplasmic TDP-43 levels compared to the nucleus, but no large protein aggregates. Concomitant with these spinal cord pathologies VapBP56S/+, VapBP56S/P56S and VapB-/-animals exhibit age-dependent changes in paw placement and exerted pressures when traversing a CatWalk apparatus, consistent with a somatosensory dysfunction. Extra motor dysfunction is reported in half the cases of motor neurone disease, and this is the first indication of an associated sensory dysfunction in a rodent model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Different rodent models may offer complementary experimental platforms with which to understand the human disease.

The effect of visual sensory interference during multitask obstacle crossing in younger and older adults.

When older adults step over obstacles during multitasking, their performance is impaired; the impairment results from central and/or sensory interference. The purpose was to determine if sensory interference alters performance under low levels of cognitive, temporal, and gait demand, and if the change in performance is different for younger versus older adults. Participants included 17 younger adults (20.9±1.9 years) and 14 older adults (69.7±5.4 years). The concurrent task was a single, simple reaction time (RT) task: depress button in response to light cue. The gait task was stepping over an obstacle (8 m walkway) in three conditions: (1) no sensory interference (no RT task), (2) low sensory interference (light cue on obstacle, allowed concurrent foveation of cue and obstacle), or (3) high sensory interference (light cue away from obstacle, prevented concurrent foveation of cue and obstacle). When standing, the light cue location was not relevant (no sensory interference). An interaction (sensory interference by task, p<0.01) indicated that RT was longer for high sensory interference during walking, but RT was not altered for standing, confirming that sensory interference increased RT during obstacle approach. An interaction (sensory interference by age, p<0.01) was observed for foot placement before the obstacle: With high sensory interference, younger adults placed the trail foot closer to the obstacle while older adults placed it farther back from the obstacle. The change increases the likelihood of tripping with the trail foot for younger adults, but with the lead limb for older adults. Recovery from a lead limb trip is more difficult due to shorter time for corrective actions. Overall, visual sensory interference impaired both RT and gait behavior with low levels of multitask demand. Changes in foot placement increased trip risk for both ages, but for different limbs, reducing the likelihood of balance recovery in older adults.

The effects of placement method on multilingual learner success in higher education

AbstractIn the United States, many actors are pushing for the use of grade point average (GPA) as the main placement tool for gatekeeper math and English courses for community college students (Quarles, 2022; Scott‐Clayton, 2018; Turk, 2017). One community college system (pseudonymously, SXCC) in a New England state has begun placing students in initial math and English classes based on self‐reported GPA. There have been studies on the effects of placement changes of this type (Belfield &amp; Crosta, 2012; Hodara &amp; Cox, 2016; Ngo &amp; Kwon, 2014; Scott‐Clayton, 2012). However, studies have not included the effects of these changes on multilingual learners (MLLs).Using a census of every MLL placed in SXCC in the summer and fall of 2020 and the spring of 2021 (N = 12,603), a MANOVA found that MLL students in the SXCC system who were placed using previous placement methods had a higher overall GPA than students placed using self‐reported GPA (M = 3.32, SD = 0.740; M = 2.01, SD = 1.27, respectively) and had higher satisfactory academic progress (SAP) (M = 102.98, SD = 51.52; M = 57.66, SD = 55.53, respectively), and took longer to enroll in English 101 (M = 5.11, SD = 3.55; M = 2.36, SD = 1.76, respectively).

Shale hydraulic fracture morphology and inter-well interference rule under multi-wellbore test

Abstract This study conducted a series of true triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments on Longmaxi Formation shale. We investigated the interaction between internal factors and external factors on the inter-well interference of 400 mm cubic porous specimens. During dual wellbore fracturing at different formations, forming inter-well interference through secondary hydraulic fractures lead to a lower interference intensity and larger stimulated rock area. When adopting a three-layer well layout during three-wellbore fracturing, the vertical distance between the wells is shortened, activating more bedding planes. Regardless of a horizontal well placement with two wellbores or a three-dimensional two-layer well placement with three wellbores, increasing the vertical stress leads to more potent inter-well interference. There is no absolute positive correlation between the stimulated rock area and inter-well interference. It can be influenced by the presence of natural fractures within the formation that can even lead to a reduction in the stimulated area. When the well placement changes from two horizontal wellbores to three-dimensional two-layer sites with three wellbores and the vertical stress increases, the inter-well interference becomes stronger, but the stimulated rock area only increases by 22.6%. These findings provide crucial guidance for the hydraulic fracturing design of shale reservoirs.

TiSPHiMME: Time Series Profile Hidden Markov Ensemble in Resolving Item Location on Shelf Placement in Basket Analysis

A market basket in principle, mines/applies a variety of rules that tries to associate a set of items sold together and thus, generate sales transaction data in volumes daily. Its outcome is to provide users with adequate data against the issue of unnecessary item stock-up or inventory stock-out; Thus, averting un-needed demurrage, and provide clients with better decision and improved services. With such itemset (as a basket) seen to be time-bound, client-behavior over time does framework forecast, product that are commonly purchased vis-à-vis the itemset combination called a basket. We must also account for change in the features of a product vis-à-vis a corresponding change in shelve placement of the item – even as consumers change about their selected itemsets combination(s). Thus, our study explores a time-clustering algorithm that exploits (and mines) the Delta Mall (ShopRites) datasets to examine purchase behavior, preferences, and the frequency of itemset combination for each customer. For this model, we generated an average of 162-rules; And the results showed that previous basket items by random customers allow the selection purchase of items of similar value as best combined due to its shelf-placement using the concept of feature drift. Keywords; TiSPHiMME, Time Series, Hidden Markov Ensemble, Basket Analysis, Internet, Algorithms

On the acquisition of clitic placement in restructuring

This study investigates the production of clitic pronouns by monolingual Italian children aged 4;9-10;11, using a sentence repetition task including sentences with one or two restructuring verbs. The main findings are as follows: (i) children were more accurate with proclitics than enclitics, (ii) in their reproductions, they sometimes changed the clitic position and most often resorted to clitic climbing, to either the highest verb (in 2-verb sentences) or the intermediate verb (in 3-verb sentences), (iii) some instances of clitic reduplication were found, with similar tendencies as placement changes, (iv) no difference was observed between modal and motion verbs. These results show that restructuring is fully available to children and they prefer to produce monoclausal structures (Rizzi 1976, 1978/82; Cinque 2004) despite the long dependency established by clitic climbing. This in turn means that children’s grammar is guided by Structural Economy, like adults’ grammar. Children however assumed that restructuring verbs may be lexical less often than adults. Children never produced clitic misplacement errors, replicating previous findings on monolingual acquisition.

People with degenerative cervical myelopathy have impaired reactive balance during walking

BackgroundPeople with degenerative cervical myelopathy are known to have impaired standing balance and walking abilities, but less is known about balance responses during walking. Research questionThe aim of this project was to assess reactive balance impairments during walking in people with degenerative cervical myelopathy (PwDCM). We hypothesized that center of mass motion following perturbations would be larger in PwDCM and gluteus medius electromyographic amplitude responses would be decreased in PwDCM. MethodsReactive balance responses were quantified during unanticipated lateral pulls to the waist while treadmill walking. Walking biomechanics data were collected from 10 PwDCM (F=6) and 10 non-myelopathic controls (F=7) using an 8 camera Vicon System (Vicon MX T-Series). Electromyography was collected from lower limb muscles. Participants walked on an instrumented treadmill and received lateral pulls at random intervals and in randomized direction at 5% and 2.5% body mass. Participants walked at 3 prescribed foot placements to control for effects of the size of base of support. ResultsAs compared with controls, the perturbation-related positional change of the center of mass motion (ΔCOM) was increased in PwDCM (p=0.001) with similar changes in foot placement (p>0.05). Change in gluteus medius electromyography, however, was less in PwDCM than in controls (p<0.001). SignificanceAfter experimentally controlling step width, people with mild-to-moderate degenerative cervical myelopathy at least 3 months following cervical spine surgery have impaired reactive balance during walking likely coupled with reduced gluteus medius electromyographic responses. Rehabilitation programs focusing on reactive balance and power are likely necessary for this population.

P670 Intestinal Motility Changes in Patients Undergoing Removable Stent Treatment for Focal Crohn’s Disease Strictures

Abstract Background Management and assessment of fibrostenotic Crohn’s disease(CD) is a research priority. Deep phenotyping is key for effective therapeutic development. In this study, we explore MRI assessed bowel motility before and after endoscopic stent treatment of focal fibrotic strictures in patients with CD. Methods Patients (n = 12, median age = 51 y) undergoing removable stent treatment were recruited as part of an approved study. Average CD diagnosis was 31y (range 16-57 y). All strictures were fibrotic in nature- three were de novo, while the remaining were anastomotic (ileocolonic). All patients had symptoms attributable to focal stricturing. Each patient had an MR – Enterography (MRE) scan (median 21 weeks) before and after (median 17 weeks) stent dilation. MR – Enterography (MRE) protocol included oral preparation, anatomical and cine ‘motility’ sequences across the abdomen in 20s breath hold (1 image/second). Motility sequences were processed with CE/FDA cleared GIQuant (Motilent, UK) to produce a quantitative map from which, objective data could be generated across the bowel. Stricture assessment was performed by a consultant radiologist. Non parametric statistics were used to investigate the following questions: 1. Was the baseline regional motility (mean, range) at stricture, dilation and morphologically normal bowel different across patients (Kruskal-Wallis)? 2. What were the changes in stricture motility pre and post stent placement (Wilcoxin Rank)? 3. Was stricture motility associated with stricture morphology (Spearman’s Rho)? Results 1. Motility at the stricture (126, range 62 to 139), pre-stenotic terminal ileum (252, range 80 to 478) and the global small bowel (269, range 166 to 339) was varied across the cohort (P &amp;lt; 0.001). 2. All patients had improvement in symptom scores &amp; reporting, without change in stricture motility (P = 0.94). 3. A positive change in stricture motility was associated with reduced length of pre stricture dilatation (R = 0.64, P = 0.02) Conclusion Strictured intestine displayed reduced motility compared with adjacent bowel segments. While reduced, peristalsis was still present although paired analysis suggested no change pre and post stent stricture management. This implies that symptomatic relief was not related to altered peristalsis across the study. Finally, the length of dilation did appear to be associated with dynamic changes in stricture motility. In summary, as noted in stent-treated CD strictures, a dynamic physiological environment exists which can be captured with Cine MRI. These motility assessments, which have been studied as a proxy indicator of active CD, represent the first reported dynamic motility outcomes following stricture intervention.

A 0.05 m Change in Inertial Measurement Unit Placement Alters Time and Frequency Domain Metrics during Running.

Inertial measurement units (IMUs) provide exciting opportunities to collect large volumes of running biomechanics data in the real world. IMU signals may, however, be affected by variation in the initial IMU placement or movement of the IMU during use. To quantify the effect that changing an IMU's location has on running data, a reference IMU was 'correctly' placed on the shank, pelvis, or sacrum of 74 participants. A second IMU was 'misplaced' 0.05 m away, simulating a 'worst-case' misplacement or movement. Participants ran over-ground while data were simultaneously recorded from the reference and misplaced IMUs. Differences were captured as root mean square errors (RMSEs) and differences in the absolute peak magnitudes and timings. RMSEs were ≤1 g and ~1 rad/s for all axes and misplacement conditions while mean differences in the peak magnitude and timing reached up to 2.45 g, 2.48 rad/s, and 9.68 ms (depending on the axis and direction of misplacement). To quantify the downstream effects of these differences, initial and terminal contact times and vertical ground reaction forces were derived from both the reference and misplaced IMU. Mean differences reached up to -10.08 ms for contact times and 95.06 N for forces. Finally, the behavior in the frequency domain revealed high coherence between the reference and misplaced IMUs (particularly at frequencies ≤~10 Hz). All differences tended to be exaggerated when data were analyzed using a wearable coordinate system instead of a segment coordinate system. Overall, these results highlight the potential errors that IMU placement and movement can introduce to running biomechanics data.

Factors Associated With Permanency for Children in Out-Of-Home Placement: A Survival Analysis.

Achieving permanency is a main goal of the child welfare system. To promote timely achievement of permanency, it is important to understand the determinants associated with permanency outcomes. This study aims to examine the length of time children spend in foster care and identify factors associated with achievement of permanency using administrative data from one state spanning a six-year timeframe and including a final sample of 1,874 children. Determinants associated with achievement of permanency were examined through multivariate survival analyses using Cox proportional hazards regression models. The median length of time in days to achieve permanency was: 188 for reunification, 505 for guardianship, and 932 for adoption. Race/ethnicity, age at removal, number of placement changes, number of siblings, having a removal family team decision meeting (FTDM), and placement type were significantly associated with achievement of permanency. Given the findings, this article proposes implications for practice and policy surrounding racial disproportionality, family engagement, kinship care, and placement stability.

Interfacility Transport of Children with Traumatic Pneumothorax: Does Elevation Make a Difference?

IntroductionTraumatic pneumothorax (PTX) remains a source of significant morbidity and mortality in pediatric trauma patients. Management with tube thoracostomy is routinely dictated by symptoms, use of positive pressure ventilation, or plan for air transport. Many patients transferred to our pediatric trauma center (PTC) require transport at considerable elevation. We sought to characterize the effect of transport at elevation in this population to inform management recommendations. MethodsThe trauma registry was queried for pediatric patients transferred to our tertiary referral center with traumatic PTX from 2010 to 2022, yielding 412 charts for analysis. Data abstracted included mechanism of injury, mode of transport, size of pneumothorax, chest tube placement, endotracheal intubation, and estimated elevation change during transport. ResultsThere were 412 patients included for analysis. Most patients had small pneumothoraces that resolved without chest tube placement (388 patients, 94.1%). No patients experienced acute respiratory decompensation in transport. There were four (0.9%) patients with increased PTX on arrival, however, none experienced acute decompensation as a result. Average elevation gain was 2337 feet. There was no association between elevation change and requirement of post-transport chest tube placement. No patients experienced PTX-related complications after discharge. ConclusionsIn this large patient series, no patient experienced a meaningful increase in the size of their traumatic PTX during or immediately following transport at elevation to our institution. These findings suggest it is safe to transfer a pediatric trauma patient with a small, hemodynamically insignificant PTX without tube thoracostomy despite considerable changes in elevation during transport. Levels of evidenceII-III, Retrospective Study.

Flow-based compact microfluidic electrochemical cell with Parafilm® channels

A planar interdigitated microelectrodes-based microfluidic electrochemical cell (P-μFEC) with channels made by Parafilm® sheets was conceptualized with the application as a sensor for detecting heavy metal ions. Herein, we first-timely proposed a new strategy for creating Parafilm® microchannels using a Plotter cutter and Hot bonding self-sealing method for solid Microfluidic devices (PPHM). For the prepared novel P-µFEC by the PPHM protocol, which operated in the laminar regime, its electrochemical performance was well-studied using the well-known electrochemical reporter potassium Ferri/Ferrocyanide (K3/K4[Fe(CN)6]). A reference electrode (RE) layer deposited at the top silica glass substrate was embedded within the device to minimize the ohmic drop (iRcell) between the working electrode (WE) and RE. The experimental and virtualized computational COMSOL results demonstrated: (i) The changes in the RE's placements had negligible influences on the P-µFEC's electrochemical performance. (ii) The laminar flow's influence on the P-µFEC's electrochemical performance was quite prominent, which was due to the changes in the mass transfer process from diffusion (stationary) to diffusion + convection (hydrodynamic). (iii) A direct virtualized demonstration of laminar flow's influences on the mass transfer process from diffusion (stationary) to diffusion + convection (hydrodynamic) was first timely validated by finite element analysis simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics. (iv) Finally, the proposed P-µFEC showed promise as a sensitive electrochemical sensor for different heavy metal ion substrate (model analytes) detection. The IUPAC detection limits for Cu2+, Pb2+, [Fe(CN)6]3- and Hg2+ is ∼318.6±3.55 μg/L, ∼191±5.4 4 μg/L, ∼113.5±9.9 μg/L, and 8.21±0.88 μg/L, respectively. Among them, the detection limit for Cu2+ and Hg2+ meets the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s water contamination level for Cu (1300 μg/L) and is close to the EPA level for Hg (2 μg/L), respectively. These findings demonstrate the potential of using the Parafilm® sheet as the microfluidic channel for a flow-based P-μFEC as a novel analytical tool.