Place Of Destination Research Articles

Regional disparities in amenities and the life satisfaction of internal migrants

While migrants pursue better incomes, they might be driven by differences in amenities between the place of origin and destination. This study aims to determine the effect of differences in health, educational amenities, and the operational capacity between the place of origin and destination on the life satisfaction of internal migrants. To do so, a generalized ordered logit model is estimated using data from the Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment of Ecuador for the editions from 2015 to 2017. Our results show that income and amenities are not competing reasons for life satisfaction, they go hand in hand. Differences in health and educational amenities, as well as variations in the operational capacity of local governments between the places of origin and destination, have an influence on the life satisfaction of internal migrants. These effects vary depending on the age of the migrant, the size of the city of origin and destination, the reason for migration, and the duration of residence.

The Journey of a Living Statue: Structural Violence and a Honduran Migrant Woman’s Pathway Toward Asylum and Wellbeing

Approximately half of the world’s displaced migrant population are women, yet gender-specific analyses are often lacking. Such analyses are crucial for understanding migrant women’s unique experiences and informing policies that address their health and broader needs. This paper integrates the concept of structural violence with person-centered ethnography to examine women’s physical and mental health in contexts of displacement and migration. Using the triple trauma framework, we offer a holistic, temporal-spatial analysis of the health experiences and exposures faced by asylum-seeking women across three stages: places of origin, travel, and destination. Through the representative case of Anahi, a Honduran woman who fled to the US with her family in 2019, we identify four key themes: the persistence of structural violence and its constraints on health decisions and outcomes, the losses and suffering associated with women’s triple roles, the harms of racism and xenophobia, and the health implications of inadequate information on asylum and immigration procedures. We conclude with policy recommendations to reduce health inequities among migrant women. This study advances understanding by providing a comprehensive, gendered analysis of the structural forces shaping health outcomes for migrant women, offering insights that extend beyond a narrow focus on reproductive issues to address their physical, mental, and social well-being.

Migration intentions among nursing students in a low-middle-income country

BackgroundMigration among skilled labour has been noted as one of the major issues in recent times, especially among health workers. Data from the United Nations show that almost two thirds of people migrating are labor migrants and international migrants constitute 3.5% of the global migration population. Out of the millions of people who migrate across the globe, health workers, especially nurses form a greater portion of these numbers. This study explored nursing students’ intention to migrate to other countries after completing their programs.MethodA descriptive cross-sectional design approach was adopted using self-administered questionnaire that contain aspects of open-ended questions. A sample size of 226 nursing students were recruited using convenient sampling technique.ResultsThe results overall, revealed that 226 nursing students participated in the study. Out of this, most of the respondents 42.5% were aged between 25 and 30 years with majority 53.1% being males. Also, 35% of the participants were married with more than half 59.7% of the respondents being Christians. The results further revealed that most of the participants 64.2% had intention of migrating to other countries. Among those who intended to migrate, 11.7% identified lack of jobs, 39.3% identified low salaries in Ghana while 50.3% identified bad working conditions. The rest 2.8% attributed their intentions to migrate to educational opportunities. Common places of destination included Canada, USA, UK and Australia.ConclusionThe outcome of this study points to the urgent need for low-income countries such as Ghana to urgently put in measures to curb the menace of brain drain among nurses. Improvement in working condition of nurses must be prioritized to motivate their stay.

Social support and economic conditions among older migrants in India: do distance, duration, and streams of migration play a role in later life?

BackgroundBeing older and having a migrant feature might cause a double risk of vulnerability in poor economic, social support, and health status at the place of destination. This study examines the association of migration on the social support and economic condition of older persons in India.MethodsLongitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) wave-I (2017–2018) data with total samples of 66,156 older adults aged 45 + with 30,869 and 35,287 male and female samples, respectively, used in this study. Descriptive and bivariate analyses have been performed to examine the pattern of older migrants, and multinomial logistic regression analysis has been used to establish the associations between migration, social support, and economic condition.ResultsOver half (57.5%) of the population aged 45 + in India had migrant characteristics; 80% migrated before 25 years. Of all migrants, about 90% migrated within one state (Intrastate), and 9% migrated to another (Interstate). The association between social support and migration by distance and the adjusted result showed that immigrants were less likely to have medium [RRR = 0.56 (CI; 0.46–0.68)] and high [RRR = 0.39 (CI; 0.30–0.50)] social support. The interstate migrants were also less likely to have high [RRR = 0.90 (CI; 0.83–0.98)] social support. The migrants with 0–9 years of duration were less likely to have high social support, and the urban to rural stream migrants were more likely to have high social support. The association between economic status and migration by distance and the adjusted result showed that more affluent immigrants were likelier to have [RRR = 1.41 (CI; 1.14–1.73)] better economic conditions than affluent non-migrants. Migrants with 0–9-year duration and urban to rural stream were found to be likelier to have better economic conditions.ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that distance, duration, and migration stream have a significant association with social support and economic conditions in later life. In exploring migration’s effect on social and economic status, policymakers should prioritize migrants in their agenda to maintain socio-economic and social support for older persons in India to achieve the sustainable goal of active and healthy ageing.

Responding to Covid-19 Pandemic: Policy and Governance Perspective to Reverse Migration in Uttarakhand

The coronavirus disease, commonly referred to as Covid-19, had engendered inadvertent and significant societal upheaval, widespread economic setbacks, and compelled the relocation of individuals on a global scale. Analogous repercussions have been witnessed in the context of India, notably exemplified by the mass exodus of migrant labourers from their designated areas of employment to their native regions, precipitated by a comprehensive governmental lockdown enacted to interrupt the transmission chain of Covid-19. This stringent lockdown exacerbated the plight of economically marginalised migrant workers, compelling them to endure financial precarity and minimal reserves while confined to their residences. Consequently, a substantial number of migrants, primarily employed in the informal sector, found themselves compelled to return to their ‘places of origin’ from their ‘places of destination’ as an imperative means of survival. The present article elucidates the characteristics and ramifications of this phenomenon of reverse migration, undertaking an evaluative analysis of India’s response to the challenges posed by reverse migration in the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic. Special attention is directed towards the policy and governance dynamics, with a particular focus on the hilly state of Uttarakhand, India.

Trends and Patterns of Female Migration in Odisha: A Geographical Analysis

Migration is a significant factor in population change in both the place of origin and the place of destination. This paper's primary goal is to investigate the patterns and trends of female migration in Odisha. The trends, patterns, and causes of female migration in Odisha have been examined using data from the 1971–2011 Census. Utilizing the percentage method, the census data are calculated. In Odisha, female migration outnumbers male migration. Odisha has a high rate of intra district migration, with a declining proportion of female migrants as distance increases. The primary cause of female migration in Odisha is marriage, which is followed by household relocation and moved after birth. Top destinations are Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.

Skill the low-skilled: the knowledge-driven stepwise migration of Vietnamese workers in South China

This article investigates the interplay between knowledge acquisition and the stepwise migration trajectories of low-skilled Vietnamese workers in China. Utilizing a rich array of data garnered from face-to-face interviews, customized surveys, on-site observations, media narratives, and an archival review of government regulations in Guangxi—a province bordering Vietnam—and in Guangdong, a non-adjacent province, this study proposes an analytical framework, skill-driven migration, to highlight the synergy between the pre-migratory socio-demographic attributes of migrants and the circumstances prevailing in both the places of origin and destination which orchestrates distinct job allocations and skill augmentation avenues. Notably, our study underscores that the competencies acquired in manufacturing employments potentially broaden the horizon of destinations for migrants in their subsequent stepwise migration endeavors. This phenomenon, in turn, poses intricate immigration management quandaries for newly emerged destination nations like China, spotlighting a nuanced dimension of labor mobility and policy frameworks in the evolving regional economic integration. Last, our findings challenge the conventional dichotomy of high-skilled and low-skilled categories of labor migration, as well as the dichotomy of explicit-tacit knowledge.

‘It’s not about the information, it’s about the situation’: understanding the misalignment between EU deterrence messaging and migrants’ narratives

ABSTRACT This article analyses the narratives of young people in the Gambia and of Afghan migrants in Turkey on the themes of migration and Europe as a place of destination. Based on extensive focus group and interview data, we show that these narratives (1) have a high degree of similarities across different contexts and (2) appear incongruent with, and largely unaffected by, the EU’s messages of deterrence in information campaigns. We explain this misalignment by referring to a classic sociological distinction between impressions ‘given’ and those ‘given off’. When the EU seeks to give an ‘impression’ in third countries (such as to be an unattractive place for irregular migrants), their messages compete with positive images of Europe provided through a myriad of other channels and information sources. To a large extent, perceptions of Europe among migrant communities are defined by positive impressions ‘given off’ through Europe’s history as a destination area and social media accounts of individual ‘success stories’ of diaspora members. The social and material rewards associated with migration further inform migrants’ narratives, as do the circumstances of both groups, which often push them towards leaving regardless of the risks this step involves.

Social Determinants of Health and Well-being: An Analysis of the Northeast Migrant Workers Living in Delhi

This research article aims to analyze migrants’ health and well-being in the context of Northeast Migrant Workers Living in Delhi. The World Health Organization (WHO) has considered the health of migrants as an important area of inquiry for policy making and the paper is post-migration lived experiences of the workers, which is related to the policy making agenda. An Existing conceptual framework of the social determinants of health and well-being are corroborated. The research design is an empirical work based on the selection of seven urban villages and five residential localities in Delhi. The study population is the Northeast migrant workers working in six occupational groups in the last 1-10 years in the age group 18-44 years with a sample of 120 respondents of both genders male and female including transgender persons. The data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire followed by in-depth interviews from January 2017 to February 2018 and used qualitative and quantitative data analysis in my research. Among 120 migrant workers, 77.5% reported anxiety, 75.83% life insecurity, 70.83% alienation, 53.33% developed anger, 47.5% vulnerability, 43.33% lack of motivation, 42.5% loneliness, 41.66% feeling of resentment, 40.83% back and joint pains, 39.16% emotional crisis, 38.33% low self-esteem, 35.83% poor concentration, 33.33% self-depreciation, 25.83% poor vision, 2.5% miscarriage. The study shows that the distributions of self-reported health and well-being consequences are unevenly distributed and anxiety is to be found more reported among the migrant workers. The result was cross-checked among the Northeast migrant workers and it was found out that the social determinants such as socio-cultural differences, social discrimination, prejudice, and stereotypes against the migrants play important determinants influencing the health and wellbeing of the migrants at the place of destination. Post-migration experience has both positive and negative consequences of health and well-being. The more social networks there are, the better is resilience to adapt to the new environment for better health and well-being and its coping mechanism.

Mobility analysis of Wonogiri chicken noodle and meatball seller in Kartasura, Sukoharjo

The rate of population growth in Central Java every year has increased, if the number of jobs and wages is not in accordance with the number of residents it is not comparable it will have bad consequences such as unemployment, poverty to crime. The unmet needs made the people of Wonogiri conduct population mobility to Kartasura by working as traders. Therefore, this research has a goal to: 1) Analyzing the pull factors and push factors (pull-push factors) that influence the intentions of mobility actors who work as sellers of chicken noodle traders and Wonogiri meatballs in Kartasura District. 2) Analyzing circular mobility performed by respondents. The method used in this study is the Snowball Sampling method. The results obtained from the research are as follows; 1) The research results are in line with Everett S Lee’s theory; The driving factor for mobility is that there are more unfulfilled necessities of life in the place of origin compared to the place of destination. There are 4 variables of unfulfilled living needs: Low availability of jobs, low regional income, lack of transportation facilities, minimal consumers. Meanwhile, there are only 3 unmet needs, such as the cost of living which is quite expensive, the physical environment and the social environment. So the respondents chose to move to Kartasura as a destination. 2) The mobility of the respondents was spread from 11 sub-districts out of 25 sub-districts in Wonogiri, with a high number coming from the Girimarto sub-district (25%). The type of mobility carried out by the respondents was staying/lodging with the frequency of returning home dominated once a month by using private vehicles 75% in the form of motorbikes & cars and 25% using public transportation in the form of buses.

Empirical evidence of predictive adaptive response in humans: systematic review and meta-analysis of migrant populations.

Meta-analysis is used to test a variant of a Developmental Origins of Adult Health and Disease (DOHaD)'s conjecture known as predictive adaptive response (PAR). According to it, individuals who are exposed to mismatches between adverse or constrained in utero conditions, on the one hand, and postnatal obesogenic environments, on the other, are at higher risk of developing adult chronic conditions, including obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension and cardiovascular disease. We argue that migrant populations from low and middle to high-income countries offer a unique opportunity to test the conjecture. A database was constructed from an exhaustive literature search of peer-reviewed papers published prior to May 2021 contained in PUBMED and SCOPUS using keywords related to migrants, DOHaD, and associated health outcomes. Random effects meta-regression models were estimated to assess the magnitude of effects associated with migrant groups on the prevalence rate of T2D and hypertension in adults and overweight/obesity in adults and children. Overall, we used 38 distinct studies and 78 estimates of diabetes, 59 estimates of hypertension, 102 estimates of overweight/obesity in adults, and 23 estimates of overweight/obesity in children. Our results show that adult migrants experience higher prevalence of T2D than populations at destination (PR 1.48; 95% CI 1.35-1.65) and origin (PR 1.80; 95% CI 1.40-2.34). Similarly, there is a significant excess of obesity prevalence in children migrants (PR 1.22; 95% CI 1.04-1.43) but not among adult migrants (PR 0.89; 95% CI 0.80-1.01). Although the total effect of migrant status on prevalence of hypertension is centered on zero, some migrant groups show increased risks. Finally, the size of estimated effects varies significantly by migrant groups according to place of destination. Despite limitations inherent to all meta-analyses and admitting that some of our findings may be accounted for alternative explanations, the present study shows empirical evidence consistent with selected PAR-like conjectures.

Conception of death in different cultures and funeral rites in Bolivia, China, Indonesia, Madagascar and USA

In some cultures, death is associated with different rituals and customs to help people grieving. Rituals offer people ways to process and express their grief. They also provide ways for the community to help people who are grieving. Death can cause chaos, anger, and confusion. That is where the community comes in to support and help cope with grief. Funeral rites are symbolic systems that represent specific socio-cultural practices of the human species; they are a means to facilitate the arrival of the soul to its place of destination through religious or pagan acts, methods to ward off and scare away evil spirits or to prevent the dead from appearing and disturbing the living. After analyzing the concept of death in the proposed cultures, differences and similarities were observed in their conceptions and meanings; they all share the feeling of honoring, loving, caring, and commemorating their deceased. Each celebration is a tribute to the loved one on a particular date, depending on the culture and geographical region, such as Bolivia, China, Indonesia, Madagascar, New Orleans, and Parsis (Persians). In the different funeral rites, we could appreciate death's diverse manifestations and beliefs and its connotations, such as honoring, entertaining, feeding, grooming, decorating the deceased, and respecting and venerating nature.

Labourers Migrating to the Construction Sector in the State of Haryana: An Analysis of Push and Pull Factors

Migration is a global phenomenon which has a vital role in any region’s economic development. This study examines the major push and pull factors of the migration of labourers towards the construction sector of the state of Haryana. Alongside this, the study also sheds light on the socio‐economic conditions of migrant labourers. For this purpose, the study was conducted among 200 migrant labourers engaged in the construction sector of Hisar, Rohtak, Panipat, and Kurukshetra districts of Haryana, with the help of a well-designed questionnaire. It has been found that among the pull factors— higher wages, job opportunities, and consistent work are the major causes of migration. Among push factors, unemployment and low wages are responsible for migration from their native place to their place of destination. Apart from this, wage differences and better living standards also attract labourers to Haryana. So far as improvement in the status of migrants’ is concerned, the study found that the socio-economic status of migrant labourers has improved after they migrated to the state of Haryana.

Embarking on a Journey: A Comparative Study of Selecting Ideal Migration Destination among Nepalese and Indian Labor Migrants

Indian labour migrants come to Nepal in search of better opportunities and at the same time, larger size of Nepali labour migrants migrate to different cities of India. The objective of this study is focused to describe and compare the migration process of labour migrants between Nepal and India. With pragmatism paradigm of post-positivism, mixed methodology (QUAN-qual) has been implemented to explain the research questions, where quantitative is predominant methodology. Quantitative method included survey with a sample of 650 households and qualitative method included one focus group discussion with both migrants group and two key Informant Interviews (KII) having long experience and knowledge in Nepal-India migration. For this research, Bhimdatt Municipality of Kanchanpur district is selected for the study area. The study showed that about 30 percent people from Bhimdatt Municipality migrate to the capital city Delhi. Similarly, 16 percent to Karnataka, 11.4 percent to Punjab, 10.6 percent to Maharashtra, 7.2 percent to Uttarakhand, 6 percent to Haryana and others move to Gujarat, Himanchal Pradesh, Goa, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. This finding challenges Revenstein's theory of migration in which the distance between the origins determines the volume of migration between place of origin and destination i.e., higher the distance, lower the volume of migration and vice versa. The main source of information seems to be generated with relatives and friends (50.9%) for both the migrants. The movement of Nepali labour migrants is found to different big Indian cities with longer distance however Indian labour migrants to Nepal choose near distance as their destination. Near distance, open border and social relationship (network) are the main causes of selection of their particular destinations.

Migration choices of China's older adults and spatial patterns emerging therefrom (1995-2015).

The steady increase in China's ageing population and an upswing in migration among the country's population, on the whole, has caused a continuous expansion of the scale of older migrants. The migration of older adults not only directly affects the well-being of individual families but also significantly impacts the population structure and economic development of the places of origin and destination. Despite this, in China, the various relevant aspects concerning this age group and, in particular, its migration choices and the patterns thereof have only rarely been the subject of sound research. The study presented in this paper seeks to fill this gap; the present study makes use of the microdata obtained from the national population censuses of 2000 and 2010 and the 1% population sample surveys conducted nationally in 2005 and 2015. The findings of the present study were the following: ① During 1995-2015, the efficiency of older adults' migration was significantly higher in the eastern region than in the central and western regions. ② Older individuals migrating to urban areas are increasingly choosing, for their relocation, economically developed, urban areas such as the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. ③ Relocation of older adults to urban areas was much more than to rural areas. The latter group has a more diverse choice of destination, and the larger migration flow is primarily from developed provinces to relatively underdeveloped provinces. ④ The results of binary logit regression indicated that the factors that significantly and consistently influence the migration decisions of older adults were found to be the following: age, education level, health status, the primary financial resource, children aged ≤ 6 years being members of the household that would receive the migrants, and the average wage of employees. As for the geographical characteristics of the province to which the older adults migrate, a substantial difference was observed between the preferences of older adults migrating to urban regions and those of older adults relocating to rural areas. The findings of the present study provide further insight into the decision-making of older adults regarding migration. Further, these findings constitute an empirical basis for the local governments concerned to devise and implement policies to better cope with an ageing population.

Assessment of the Socioeconomic Challenges Facing Wapemba Out-Migrants in Tanzania

This study investigated the socioeconomic challenges facing Wapemba out-migrants in their new destinations and places of origin. Four wards at the place of origin and three streets in the destination areas were selected as the study area. Further, 74 respondents in the places of destination and 200 heads of households in the areas of origin were selected as a study sample. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative research techniques for data collection and analyses. The findings show low income, unemployment, and high dependency as some of the economic challenges encountered by Wapemba migrants at both their places of origin and destination. In addition, the breaking of marriages, accommodation problems, and collapse of families were revealed to be the social challenges facing Wapemba migrants. Additionally, some measures which could facilitate the reduction of the socioeconomic challenges facing Wapemba migrants include joining the Vikoba and SACCOS to accumulate funds. Others were strictly focusing on the expansion of economic investments to employ their relatives and help those remaining behind in their places of origin. This research supplements an understanding of the socioeconomic demographic challenges facing Tanzanians in both rural areas and in the destinations

Socio-Economical Status of Inter-State Migrant Workers in Tamil Nadu

Migration is an integral part of human history. It is world -wide phenomenon that affects the place of origin and destination of migrants. Migration has been understood as temporary or permanent shifting of place of labour from one region to another region, from one country to another country in a particular period of time. Migration has a number of socio-economic, cultural, political and demographic impacts on the lives of the migrant workers. There are many types of migration prevailing in India and elsewhere in the recent past, the inter-state migration has been most prevalent in the most of the Indian states. It is worthwhile to note here, the Inter-state migration poses a variety of challenges to state, for instance the state and centre government unable to keep record of data on the movement of migrant labour from one state to another state(s) or government at central and state level facing difficulties to assess their socio-economic abilities. This paper will explore the reasons for such migration, identify the socio-economic status of inter-state migrant workers and trying to frame suitable policy to enhance the livelihood of the migrant workers.

Migración interna en México. Un análisis al estudio regional en Los Cabos, B.C.S. (2021)

This article seeks to contribute to the understanding of the Mexican pattern of internal migration, which has contributed to large-scale urban concentration, based on the statistical and interpretative analysis of the Population and Housing Census, prepared by the National Institute of Geography and Statistics (INEGI) in 2021. It is identified that there are both economic (employment/wages) and social (family reunification or quality of life) decisions, among other considerations in the decisions to migrate, ranging from the individual to the family, as well as the reception of the place of destination. The tourist city of Los Cabos, Baja California, located in the northwestern part of the country, has been selected because it has the second highest index of recent and accumulated attraction events, highlighting that this region is propitious for the events that converge in the attraction of new labor dynamics that are juxtaposed in the different labor segments, as well as the existence of a lifestyle for a differentiated and high-income sector.

Exploring the History of Tourism in Ancient and Medieval Nepal: A Study of Visitors and their Activities

Nepal is the place of tourist attraction and destination since the ancient time. Taking this into consideration using historical design of qualitative research, this study examines the visitors who came to the country during the ancient and medieval periods from the perspective of tourism in Nepal. The study explores the reasons for travel to Nepal, such as for pilgrimages, diplomatic missions, as refugees, and discusses the activities that these visitors were involved in during their time in the country. The study used secondary sources, including travelogues and historical memoirs, to draw conclusions about the development of tourism in Nepal during this time period. The findings suggest that visitors to Nepal during this time can be considered tourists, and their activities were similar to those of modern tourism.

Socio-Economic Characteristics of Non-Family-Reason Internal Migration

The volume of an internal migration is affected by the gaps of pull and push factors between the places of origin and destination. However, the proportion of internal migration due to the family reasons could be large, which is less affected by pull and push factors. This paper studies the non-family-reason internal migration (NFIM) and shows that the non-family-reason internal migration population has different characteristics from the other population and internal migrants.