Place Of Earthquakes Research Articles

The Place of Earthquake in Architectural Education and the Educational Dimension of the Earthquake: An Evaluation of the Global Agenda and Turkey Context

Due to tectonic - seismic - topographic structure, Turkey which is among most affected countries in global scale of earthquakes, role of architects associated with / phenomenon is important in terms of interdisciplinary relations, processes related to planning, the process of resistant building design, the process of resistant building construction and inspection, post-disaster recovery, reconstruction process. In this context, in this research, professional responsibility area of architect was evaluated with these criteria and role of architect in relation to disaster management phases was questioned. The place and importance of in education which is based on foundations of profession was evaluated as through comparative global agenda (USA, Japan, Turkey) by quantitative and qualitative dimensions. In addition to this general framework, local context of subject was questioned in terms of dimension of earthquake. The data was obtained through program, curriculum and course contents shared online and by reaching institutions through correspondence in case where digital access is not possible. Turkey context, compared to international agenda, was questioned by a slightly wider frame. A situation assessment has been made in terms of undergraduate programs, graduate programs and supportive environments. These data also provided basis for holistic assessment carried out in terms of education. The proposals developed have been classified in a very broad scope under different headings due to multifaceted relations of phenomenon of / with education and professional practice. Thus, suggestions have been developed in various scopes including Regarding General Responsibility, Regarding Planning Decisions, Regarding Interdisciplinary Relations, Regarding Undergraduate Curriculum, Architectural Design Studio Courses,Regarding Supportive Learning Environments for education. The results show that, in terms of education practices (undergraduate / graduate / supportive environments) and requirements of mechanism which training is based (structure design / production / inspection system and related legislation), 1999 Marmara Earthquake directly triggered some developments in terms of learning from disasters, the educational dimension of earthquake in its early years, but this acceleration has not been permanent in past 20-year period. In this context, proposals are about necessity of providing a multidimensional set of relationships in terms of issues such as an integrated system organization. In this context, in relation to / phenomenon, together with self-criticism provided on qualitative and quantitative determinations, it is thought that research will contribute to the education, architectural profession field and therefore country's architectural practice and policy. The Marmara Sea (Silivri) (September 26, 2019) that occurred during evaluation process of this article was felt in entire Marmara Region. This earthquake, which took place in 20th year of 1999 Marmara Earthquake, is important in terms of social memory and reminding reality, as it was felt in a large, populated area. On other hand, Coronavirus Pandemic, which emerged in evaluation process of this article and declared as a global epidemic by World Health Organization, is within scope of epidemiological risks. Due to its global effects occurring simultaneously all over world, Pandemic is an important milestone and breaking point in terms of being prepared for all kinds of disasters because of its vital - economic - sociological - psychological dimensions. It is thought that pandemic is important in terms of re-questioning period, which can be described as Anthropocene Age, when human being was at center and nature was interpreted as an unlimited resource to meet human needs. This questioning may have potential to alter - transform general trends all over globe. It is possible that these changes will have an intense effect on education and professional practice. It is among promising predictions that young generation at education stage, who faced -without painful consequences- through Silivri Earthquake and experienced effects of pandemic -an epidemiological disaster- will have a more sensitive and conscious base for ethical, global, social responsibilities of professional practice.

Forecasting time and place of earthquakes using a Semi-Markov model (with case study in Tehran province)

The paper examines the application of semi-Markov models to the phenomenon of earthquakes in Tehran province. Generally, earthquakes are not independent of each other, and time and place of earthquakes are related to previous earthquakes; moreover, the time between earthquakes affects the pattern of their occurrence; thus, this occurrence can be likened to semi-Markov models. In our work, we divided the province of Tehran into six regions and grouped the earthquakes regarding their magnitude into three classes. Using a semi-Markov model, it proceeds to predict the likelihood of the time and place of occurrence of earthquakes in the province.

A new algorithm for the detection of seismic quiescence: introduction of the RTM algorithm, a modified RTL algorithm

There are a number of reports on seismic quiescence phenomena before large earthquakes. The RTL algorithm is a weighted coefficient statistical method that takes into account the magnitude, occurrence time, and place of earthquake when seismicity pattern changes before large earthquakes are being investigated. However, we consider the original RTL algorithm to be overweighted on distance. In this paper, we introduce a modified RTL algorithm, called the RTM algorithm, and apply it to three large earthquakes in Japan, namely, the Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake in 1995 (MJMA7.3), the Noto Hanto earthquake in 2007 (MJMA 6.9), and the Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake in 2008 (MJMA 7.2), as test cases. Because this algorithm uses several parameters to characterize the weighted coefficients, multiparameter sets have to be prepared for the tests. The results show that the RTM algorithm is more sensitive than the RTL algorithm to seismic quiescence phenomena. This paper represents the first step in a series of future analyses of seismic quiescence phenomena using the RTM algorithm. At this moment, whole surveyed parameters are empirically selected for use in the method. We have to consider the physical meaning of the “best fit” parameter, such as the relation of ACFS, among others, in future analyses.

Seismicity Pattern Changes Prior to Large Earthquakes An Approach of the RTL Algorithm

A statistical method, which is called the Region-Time-Length (RTL) algorithm and takes into account information such as magnitude, occurrence time and place of earthquakes, was applied to earthquake data to investigate seismicity pattern changes prior to large earthquakes. Based on the RTL algorithm and some newly developed parameters such as the Qparameter (average of the RTL values over some time window) and S-parameter (an index of seismic activation), I quantified both the temporal and spatial characteristics of seismicity pattern changes in various tectonic regions. The results indicated that seismic quiescence anomalies generally started a few years before the occurrence of the earthquakes and lasted from 1 to 2.5 years. The duration of the subsequent stage of seismic activation generally lasted several months. The linear dimension of the quiescence zone reached a few hundred kilometers (several times the rupture dimension of the mainshock), while the activation zone was generally in order of several tens of kilometers (comparable to the rupture dimension). An earthquake is most likely to occur once the relevant source region has passed through the quiescence and activation stages. Close investigation of possible artifacts due to the selection of model parameters and the changes of seismological networks are important in identifying real seismicity changes from man-made ones. Further stochastic testing using random earthquake catalogs was also done and it supports that the anomalies revealed in my works are significant. Besides studying on seismicity changes before large earthquakes, I also performed the first test of the above statistical method for investigating seismicity changes of earthquake swarms. It indicated that an increased RTL parameter would be a new potentially useful index for the risk alarm of earthquake swarms.

Times and Places of Earthquakes

Times and Places of Earthquakes