Place In Trade Research Articles

Visions of belonging: family stories, popular culture, and postwar democracy, 1940-1960

Acknowledgments Part 1. Ordinary Families, Popular Culture, and Popular Democracy, 1935-1945 Radio's Formula Drama Popular Theater and Popular Democracy Popular Democracy on Radio Popular Democracy in Wartime: Multiethnic and Multiracial? Representing Soldier The New World of Home Front Soldiers as Veterans: Imagining Postwar World Looking Back Stories Part 2. Making Working-Class Family Tree Grows in Brooklyn From Working-Class Daughter to Working-Class Writer Revising 1930s Radical Visions Remembering a Working-Class Past Instructing Middle Class The Ethnic and Racial Boundaries of Ordinary Making Womanhood Ordinary Hollywood Revises Tree Grows in Brooklyn The Declining Appeal of Tree's Social Terrain Part 3. Home Front Harmony and Remembering Mama Bank Account and Other Ethnic Working-Class Fictions Remembering Mama on Stage The Mother Next Door on Film, 1947-1948 Mama on CBS, 1949-1956 The Appeal of TV Mama's Ordinary Family Stories Part 4. Loving Across Prewar Racial and Sexual Boundaries Lillian Smith and Strange Fruit Quality Reinstates Color Line Strange Fruit as Failed Social Drama The Returning Negro Soldier, Interracial Romance, and Deep Are Roots Interracial Male Homosociability in Home of Brave Part 5. Seeing Through Jewishness Perception and Racial Boundaries in Focus Policing Racial and Gender Boundaries in The Brick Foxhole Recasting Victim in Crossfire Deracializing Jewishness in Gentleman's Agreement Part 6. Hollywood Makes Race (In)Visible A Great Step Forward: The Film Home of Brave Lost Boundaries: Racial Indeterminacy as Whiteness Pinky: Racial Indeterminacy as Blackness Trading Places or No Way Out? Everyman Stories Part 7. Competing Postwar Representations of Universalism The Truly Universal People: Richard Durham's Destination Freedom The Evolution of Arthur Miller's Ordinary Family Miller's Search for the People, 1947-1948 The Creation of an Ordinary American Tragedy: Death of a Salesman The Rising Tide of Anticommunism Part 8. Marital Realism and Everyman Love Stories Marital Realism Before and After Blacklist The Promise of Live Television Drama Paddy Chayefsky's Everyman Ethnicity Conservative and Corporate Constraints on Representing Ordinary Filming Television's Ordinary: Marty's Everyman Romance Part 9. Reracializing Ordinary American Family: Raisin in Sun Lorraine Hansberry's South Side Childhood Leaving Home, Stepping Deliberately Against Beat The Freedom Family and Black Left I Am a Writer: Hansberry in Greenwich Village Raisin in Sun: Hansberry's Conception, Audience Reception Frozen in Frame: The Film of Raisin Visions of Belonging Notes Index

Rural Cooperatives Magazine, May/June 2005

Features- Innovation a necessity, not a choice, for 21st century co-ops; Going with the Grain; Cream of the CROPP; Local-based, alternative marketing strategy could help save more small farms; A Fresh Advantage; Slice of the market; Who you gonna call?; Trading Places; Soybean extruder opens new doors for Dakota co-op

Chypre et Malte : deux États insulaires dans l'Union européenne

The entry of two insular micro-Stales, Cyprus and Malta, into the Furopean Union is a risk for the European institutions stability, and might bring frustrations among the other islands which have been fastened to continental States. Admitledly, the UE strengthens ils place in lhe international sea trade and its influence in the Mediterranean Sea, but the island's weak économies and chiefly the political partition of Cyprus cause worries.

«Шанхай» в центре Иркутска. Экология китайского рынка

The Chinese market appeared at the end of 1990s in Irkutsk entered the consciousness of the urban community as Shanghai. Maybe this word unites the past experience of all the meanings of “Chinese”, “slums”, “crowd”. The market became more than just a usual place for trade. China has entered through this Shanghai market, now this is the place for meeting of two civilizations and cultures. This is the headache for the city authorities and their tough issue to tackle. Irkutsk mass media pays constant non-kind attention to the Shanghai market. This is the object of the criticism of “Chinese expansion” and “yellow danger” for many local policy makers. This paper considers Shanghai market both from inside point of view as social organism and outside point of view with regard to the city’s society.

Romanticism and the Triumph of Life Science: Prospects for Study

TO THE MAJORITY OF LITERARY SCHOLARS, THE FIELDS OF ROMANTIC LIFE science remain, along with their speculative import for future inquiry, subjects at once peripheral, discrete, and arcane. Published work on romantic life science by literary scholars even in recent years has been constrained, understandably, by the need to address the canonical writers and their somewhat familiar scientific associations--to Wordsworth's reading of Erasmus Darwin on the senses and his use of geometric symbols; to Coleridge's evocations of German natural philosophy and his interest in Blumenbach's theory of race; to Blake and prevailing theories of generation; to Byron, Cuvier and the catastrophists' obsession with revolutionary chaos; to the Shelleys, Davy's chemistry, Erasmus Darwin's botany, and vegetarianism; to Mary Shelley, monstrosity and obstetrics; to Keats, brain physiology and radical medicine. (1) Surely romantic life science deserves more, and more ranging, attention from us? And surely there could be many more studies of the literary consequences of this fertile science as we address an expanded canon? This essay, with collegial exhortation, will survey those subjects and avenues in the fields of romantic life science that can be mined, fruitfully, in future literary and cultural studies of the period. It will propose topics that are broadly philosophical as well as those that are specific to a given science; it will note exemplary but neglected work from the 1990s and earlier decades that remains both useful and seminal, along with primary bibliographical sources that can support future work; it will also attempt to shift the focus of inquiry away from the canonical and anglocentric to the pioneering scientific ideas shared by English and European life scientists of the period, and to the unexplored cultural concerns engendered by their speculations and propositions concerning life. The Romantic Conception of Life (2003) by Robert J. Richards, with its wide-ranging and original discussions of the subject, is an ideal place to begin further study. Greg Garrard's 1997 essay, meanwhile, serves as an exemplary piece on the broad and speculative implications for the romantic period of botanical natural history detail. Impossibly titled An Absence of Azaleas: Imperialism, Exoticism and Nativity in Romantic Biogeographical Ideology, Garrard's essay is an ingenious evocation of the social and political implications of the humble but originally exotic rhododendron in Britain. Brought to England from Asia (purportedly) in 1763 as a curious shrub, cultivated at Kew Gardens that soon-to-be synecdoche of among other exotics from British trading places, hybridized and introduced into the British countryside of Cumberland and Snowdonia during the romantic period, the rhododendron is now considered an alien junk weed (in all its nine hundred varieties!) by English Heritage gardeners; it is at once too native to English soil and not British enough in its origins; a harmful consequence of experiments in colonial hybridity, it is something to be rooted out or clensed from the Lake District. (2) Natural historian Carl Linnaeus deserves first blame here for he, first, sought to grow bananas, coffee and other tropical fruits in frigid Sweden, and lusted for coconuts that would sprout in Nordic air--as he declared, should coconuts chance to come into my hands ... it would be as if fried Birds of Paradise flew into my throat when I opened my mouth. In Linnaeus: Nature and Nation (2000) Lisbet Koerner traces how Linnaeus sought to feed Sweden's peasants and advance his nation's natural history and gustatory empire through the agriculture of exotic fruits. Koerner's research is useful in its implications here because British natural historians followed Linnaeus' example in exotic cultivation, and they specifically used his theory of gradual acclimatization in alien environments for their own experiments in adaptation. (3) Linnaean trials of acclimatization were preceded, of course, by the easy transportation of living plants between parallel geographies and conducive climates by the botanists of the Portuguese and Spanish empires. …

Shanghai in transition: changing perspectives and social contours of a Chinese metropolis

Acknowledgements Illustrations Notes on the Text Preface: Ethnography of a City Introduction: Historical Background to Shanghai 1. Opening the Door, Crossing the Stream: Representations and Metaphors of Reform in Contemporary Shanghai 2. Global and Intra-National Cultural Flows: Renegotiating Boundaries and Identities in Contemporary Shanghai 3. The Walls Within: Shanghai Inside Out 4. Consuming Shanghai: Hairy Crabs, Ghosts, and Christmas Trees 5. Share Dealers, Trading Places and New Options in Contemporary Shanghai 6. Concluding Impressions Notes Glossary of Chinese Terms Bibliography Index

Social projection of transient drive states.

The authors hypothesized that people's predictions of how other people feel in emotionally arousing situations are often based on people's predictions of how they themselves would feel in those situations. Indeed, most participants in Study 1 reported predicting hungry hikers' feelings by mentally trading places with them, imagining what their own feelings would be in the hikers' situation. Because people's predictions of their own feelings tend to be biased in the direction of their current drive states, we hypothesized that mentally trading places would lead to social projection of transient drive states. In Study 2, participants' predictions of whether thirst or hunger would be more bothersome to hikers lost without food or water were biased in the direction of participants' own exercise-induced thirst. Furthermore, participants' predictions of how they would feel in the hikers' situation statistically mediated the effect of exercise on their predictions of the hikers' feelings.

'Trading Places': the East India Company and Asia

'Trading Places': the East India Company and Asia

Bridges, bull's‐eyes, and dreams: Can the stories we tell make a difference?

Shortly after my wife and I first met, we were performing the roles of Beauty and the Beast in a children's theatre production. Following the play, we found ourselves in the lobby surrounded by curious children eager to feel the fabric of Beauty's gown and to touch the mask of the beast. A grandmotherly woman whispered to the two of us, know, tonight you will appear in the dreams of children. I feel very lucky to do the work that I do. I was in the coffee line and I was introduced to someone who said, and I love the way he said it, he said, Oh, you are going to be (I thought he would say keynoter) instead he said, our I am so honored and humbled to be your storyteller. It is rare that an organization understands the place of story in your life as a body as this organization does, as this community does. You are a community. I have listened to how you have remembered those who have gone before. How you have dreams of the future (and cookies in Omaha), and how you celebrate excellence in your midst. You are a community. I am honored to be your storyteller at this threshold time for you. I tell stories in lots of places in schools, in theatres, at festivals, in corporate board rooms. In corporate settings, sometimes you get this kind of response, Stories, uhuh, is that something new. I love that, yeah it is brand new, just thought of it. Stories--our first written record of them dates back to 4,000 BC. The sons of Cheops, the builder of the pyramids, were able to record on papyrus that storytellers entertained in the evenings. storytelling new? Naw. But, it seems now it is experiencing a renaissance it's hot. How big is storytelling? Well, let me tell you story. You see, the Pope came to visit Chicago. the Pope is a character in this story. There is no disrespect intended. I believe this, where the roots of faith grow deep, the winds of laughter can do no harm. So the Pope, he's visiting Chicago, and due to a breakdown in a limousine and a snafu in security, the Pope finds himself alone in a towncar with a driver, an astonished driver. Who says, Is there anything I can do your Excellency, anything I can do to make your stay more pleasant. The Pope confesses that there is one thing. Now that he's Pope he hardly ever gets to do some things for himself anymore and one thing he would really like to do, is drive. How do you say no? So they trade places with one another. And the driver is now in the back seat looking over the front seat to point out the controls. And the Pope takes off; he has a lead foot and is weaving through traffic on Lake Shore Drive. Just then an alert motorcycle cop kicks into action and siren blaring follows this car, pulls him over, comes striding up to the driver's side window and he says, OK, there buddy, let me see your uh uh ... be right back. And he runs back to his motorcycle, he radios in. He says got to get me the Chief, I need the Chief Dispatch says, the chief is too busy to talk to you, what do you need? No, I got to talk to him now. You know how the Chief said we weren't to show any leniency, no matter who we pull over. Ah, Murphy, what you got there, you got the Mayor or something? Bigger than the Mayor. I got to talk to the ... Bigger than the Mayor, what you got Michael Jordan or something? Bigger than Michael Jordan. I got to talk to the Chief. you're not talking to the Chief till you tell me who you got there. Okay, I'll tell you, but the truth is I don't even know. I don't even know who I got, I just know that he's big, this guy, he's so big, he's got the Pope as his chauffeur. And as I study the art form, the communication of storytelling, sometimes I feel just like that motorcycle cop looking in the window. I don't fully understand what we have here, but I can tell you it's big. …

Tourette Syndrome: The Anatomy of a Tic

Tourette Syndrome: The Anatomy of a Tic

The Amorphous Nature of Coastal Polities in Insular Southeast Asia: Restricted Centres, Extended Peripheries

This article surveys epigraphy, Malay literary texts, and the archaeological data to better understand the socio-spatial structuration process of western Southeast Asia’s ancient political systems, more specifically, Sriwijaya (7th-13th cent.) and its successor, the Melaka Sultanate (15th-17th cent.). Representations of their polities, as offered by the Malays themselves in a variety of literary genres, all allude to the centre and peripheries of their city-states, as well as to the movements of their fleets, construed as metaphors of the whole social group, which provide a graphic illustration of the centripetal forces that structure them both politically and economically. The central places of these harbour-based city-states are entities loaded with symbolic values, with no marked or spatially extended territorial base. The peripheral space of such political systems, however, forms a social space extending, in concentric circles, much farther than the limits of insular Southeast Asia. These vast peripheries comprise places of exchange and international trade—each of which often commands its own periphery—and also religious places. This model once more confirms the intimate relationship between political power, trade relations, and religion in Southeast Asia.

The need for regulation of gas storage: the case of France

In Europe, the deregulation process of natural gas markets is based upon the liberalization of services to consumers on the one hand, and the third party access (TPA) to the network infrastructures on the other hand. Regulators have focused on defining non-discriminatory rules for the access to pipelines. But, in importing countries like France, shippers face a rationing in transportation capacity: they need storage facilities in order to cover the gap existing between the instantaneous demand and their reserved capacity on the grid. Moreover, with deregulation, new spot markets will arise, on which operators need storage capacities in order to trade gas and create financial tools despite the bottlenecks existing on the network. In this paper, we study the need for storage of suppliers on deregulated gas markets. We show that, in France and importing countries, as storage is a scarce resource, the TPA must be completed by a regulation on reservoirs in order to introduce effective competition on the gas scene and to create efficient trading places.

How cities work: suburbs, sprawl, and the roads not taken

Introduction: The Sex of Cities Chapter 1: A Tale of Two Towns: Kissimmee versus Celebration and the New Urbanism Chapter 2: The End of Place Chapter 3: The Deconstructed City: The Silicon Valley Chapter 4: Trading Places: The City and the Suburb Chapter 5: Jackson Heights: An Anachronism Finds Its Way Chapter 6: The Master Hand: The Role of Government in Building Cities Chapter 7: Portland and Oregon: Taming the Forces That Create the Modern Metropolitan Area Chapter 8: No Place Called Home: Community at the Millennium Chapter 9: Conclusion. Getting There: Building Healthy Cities Acknowledgments Notes Selected References Index

Changes in Foreign Trade from the Customs Ports of Northeast Scotland, 1743-1826

For much of the historical period, seaborne trade was of great significance to the northeast of Scotland and this paper considers the changes which took place in the foreign trade conducted through the region's ports in the period 1743-1826. It was a time when economic expansion was taking place as a result of new developments in agriculture and industry and if, in the early years, there was a close similarity to the economy and contacts already established in the 17th century, by the end of the period under study the goods traded and the people involved bore a greater resemblance to the region as it was known in the later 19th and early 20th centuries. The northeast was, traditionally, made up of the old counties of Aberdeenshire , Banffshire and Kincardineshire and, as was the case elsewhere in the country until investment was made in the toll road system, land transport facilities were both limited and expensive. In contrast, the movement of goods by sea was a relatively simple matter especially as the region had an extensive seaboard and many towns and villages had grown up at locations where shelter was available along an otherwise less than hospitable coastline. Archaeological evidence and early historical records indicate that trading contacts had long existed with other parts of Scotland, eastern England and northern Europe. By the 17th century these links had intensified, with eastern Scotland (especially the Firth of Forth), Norway, the Low Countries and the Baltic States being of particular importance. From the late 17th century onwards the construction of improved harbour facilities within the northeast became increasingly important in order to cater for the growing maritime trade of the region. During the 18th and 19th centuries the area's economy developed rapidly and although the merchants and shipowners of Aberdeen played a critical part in this growth, many of the small coastal burghs also had cargoes arriving from, or being dispatched to ports at home and abroad. Unfortunately few harbour registers appear to exist (with the exception of Aberdeen) relating to ship movements at individual harbours. As a result it difficult to assess the relative importance of individual ports within the region or to obtain accurate details of the cargoes imported and exported. Until later in the 19th century government statistics in Scotland did not record coastal shipments or vessels sailing in ballast and hence it is difficult to obtain any indication of the relative importance of coastal traffic unless relevant statistics were recorded by local writers. This lack of information is doubly unfortunate as it covers a period of time when it is known that coastal trade increased rapidly. Fortunately, customs records relating to foreign trade do exist and from them it is possible to gain considerable insight into the changes which took place as the country experienced rapid economic development in the 18th and early 19th centuries.

BOOK REVIEW: Lemuel A. Johnson.SHAKESPEARE IN AFRICA (AND OTHER VENUES): IMPORT AND THE APPROPRIATION OF CULTURE, Trenton: Africa World, 1998.

A must for specialists, this monumental study is invaluable for cross-disciplinary generalists as well. As Lemuel Johnson forewarns the reader, his concern is not exclusively "postcolonial studies" or "Renaissance revisionism" (1). On the one hand, Shakespeare in Africa demonstrates how the process of cultural import and appropriation unfolds in literary texts; on the other, it is the author's claim for his place in history, an exploration of his own hybridity. Simply put, Johnson's contention is that in confronting Shakespeare, the colonial and the non/postcolonial trade places in a sort of defensive action, "under the threat of an erasure of identity" and "on a gradient of dissimilarity along which we are forever falling away or else toward each other" (28; emphasis in original). Such careful phrases suggest how much personal investment hides behind representation. Thus, Shakespeare's works might seem a "natural choice." His works survived [End Page 138] because they shaped imperial curricula when British language followed the flag.

The Master Thief: A Poem in Twelve Parts

Camille Guthrie. The Master Thief: A Poem in Twelve Parts. Honolulu: Subpress, 2000. Chapter 22 of Exodus describes laws and ordinances against thievery. In verse 8, Yahweh proclaims that if a thief who has given stolen goods their original owner is not found, the master of the house shall be brought unto the judges, see whether he hath put his hand unto his neighbor's goods. If found guilty, the thief/master would then have pay the neighbor back double the worth of the stolen property. Camille Guthrie, arguably, pays back double what she has stolen in this fine book, but she also shows what's been nearly stolen from her as a girl turning into a woman: the ability tell her own story, without the aid of received narratives and types. According Jewish mythology, the bone of a yid'oa' (beast or bird) in the mouth of a human yidde'oni, speaks of itself. In The Master Thief: A Poem in Twelve Parts, the bone and the mouth often trade places: the poet puts poems in her own mouth, where they speak of themselves-this book is filled with unattributed and unaltered quotes-and the poems put the poet in their mouths, out of which fragments of personae and lexicons: ...Out of it, she carved a mouthpiece-the bone began of itself sing: Now I will show myself you in my true form (61). We crib stories all the time, and put many bones in our mouth, but often at the expense of telling something true about ourselves. The poet here attempts glean a truth out of this conflict. Each section in this book of twelve long poems takes on a signature form: fragmentary dialogues, mock idylls, near-pantoums. The sections are prefaced by 18 Ih-century chapter headings, which in and of themselves are poems of a high order: So she said Yes and put her hand in his hand-Snippety-snap-Fast & Loose vital currents began circulate-The particulars of the inheritance-A number of wild useful plants-How dare you sneak into my garden like a thief? I'll make you pay dearly for this--Oh, that I had a letter!-A further account of the mistake-Which way? Which way? (15) Each section and preface are mini- bildungsromans at once utilizing and commenting in (rather than on) this genre. Recall Melville's chapter on FastFish and in Moby-Dick. A Fast-Fish, whether connected a boat or displaying a waif (a token of prior possession) belongs the party fast it. But a Loose-Fish is fair game for anybody who can soonest catch it. And what, asks Melville, to the ostentatious smuggling verbalists are the thoughts of thinkers but Loose-Fish? This, for Guthrie, is the masterthief's point of departure. Isn't the human self loose, finding in literature ways fast itself? And isn't literature itself loose, waiting be fixed a human self? By highlighting the psychic-borrowings the self engages in, Guthrie builds a poem of experience, rather than reflection; a poem written as part of the attempt have a life, rather than a poem written out of a life. From whence do you come & whither are you bound asks one poem in a tone that's difficult put one's finger on: is this ironical? romantic? coy? This very confusion adds moments of grace a book that could have been infused with the merely sarcastic and droll use of various literary dictions. …

Shakespeare in Africa (and Other Venues): Import and the Appropriation of Culture (review)

A must for specialists, this monumental study is invaluable for cross-disciplinary generalists as well. As Lemuel Johnson forewarns the reader, his concern is not exclusively "postcolonial studies" or "Renaissance revisionism" (1). On the one hand, Shakespeare in Africa demonstrates how the process of cultural import and appropriation unfolds in literary texts; on the other, it is the author's claim for his place in history, an exploration of his own hybridity. Simply put, Johnson's contention is that in confronting Shakespeare, the colonial and the non/postcolonial trade places in a sort of defensive action, "under the threat of an erasure of identity" and "on a gradient of dissimilarity along which we are forever falling away or else toward each other" (28; emphasis in original). Such careful phrases suggest how much personal investment hides behind representation. Thus, Shakespeare's works might seem a "natural choice." His works survived [End Page 138] because they shaped imperial curricula when British language followed the flag.

Commerce de détail, loisirs et tourisme : vers un renforcement des liens ?

The aim of this article is to analyze the recent evolution of the links between the retail trade and the activities of leisures and tourism. For this purpose, work was organized in three times : initially, studying of the effects induced on the retail trade by tourism and the leisures ; then, analyzing of two new forms of trade (shopping centres and factory outlets malls) which seem today to induce displacements of leisure and tourism to the same title sometimes as some city centers ; then searching for an explanation. For us, the emergence of the places of trade as " entertaining resources " results from increasingly strong convergence on certain places of new waitings of the consumers and the characteristics of the offer suggested by the promoters.

Powers, Problems, and Paradoxes of Twinship in Niger

Among Hausaphone Mawri communities of Niger, twins are powerful yet dangerous beings endowed from birth with extraordinary abilities. While they are welcomed by parents who interpret multiple births as lucky, twins are feared because they kill offenders and perceive things which normal people cannot see. Twins are also fiercely jealous of each other. Defusing this rivalry entails treating both children identically, lest they hurt each other. This essay explores how the Mawri deal with the paradox of double births through practices that emphasize the magical powers of twins or, conversely, stress their vulnerability. It also discusses how, with the emergence of reformist Islam, the meanings and implications of twin births are being reassessed through debates over morality. (Twinship, West Africa, Islam, reformist movements) Soon after my arrival in the Hausa-speaking town of Dogondoutchi in Arewa (southern Niger) to conduct fieldwork, my neighbor Houre took me to the house of Salamatou and Abarshi, who were celebrating the birth of their twin girls. Outside the walled family compound, the men who early that morning had come to share the joy of the new father and to receive kola nuts were now gone. The two rams slaughtered in celebration of the twins' birth had already been cut up and their meat apportioned between different family members and patrons. The courtyard's messiness betrayed the unusual degree of activity that had taken place in the last few days. In one corner, two women were engaged in the careful division of cooked millet balls into communal portions that, with sauce, would be later served to guests. Upon entering the room where the new mother sat surrounded by the female friends and neighbors who had come to attend the naming ceremony, Houre and I deposited our monetary contributions into the mother's hands before sitting on a mat next to the barber who would soon shave the infants' hair. In a corner, a young schoolgirl was busily tallying the gifts of money in a rumpled notebook, the Carnet de Sante (immunization record) of Salamatou's first-born (a girl who had died in infancy), that would help the young mother keep track of each visitor's contribution.(1) Meanwhile, we were each handed a small plastic bag filled with fried cakes covered with powdered sugar, the usual counter-gift whose lengthy preparation had absorbed the neighbors and co-wives of the parturient for most of the morning. As is customary for a biki (birth celebration), the walls of the crowded and stuffy room were decorated with the colorful handwoven blankets Salamatou had received as wedding gifts. A couple of griots (praise singers) standing in the doorway were singing the praises of the newly named babies, Hassana and Housse, each of whom lay in a pair of arms, unaware of the turmoil generated by their recent arrival. One of the babies is so much bigger than her sister, I remarked to the woman sitting next to me. Shhh! she exclaimed before I had a chance to finish. You must never say this! Let's hope they haven't heard you. Puzzled, I asked her why I should hope that the babies had not heard what I assumed to be an inoffensive comment. If she feels jealous, she will try to kill her twin, the woman answered softly before she was asked to trade places with the midwife, who, following conventions, would hold one of the babies while her pagan hair was shaved away. I soon became too immersed in the aski (shaving) performance to pursue inquiring about twinship, but later found ample confirmation that in Mawri society twins are powerful beings endowed from birth with special capacities that make them at once, more than and less than human (Turner 1969:47). These special capacities, the practices that have traditionally surrounded the treatment of twins, and the emergence of a new moral framework for dealing with the problem of twinship are discussed here. This article explores how the experience and interpretation of twinship have recently become the focus of local debates over the meaning of Islamic identity, marriage, and morality. …

Tackling E-commerce Security Issues Head On

An ever-increasing emphasis is placed on E-commerce — it is the new trading place and most businesses are keen to jump aboard. As a result of the rush, the security challenges that security managers face are diverse and increasing in number. With big names hitting the headlines, the use of the Internet as a viable trading mechanism has been questioned by industry commentators and, more importantly, by consumers. These concerns led the UK’s National Consumer Council (NCC) to research consumers’ fears about E-commerce. They drew the worrying conclusion that online security is hindering Internet expansion. How then can these worries about E-commerce security be assuaged?