Open Places Research Articles

Shadow fading analysis over asymmetric beam channel at 2.1 GHz in outdoor scenarios

AbstractIn this letter, we investigate the radio propagation characteristics in an open outdoor place through a frequency‐domain channel measurement campaign at a frequency band of 2.1 GHz via asymmetric beam patterns. Specifically, we focus on the large‐scale fading characteristics and analyze the transceivers' separation‐dependent and boresight direction‐dependent received power, shadow fading (SF), and SF auto‐correlation properties under the case of perfect beam alignment. Furthermore, the effects of asymmetric beamwidths are also thorough investigated. The measured results reveal that transceivers' beams can reduce the shadow fading variances evidently in contrast to the omnidirectional antennas' case. Besides, it is found that the pattern where mobile receiver (Rx) uses narrow beams and static transmitter (Tx) adopts the omnidirectional antenna yields a high SF auto‐correlation value compared to the other beam patterns. The conclusions help to understand the impacts of variable beamwidths on radio propagation.

The Combined Effects of the Thermal Environment and Air Quality at Recreation Places on the Physiology and Psychology of People in Urban Parks

Urban forests, crucial to urban ecosystems, are increasingly threatened by the challenges of urbanization, such as deteriorating thermal environments and declining air quality. Despite their recognized benefits to city dwellers’ quality of life, a systematic understanding of the impact of these environmental factors on public psychophysiological well-being in recreational sites is a notable gap in the literature. The objective of this research was to bridge this gap by examining the effects of the thermal environment and air quality in urban forests on the public’s perception, offering scientific evidence to inform environmental optimization and health management strategies for urban parks, essential for sustainable urban development and public health. Three urban parks in Fuzhou, Fujian Province, namely Fuzhou National Forest Park, Xihu Park, and Jinniushan Sports Park, were selected as research sites. Environmental monitoring and questionnaire surveys were conducted at 24 recreation places from October to December 2020, collecting temperature, humidity, and wind speed; the atmospheric composition includes PM2.5, PM10, negative oxygen ion, and psychophysiological data from the public. Multivariate statistical methods were employed to assess the environmental characteristics of different recreation places types and their impact on public health. The findings reveal that environmental factors explained 1.9% to 11.8% of the variation in physiological and psychological responses, mainly influenced by temperature, wind speed, and negative oxygen ions. Forests and waterfront recreation places significantly outperform canopy and open recreation places in promoting mental invigoration, stress relief, emotional tranquility, and attention restoration. Environmental monitoring results indicate that favorable meteorological conditions and good air quality are crucial for enhancing the service functions of recreation places. Notably, the positive correlation between a negative air ion concentration and psychological well-being provides a novel perspective on understanding the health benefits of urban forests. The thermal environment and air quality of urban recreation places exert a significant influence on the psychophysiological status of the public. Increasing green coverage, improving water body environments, and rationally planning recreation places layout are of great theoretical and practical significance for enhancing the environmental quality and service functions of urban forests.

Small Open Space

People can participate in the public realm by using public open spaces. In contrast to the setting of home or job, it is a place where people can physically join the larger community. The absence of neighbour interactions and the isolation of people as a result of a lack of well-maintained public open spaces have been characteristics of a new emerging town. Many public open places around the world have been underappreciated and severely neglected. A well-planned public open space would entice residents to leave their homes and participate in a variety of activities. When it comes to use and occupancy, this can raise the quality of the area. By evaluating the architectural and urban elements of the public open spaces, this research intends to discover and analyse dysfunctional public open spaces and weak linkages in those areas, and come up with solutions to improve these spaces and stimulate public life.

Iodized salt utilization and associated factors in the South Ethiopia Region: A community based cross-sectional study

BackgroundIodine is one of the essential micronutrient components for healthy human life. However, it is deficient in household salt in most developing countries, like Ethiopia. This survey assessed the prevalence and risk factors associated with the adequacy of iodized salt utilization at the household level in Sawla town, southern Ethiopia. MethodsA community-based, cross-sectional study design was used. A multistage sampling technique was employed. Data were collected using a pre-tested and structured questionnaire through a face-to-face interview technique. Descriptive statistics was used to describe variables in tables and figures. A multivariable logistic regression model was applied to determine the final statistical associations between dependent and independent variables at a p-value of <0.05. ResultA total of 551 households participated in the survey, with a response rate of 97 %. A total of 243 (44.1 %) households were using adequately iodized household salt. There were reduced odds of utilizing adequately iodized salt when the main food handlers were in the age group 25–29 years, AOR (95%CI), 0.45 (0.22, 0.93), 35–39 years, AOR (95%CI), 0.37 (0.18, 0.77), ≥40 years, AOR (95%CI), 0.29 (0.14, 0.59), and among households who were using packed salts, AOR (95%CI), 0.33 (0.21, 0.52). Households who had a tradition of properly handling household salt to maintain its iodine content were more likely to use adequately iodized salt than its counter parts, AOR (95%CI), 1.9 (1.3, 2.78) and households who purchased salt from a retailer shop, AOR (95%CI), 2.82 (1.87, 4.24), were more likely to use adequately iodized salt than purchasing from an open market place. ConclusionsIn this study, adequately iodized household salt utilization was similar to regional levels across Ethiopia. The household’s salt handlers need to be empowered to have a tradition of proper salt handling, storage, and use practices.

Value for money of reusable versus disposable ophthalmic instruments for intravitreal injections

aim: The aim of this study was to follow the instruments’ pathways and cost each segment to calculate whether reusable or disposable ophthalmic instruments offer better value for money for intravitreal injections. methods: The cycles and costs of reusable and single-use disposable instruments used for intravitreal injections were mapped out, including purchase costs, transport to and from the place of use, opening and disposal, sterilisation, replacement, salary costs of staff involved, etc. results: The cost of using reusable instruments for intravitreal injections (NZ$29.00) was lower than the cost of using disposable instruments ($30.51) by $1.51 per patient. conclusions: Intravitreal injections performed with reusable instruments offer better value for money than when performed with disposable instruments. This equates to a beneficial financial saving just for this one low-complexity case. Such savings can multiply significantly when considering the instruments used in a wider variety of ophthalmic procedures. There are of course trade-offs between safety, quality, cost and sustainability.

Identification of municipal solid waste disposal sites for sustainable solid waste management in Cooch Behar Municipality, West Bengal: A RS-GIS based MCDA approach

The proper disposal of solid waste represents one of the most intricate environmental challenges encountered by the municipalities of West Bengal. The municipality of Cooch Behar, a rapidly developing part of the Koch Bihar district of West Bengal, was selected as a case study. A health and environmental threat is created by the disposal of solid waste from the municipality area in an open place in Guriahati G.P., 6 km from the town and near the Torsa River. This study aimsto identify the most suitable areas for the disposal and dumping of municipal solid waste. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process, the weights of the seventeen causative factors were allocated based on their relevance to identify the appropriate locations. The present study also introduces an innovative methodology employing GIS-based sensitivity analyses to enhance the optimisation of factors influencing suitable solid waste disposal site selection. Three possible waste disposal sites have been identified based on low land costs, the availability of barren land and the distance to settlements and sensitive places. The area under the ROC curve reveals that the AUC value is 0.895, which indicates that the level of accuracy of the model is 89.50 %. With a weight of 0.184, land value was found to be the most important criterion in the model, followed by distance to settlement (0.135) and distance to road (0.123). By carefully choosing suitable locations, this research could assist urban planners in developing a waste management system that is resilient and environmentally sustainable.

Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Processing as Enbal to Support Food Security in Wab Village, Hoat Sorbay Subdistrict, Southeast Maluku Regency

This study aims to explore the process of processing cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) into enbal and its contribution to food security among the community in Wab Village, Hoat Sorbay District, Southeast Maluku Regency. The method used is qualitative, with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, documentation, and questionnaires. The results of the study indicate that the cassava processing process involves several stages, from cleaning, rinsing, grating, pressing, to air-drying. Farmers use simple tools and traditional methods passed down through generations. The processed cassava is stored in open places such as trays and sieves (Sivat) and is immediately processed to prevent spoilage and mold. The quick and efficient production of enbal helps maintain the quality and taste of the final product. The study also found that the abundance of cassava in farmers' fields ensures a stable supply of food reserves, reduces dependence on external food sources, and supports the economic stability of farmers' families. In conclusion, the cassava processing method into enbal applied by farmers in Wab Village not only supports local food security but also strengthens the local economy through optimal and sustainable utilization of local resources.

Developing Ideological Intelligence in Schools: Appreciation and Practice of Pancasila Values through Extracurricular Activities

The article's purpose is to describe the idea of ​​actualizing Pancasila values ​​through extracurricular activities to build students' ideological intelligence in school. Data was collected through literature studies using theories relevant to the research theme. In Indonesia, shared values ​​are expressed in Pancasila, which can unite society amidst differences in culture, race, language, religion and political beliefs. Pancasila, as a state ideology, provides orientation, insight, and normative guidelines in all areas of life. Ideological intelligence is needed to appreciate, internalize and apply Pancasila values ​​in life. Ideological intelligence through education is realized in Pancasila, and citizenship education (PPKn) is realized in schools. The revitalization of PPKn as ideological education can be realized in extracurricular activities under the coordination of PPKn teachers, with the advantages of: 1) It provides an ideological learning experience that is fun and easy to digest for students. 2) I am avoiding elements of indoctrination in learning. 3) The entire school community is involved in an open place because ideological intelligence cannot be developed through rhetoric and symbols.

The Essential Oil Composition of Eryngium galioides Lam.—An Endemic Species of the Iberian Peninsula

The Eryngium L. genus belongs to the Apiaceae family and, with about 250 species, has a cosmopolitan distribution. Only fourteen of the twenty-six species described in Flora Europaea grow in the Iberian Peninsula. One of these is Eryngium galioides Lam., a small annual plant (2–30 cm) that grows in open dry places in the mid-west of the Iberian Peninsula. For this study, the whole plant (aerial parts and roots) of this species was gathered in Guadalajara (Spain). The essential oil of this population was extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It is worth noting that this species gave rise to a relatively high essential oil yield (0.48%) in comparison with other species of this genus. E. galioides oil consisted of a complex mixture of more than 70 compounds. The main constituents of this oil were identified as valencene (49.7%) and a phyllocladene isomer (23.7%), both representing more than the 70% of the total oil. Other representative compounds of this oil were found to be β-chamigrene (6.0%), γ-muurolene (3.4%), (E)-caryophyllene (3.0%) and β-elemene (1.6%). As far as we know, this is the first report about the chemical composition of E. galioides essential oils. With this work, we contribute to the knowledge of this genus and provide a chemical and botanical basis to promote the in vitro cultivation of E. galioides as a source of essential oils rich in bio-actives for application in different fields.

The antipsychotic agent sulpiride microinjected into the ventral pallidum restores positive symptom-like habituation disturbance in MAM-E17 schizophrenia model rats

Dysfunction of subcortical D2-like dopamine receptors (D2Rs) can lead to positive symptoms of schizophrenia, and their analog, the increased locomotor activity in schizophrenia model MAM-E17 rats. The ventral pallidum (VP) is a limbic structure containing D2Rs. The D2R antagonist sulpiride is a widespread antipsychotic drug, which can alleviate positive symptoms in human patients. However, it is still not known how sulpiride can influence positive symptoms via VP D2Rs. We hypothesize that the microinjection of sulpiride into the VP can normalize hyperactivity in MAM-E17 rats. In addition, recently, we showed that the microinjection of sulpirid into the VP induces place preference in neurotypical rats. Thus, we aimed to test whether intra-VP sulpiride can also have a rewarding effect in MAM-E17 rats. Therefore, open field-based conditioned place preference (CPP) test was applied in neurotypical (SAL-E17) and MAM-E17 schizophrenia model rats to test locomotor activity and the potential locomotor-reducing and rewarding effects of sulpiride. Sulpiride was microinjected bilaterally in three different doses into the VP, and the controls received only vehicle. The results of the present study demonstrated that the increased locomotor activity of the MAM-E17 rats was caused by habituation disturbance. Accordingly, larger doses of sulpiride in the VP reduce the positive symptom-analog habituation disturbance of the MAM-E17 animals. Furthermore, we showed that the largest dose of sulpiride administered into the VP induced CPP in the SAL-E17 animals but not in the MAM-E17 animals. These findings revealed that VP D2Rs play an important role in the formation of positive symptom-like habituation disturbances in MAM-E17 rats.

Experiences of Sexuality Education Educators in Secondary Schools of Mbarara Municipality, Uganda

While schools in Uganda have sexuality education implementation programs in place, adolescents enrolled in school continue to have considerable concerns about sexuality. This indicates that there is still a gap in the teaching of sexuality education. Understanding, that the pursuit of excellent educational outcomes cannot understate the significance of educators. The objectives of the study were to understand how teachers have influenced the implementation of sexuality education in schools and to understand their influence. We explored their sexuality education teaching experiences. For this study, we purposively sampled 12 teachers from six secondary schools in Mbarara Municipality. These were classroom teachers teaching Biology, Christian Religious education, and Literature, subjects in which topics about sexuality are included. Others were male and female senior teachers in charge of guidance and counselling; and teacher patrons to sexuality learning-related activities outside the classroom. Data was transcribed and analyzed through thematic coding of opinions, feelings, and practices of teachers. Results indicated that the majority of teachers experience discomfort when teaching this subject. To most teachers, this discomfort was attributed to 1. Lack of proper training. 2. Others had strong cultural values and beliefs that made them uncomfortable teaching about sexuality in open places like the classroom. 3. Another minority, were not consulted before being appointed into counselling positions, therefore did not feel obliged to take on the assignment. 5. Lack of instruction materials. 6. Findings also revealed that students are not comfortable learning from their teachers, whom they consider as “second parents” and hence they join and learn more from peers and other adults. 7. While all students, learn about sexuality, only a few teachers are assigned this duty, this has created a teaching burden due to the low teacher-student ratio especially for duties like guidance and counselling and patronising of sexuality education programs. Thus, we deduced that SE was being jeopardised by teachers' inefficacy, attitude, and low teacher-student ratio, and interaction of informal peer educators. We concluded that sexuality education educators, are most effective when they are equipped with skills, their consent to participate is sought, the education does not interfere with their values and when they do not carry an overload of assignments. From the findings, it was also evident that teachers are not the best choice schools should use to guide and counsel students about sexuality. Peers and medical personnel are preferred to teachers. Hence, when the identified gaps are attended to sexuality education will be more efficient to protect and keep skills with adolescents undergoing this education. To improve teacher performance, we recommend that schools assist their teachers in pursuing SE training, seek teachers consent before appointing them into SE educating or counselling positions, support them and offer teaching materials. The low teacher-to-student ratio be resolved by assigning more teacher educators SE roles. Our findings indicate that students feel more at ease studying with their peers than with teachers; hence, we recommended increasing the amount of supervised peer-to-peer SE learning in schools. We also discovered that students value media education, thus we recommend that schools offer more adult-guided media literacy instruction.

Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii in goats (Capra hircus) in the state of Espírito Santo, Southeast Brazil

Toxoplasma gondii is described as a potential cause of abortion in goats and as a threat to public health. To estimate the prevalence of goats infected by T. gondii, in different cities in the Espírito Santo State, and to identify possible risk factors for infection a serological study was conducted. A total of 146 goat serum samples from the cities of Cariacica, Serra and Vila Velha were analyzed. The presence of IgG Class Immunoglobulins was serologically evaluated by Immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii was 46.6% (68/146) in both techniques and the same samples got the same results in both techniques. Among the analyzed sera, 70.6% (48/68) exhibited high-avidity IgG antibodies, and 29.4% (20/68) exhibited low-avidity IgG antibodies, suggesting that the infection was chronic in the infected animals. Female sex, age group over two years old, water from the public supply system, storage of food and supplies in an open and unprotected place, and the presence of a domestic cat on the property were identified as risk factors for T. gondii infection in goats. The state of Espirito Santo has a high frequency of infected goats, and this is the first research on caprine toxoplasmosis seroepidemiology in that region.

Behavioral and pharmacological characterization of planarian nociception.

Pain mostly arises because specialized cells called nociceptors detect harmful or potentially harmful stimuli. In lower animals with less convoluted nervous system, these responses are believed to be purely nociceptive. Amongst invertebrate animal models, planarians are becoming popular in a wide range of pharmacological and behavioral studies beyond the field of regeneration. Recent publications led the way on pain studies by focusing on nociceptive behaviors such as the 'scrunching' gait displayed under various noxious stimuli, as opposed to the 'gliding' gait planarians usually adopt in normal conditions. In this study, we adapted commonly used nociceptive tests to further explore nociception in planarians of the species Girardia dorotocephala. By using behavioral analysis in open fields and place preferences, we managed to set up chemical, thermal and mechanical nociceptive tests. We also adapted RNA interference protocols and explored the effects of knocking down TRPA1 ion channels, one of the main effectors of chemically and thermally-induced nociceptive responses in vertebrates. Consequently, we demonstrated the reliability of the scrunching gait in this planarian species, which they displayed in a dose-dependent manner when exposed to the irritant AITC. We also showed that suppressing the expression of TRPA1 ion channels completely suppressed the scrunching gait, demonstrating the involvement of TRPA1 nociceptors in this nociceptive reaction. Besides, we also explored the effects of two common analgesics that both displayed strong antinociceptive properties. First, morphine reduced the chemically-induced nociceptive scrunching gaits by more than 20% and shifted the of the dose-response curve by approximately 10 μM. Secondly, the NSAID meloxicam drastically reduced chemically-induced scrunching by up to 60% and reduced heat avoidance in place preference tests. Thus, we managed to characterize both behavioral and pharmacological aspects of G. dorotocephala's nociception, further developing the use of planarians as a replacement model in pain studies and more globally the study of invertebrate nociception.

Study of the Constituent Elements of the Pickpocketing Crime

Pickpocketing is a relatively common type of crime in Chinese judicial practice. The two basic characteristics of pickpocketing are that the crime should take place in a public place and the object of pickpocketing should be the property carried by others. Although the judicial interpretation has established the characteristics of pickpocketing, the debate on it has not subsided, specifically with the dispute on the definition of “public places” and “carrying”. Public places are categorized into completely open public places and relatively open public places. So the nature of public places in specific cases should be analyzed. The scope of the property being carried not just includes the property on the body of an individual, but also includes the property being placed within a safe distance from the individual in the surrounding area.

A Study of Deaths Due to Hanging: A Retrospective Study a Research Paper

Hanging is one of the most common methods of committing suicide all around the world. This is retrospectivestudy conducted between June 2014 to December 2016, which included 50 cases of Hanging which were autopsiedin Mortuary of Government Medical College associated Hospital, Ambikapur, Sarguja, Chhattisgarh during thisperiod. Out of 50 cases of Hanging, 26 (52%) cases were males and 24 (48%) cases were females. Maximum numberof victims 16 (32%) were in the age group of 21-30 years. Maximum 48 (96%) cases occurred in closed place andleast number of cases occurred in open place 02 (4%). Cyanosis was seen in 46 (92%) of cases and face congestionseen in 24 (48%) cases. Ligature mark present above the level of thyroid cartilage in maximum number of cases48 (96%). Fracture of hyoid bone present in 1 (2%) case. Aim of the study was to find out incidence, trends andpatterns of hanging in Chhattisgarh.

The Influence of Arctic Conditions on the Formation of Algae and Cyanobacteria Diversity and on the Water Quality of Freshwater Habitats on Kotelny Island, Lena Delta Wildlife Reserve, Yakutia

The significant interest in the islands in the Russian Arctic has been in terms of available oil reserves, which determine the direction of economic development and associated environmental risks for this sector of the Arctic in the near future. Kotelny Island is the largest island of the New Siberian Islands Archipelago included in the protected zone of the Lena Delta Nature Reserve, which is located at 76° N, washed from the west by the Laptev Sea, washed from the east by the East Siberian Sea in a permafrost zone, and characterized by harsh climatic conditions defined by the northeast winds that prevail in vegetative season. January sees temperatures ranging from −32 to −35 °C, and July from +6 to +8 °C, which causes a short growing season. Samples were taken between August 3 and 8, 2018 in 12 freshwater bodies where 210 taxa were revealed. Aquatic communities were dominated by zygnematophycean and diatom algae, grouped in the basins of two rivers and associated with the position on the island’s landscape, which suggests the influence of cold north-east winds, leading to the avoidance of habitats in open and high places, which was revealed by statistical methods and also confirms the high individuality of taxa composition. Bioindication methods showed that water bodies are slightly alkaline, with low ion concentrations, with the presence of sulfides in low-lying habitats, and average saturation with organic matter. The mesotrophic status of the studied water bodies was evaluated through an assessment and the type of nutrition in the communities of algae and cyanobacteria indicates they formed there as true autotrophs, which corresponds to the status of a protected area and can serve as a reference level for monitoring anthropogenic impact.

Solid waste management practices and challenges in Besisahar municipality, Nepal.

This study is a comprehensive assessment of the waste management system in Besisahar municipality. Information and some data have been collected from the municipality of Besisahar, followed by interviews with municipal officials responsible for waste management, stakeholders, waste workers, and residents. A total of 230 households, 20 schools, 10 government and private offices, 10 financial institutions, 60 commercial hotels, restaurants, and shops, and 20 medical shops and healthcare institutions, were selected in this study by random sampling. An extensive field study was conducted within all municipal wards and at dump sites. The results indicated that 42.14% of solid waste was collected through door-to-door collection services, 5.87% was mismanaged in open public places, 11.21% was used as compost manure, and the rest was discarded on riverbanks, dug up, and burned. A large component of the characterization of household waste consisted of organic waste (68.03%), followed by paper/paper products (8.13%), agricultural waste (5.5%), plastic (5.21%), construction (3.81%), textile (2.72%), metals (0.54%), glass (1.01%), rubber (0.10%), electronic (0.05%), pharmaceutical (0.1%) and others (4.78%) in the Besishahar municipality. Solid waste generation was found to be at 197.604 g/capita/day, as revealed by cluster sampling in 230 households. Around 4.285 tons-solid waste/day were generated in urban areas, while 16.13 tons-solid waste/day was estimated for the whole municipality. An important correlation between the parameters of solid waste was found by statistical analysis. Currently, solid waste is dumped on riverbanks, open fields, and springs, creating environmental and health hazards. The findings of this study will be useful to Besisahar municipality and its stakeholders in forming policies that facilitate waste management practices in this region and promote sustainable waste management systems.

Training in open access for doctoral students: results of a survey of current and recent students and supervisors

Introduction. This study aimed to understand the extent to which doctoral students receive training relating to open access publishing, and the form of that training. Method. An international online survey of 1,569 current and recent doctoral students and supervisors was undertaken. Questions covered the extent and nature of training in open access offered to doctoral students, sources of respondents’ open access knowledge, and their perspectives on open access. Analysis. Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted with some non-parametric tests. Free-text data were thematically analysed. Results. The large majority of current and recent doctoral students and supervisors indicated there was no mandatory open access training at their institutions. More than half of respondents thought they had good or excellent understanding of open access, with those who had completed training more likely to highly rate their understanding. Only 27% of respondents felt the level of training offered was sufficient. Respondents suggested that institutions could take further action to support understanding of open access. Conclusion. There is a need for institutions to develop further training in open access. Researchers who undertake training in report a better level of understanding of open access and place more importance on it as a factor in selecting a journal.

Nouns Denoting Closed and Open Places: An Etymological Study in the Semitic Languages

يهدفُ البحثُ إلى تقصي الأسماءِ الدّالةِ على المكانِ في العربيّةِ وشقيقاتِها السّاميّاتِ، والكشفِ عن أصولِها اللّغويّةِ وتطوّرِها الدّلاليّ عبر العصورِ. وقد حاول أن يسلّطَ الضّوءَ على هذه الألفاظِ، فجاءَ الحديثُ عنها بالتّفصيلِ، وذلك بتأصيلِها في اللّغةِ العربيّةِ، وبيانِ ورودها في المعجمِ والقرآنِ الكريمِ والشّعرِ العربيّ، ثمّ تتبّعتُ ورودَها في شقيقاتِ العربيّةِ بدءًا باللّغةِ الأقدمِ في التّدوينِ، وهي اللّغةُ الأكديّةُ الّتي تعودُ إلى (2500 ق.م) حتى اللّغةِ المندائيّةِ الّتي تعود إلى (400م). اقتضت طبيعةُ البحثِ أن يأتي في مقدّمة، ودراسة للألفاظ، ومن أبرزِ ما توصل إليه البحثُ أنّ كلّ الألفاظِ الّتي تمَّ عرضُها ودراستُها، هي مشتركاتٌ لغويّةٌ بينَ اللّغاتِ الّساميّةِ، وهذا يؤكّدُ على أنّ هذه الألفاظَ من الموروثِ السّاميّ القديمِ في هذه الأرومةِ، كما أكّدت الدّراسةُ على تقاربِ هذه الألفاظِ في الأصولِ والدّلالاتِ.

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF CUTTING-EDGE PLASTIC BOTTLE CAP PRESS TOOLS FOR A GREENER FUTURE

Waste is the result of human activity which puts great pressure on the environment, especially when waste is not collected and ends up piling up in open places and water bodies. Waste management can generally be done by burning it, throwing it into ditches, landfilling it and most often throwing it into rivers. This design aims to deal with plastic waste by recycling it. The method used is a melting system using a microwave, while pressing uses a hydraulic jack. The use of this tool is to recycle the waste and process it into something that has use and sale value. The results of this bottle cap recycling tool convert plastic bottle cap waste into furniture material, in the form of coasters. The jack used in this tool has a capacity of 10 tons. In tests carried out on 125g bottle caps, they melted for 60 minutes at a temperature of 250°C.