Place In Nepal Research Articles

Laetiporus sulphureus in the mid-hills of Central Nepal: ecology, ethnomycology and present status

Laetiporus sulphureus is a well-known edible mushroom with a high medicinal value. It is reported from different places in Nepal, particularly from mid-hill areas. However, the ecology and ethnomycology of L. sulphureus were poorly known in Nepal. We aimed to study the ecology, ethnomycology, and present status of L. sulphureus from the mid-hills of Dolakha district, central Nepal. The habitat of L. sulphureus in the six different sites of the study area was surveyed to find out the dominant tree species and microclimatic conditions. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was conducted to document ethnic knowledge and the status of L. sulphureus. We found dominance of tree species such as Tsuga dumosa, Quercus semicarpifolia, and Rhododendron arboreum in the habitat of L. sulphureus. Dead and decayed logs/trunk of these tree species were found to support L. sulphureus growth. Regarding microclimatic conditions, an average temperature of 20 °C, a light intensity of 1000–2000 lux, and relative humidity of 65–80% were recorded under the canopy where L. sulphureus was growing. Fruitbodies of L. sulphureus were found to be collected by local people for food and medicinal purposes. Local people were found to use dried L. sulphureus powder for the treatment of aliments such as diarrhea and hematochezia. The availability of L. sulphureus was found to be declining due to overharvesting, logging of the host tree, and the removal of coarse wood debris. Collection of L. sulphureus fruitbodies and logging of host tree should be regulated for its conservation in wild habitat. This study provides valuable information about the possible substrate types and environmental conditions that could be used for the successful domestication of L. sulphureus at the study sites and similar locations.

Linking Renewable Energy in Protected Areas for Sustainable Ecotourism Development

The tourism sector has been booming in South Asia for several years. Many local people have also started tourism with traditional approaches in various protected areas and homestay places in Nepal. In recent years, the “sustainable tourism” approach has been prioritized too even from the community level. The interrelationship between “renewable energy” and “ecotourism” can be better explored by looking at the link between “renewable energy” and “environment” and “renewable energy” and “tourism” simultaneously. Thus, to know how the use of renewable energy has fostered sustainable Eco-tourism development, a systematic review is conducted to find all peer-reviewed articles in English published between 2009 and 2023 associated with the impact of the use of renewable energy for sustainable ecotourism development. The important databases “Google Scholar, JSTOR, and ScienceDirect,” search yielded 18,113 articles. Among 167 full articles, only 24 articles fulfilled our inclusion criteria. This comprehensive review concludes that integrating “renewable energy sources" into various aspects of tourism in protected areas not only transforms the tourism industry into eco-friendly ecotourism but also increases tourist arrivals ultimately fostering economic growth in the long run. Maintaining and protecting ecotourism and renewable energy is the process of the IoE and IED. These two new protection protocol technologies are decentralized to collect the data and store them in a safe and secure. The protocol helps to maintain sustainability without affecting the environment

Arsenic contamination of groundwater sources and a comparative study of its remediation by various conventional and recent approaches in Nepal

AbstractGroundwater is a major source of drinking water for millions of people across the globe. Most of these sources are reported to contain elevated levels of arsenic. Human health and ecosystems are adversely affected by arsenic‐contaminated drinking water. So, arsenic‐contaminated groundwater has become a major global health concern. This paper reviews groundwater contamination sources and gives an outline of arsenic contamination in different places in Nepal. It also critically reviews the health hazards associated with arsenic poisoning. A comparative study has been made regarding different aspects of conventional and recent technologies, and the one that is the most suitable for remediation of contaminated water has been recommended.

Ethnic Movement in Nepal: Interactions Between State and Non-State Actors

This paper aims to explore the nature and role of ethnic movements taken place in Nepal. It basically highlights the pattern of interactions between state and non-state actors participated in ethnic movements. In the backdrop of the essence of rise and extent of influence, authors have explored the result experienced by the participants in this movement. It has further depicted the realms of change induced in the causation of ethnic movement. Trajectories of movements, forms of these movement, focus of movements and the collectivity generated in movement have also been investigated here in this paper.

Study of Space Layout of Museum; A Case of International Mountain Museum at Pokhara, Nepal

Currently, the museum is one of the learning and pass time activities space for the public. A good layout of a museum can bring a wonderful visiting experience to the visitors. Overall, museums play an important role in preserving a town's cultural heritage, providing educational opportunities, attracting tourism, and promoting community engagement. Effective space distribution in a museum is critical for creating an engaging and informative experience for visitors. By carefully considering the needs and interests of different types of visitors, museums can create spaces that are both functional and aesthetically pleasing. But there are very few designed museums in Pokhara, one of the growing cities of Nepal. Also, it is one of the tourist attracting places in Nepal. This paper explains the spatial layout of one of the designed museums of Pokhara. For this purpose, a well-known International Mountain Museum is taken as a case area by using observation and questionnaire survey methods. This museum displays a wide range of exhibits related to the Himalayan mountains, mountaineering, and the culture of the people who call the region home. In addition to the mountaineering exhibits, the museum also features displays of the history, culture, geology, flora, and fauna of the Himalayas. Overall, space distribution in a museum is designed to facilitate the flow of visitors through the space, while also highlighting the key messages and themes of the exhibits.

Comparison of aerosol optical properties over Lumbini, Pokhara and Langtang-Base Camp


 
 
 
 The comparative study of aerosol optical properties at different tourist places in Nepal has been performed. Lumbini, Pokhara and Langtang-Base Camp (BC) were the places chosen for observation. Aerosols are made up of a variety of airborne particles both fine and coarse and are most prevalent in urban industrial Areas. The data was collected from AERONET websites between 2017 and 2019 for each of the locations. The ranges of AOD over Pokhara and Langtang-BC were discovered to be lower (0.1 and 0.01) and the maximum and minimum values of AOD (675 nm) in Lumbini occurred predominantly in winter and summer monsoon respectively. The causes of the highest AOD levels were land clearing for crop cultivation and vegetation fires which were then followed by biomass burning for heating purposes and pollution from brick kilns, industry and vehicles. AOD, angstrom exponent (α and β) and Visibility are distinct from typical seasonal variations. The total AE fluctuations show that a combination of fine and coarse mode particles as well as anthropogenic aerosols made up the majority of the aerosol loading during the research period. Visibility was inversely related to the turbidity coefficient (β). Three times as much visibility was discovered over Langtang-BC as compared to Lumbini and Pokhara. Over these three locations, precipitable water peaked in the summer and dropped in the winter. These three sites seasonal changes are found to be distinct for each parameter.
 
 
 

Managing water scarcity via rainwater harvesting system in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: People's awareness, implementation challenges and way forward

More than 750 million people in developing countries do not have access to better water sources and over 2.6 billion people lack basic sanitation. Transition towards more sustainable urban water management is an urgent need because supply of water in rapidly urbanized areas like the Kathmandu Valley (KV) of Nepal is deficient. Supporting such a transition requires the development of alternative methods such as rainwater harvesting (RWH) system, recycling, desalination, wastewater reuse, etc. Using semi-structured questionnaires for 403 households (203 users and 200 non-users of the RWH system) of KV, this study critically examines the major developments taken place in Nepal in the RWH system, measures the RWH awareness index, identifies the implementation challenges and provides managerial solutions. Measuring the awareness index in users and the non-users of the RWH system in terms of the four dimensions (financial, socio-environmental, technical and institutional), we found that the user groups are more aware of the issues of water and climate change (CC) than the non-users. Around 70% of our respondents suggested that the scarcity of water, user's self-commitment and cost-friendly technology, among others can help to address the RWH system challenges. Possible reasons of differences in attitude, behaviors and perceptions of RWH system users and non-users are discussed and managerial solutions are provided. Promoting the use of rainwater harvesting in the KV would require a multi-stakeholder approach that involves collaboration between the government, NGOs, and the private sector to create an enabling policy environment and provide the necessary resources to promote and scale up rainwater harvesting initiatives.

Returning the Gods to the People: Heritage Restitution in Nepal

Since late 2021, a new development has been taking place in Nepal. Like many governments around the world, the Nepalese authorities are also fully invested in asking for the return of their looted art held in foreign collections. Yet the policy is no longer to keep these in the country’s main museums, but rather to bring them back to the communities of origin, where they can fully take up their role as “living Gods”. With this move – which fully prioritizes intangible heritage values over tangible – a unique process is taking place that allows for reflection on what the restitution of stolen objects could be all about. In this way the case of Nepal demonstrates that the trafficking of art and its placement in museums abroad, as well as its “typical” return to museums in the source countries, are strongly influenced by Western concepts of art and conservation, often ignoring the local values of this heritage.

Gendered consequences of social changes in Nepal: rich possibilities

In this commentary, we reflect on changing gender dynamics within a broader political-economic shift currently taking place in Nepal. We critique how Nepali women are stereotypically represented as vulnerable, uneducated or less educated Third-World women, who lack agency and are dependent on their male kin, in development and popular media discourses. Our key proposition is that the major political and economic changes over recent decades, beyond the obvious political changes witnessed in Nepal in 1950, 1990 or 2005, are having a significant impact on the lives of both women and men, across different social classes, castes, regions, religions and ethnic backgrounds. After outlining some of the stereotypical representations of Nepali women, followed by a brief discussion on the broader political-economic shifts, we conclude this paper by making four key propositions. These are: 1) current political-economic shifts have profound gender consequences, which need to be examined and understood in scholarship; 2) discussion on the position of Nepali women has been limited exclusively to sociocultural and religious domains, and particularly within Hindu patriarchy, which has overlooked the diversity of Nepali women; 3) the caring economy remains invisible; and, finally 4) with regards Nepali men, their changing roles and ideas of masculinities have been largely overlooked in any gender development policy debate. Overall, we argue that a more grounded, up-to-date, intersectional and critical understanding of dynamic gender relations within the shifting political economy is warranted, which neither romanticises nor pathologises Nepali women’s and men’s social positions.

Human Development in the Context of Nepal

This article tries to highlight the condition of human development in the contest of Nepal. The topic is framed as part of the general issue of gender, caste/ethnicity, regional rural and urban disparities. This study is based on descriptive as well as analytical in nature. Sources of information in this study are secondary nature like published and unpublished research papers, human development annual reports and national and international journal articles. Data are presented in to tabular form and they are analyzed in to descriptive form. The first Human Development Report was launched in 1990 by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian Nobel laureate Amartya Sen. Since then reports have been released most years, and have explored different themes through the human development approach, which places people at the center of the development process. Since 1990, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has published a series of annual Human Development Reports (HDRs) in which the human development index (HDI) is computed for each country. Nepal has been publishing the Nepal Human Development Report since 1998, with the focus shifting considering the needs of the country. In the 1990-2018 period, Nepal’s human development index score rose from 0.380to 0.579, an increase of 52.6 percent and life expectancy at birth increased by 16.1 years to 70. 5 years. Notable progress in human development has taken place in Nepal. However, across gender, region and local groups, large disparities persist.

Metabolomics affirms traditional alcoholic beverage raksi as a remedy for high-altitude sickness

Raksi, a fermented distilled alcoholic beverage, is an ethnic drink consumed in high altitude regions of Singalila Ridge of the Himalayas and in adjoining high altitude places in Nepal, northern and north eastern part of India and Tibetan plateau. Like jaanr, tongba, nigar, chhyang, and other fermented ethnic beverages, raksi is considered as an element of ethnopharmacology of high altitude with claims of medicinal properties. An ethnobiological survey was done in the study area prior to collection and identification of raksi samples. In this research, two raksi samples (khokim raksi and chimphing raksi) of Singalila Ridge of the Himalayas were investigated by metabolite profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Results of the experiment showed presence of several respiratory protective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant components which have properties to prevent various high altitude illnesses. Moreover, large quantities of bioactive terpenoids, fatty acid derivatives, coumarins, and peptides were detected whose chemotaxonomy and biosynthesis pathways were further studied. This metabolomics investigation not only affirmed Raksi as a remedy for high-altitude sickness but also helped in understanding the importance of this type of ethnic foods in high altitude ethnoecology. This research on raksi in the fields of ethnobiology and metabolomics is a cumulative approach which has opened the door for in-depth investigations on similar ethnic foods. However, further experiments on raksi are surely needed in ethnobiology, microbiology, biochemistry, and food technology.

Study of Wind Speed and Wind Potential at Kagbeni, Thini and Palpa in Nepal

The primary objective of this paper is to study and analyze the wind characteristics and power potential at the three different places in Nepal. One year of wind speed data measured at 10 m and 20m height above ground level, provided by the Department of Alternative Energy Promotion Center, have been analyzed in this study. Direct use of data including the mathematics of probability and statistics has been applied to compute the wind power potential of the proposed sites with the occurrence of effective wind speed between cut-in and cut-out speed. The diurnal wind speed variation analysis of the three different sites showed that higher wind speed occurred during the daytime and reached a maximum at 3 PM whereas the lowest wind speed occurred after midnight and achieved a minimum at 7 AM to 8 AM. On basis of wind energy potential, Kagbeni has an annual potential energy of 3.98MWhr/m2 at 10m height and 4.82MWhr/m2 at 20m height while Palpa has the potential of 0.27MWhr/m2 and 0.36MWhr/m2 at the two heights with wind speed more or equal to 3m/s. Similarly, Thini has potential of 2.4MWhr/m2 and 2.9MWhr/m2 at 10m and 20m height on the limit of above wind speed. On the monthly basis, Kagbeni and Thini have the highest average wind speed in June whereas Palpa has in March and April. Likewise the highest value of wind speed at Kagbeni, Palpa and Thani are found as 22.53m/s and 21.75m/s; 17.66m/s and 17.11m/s, and 17.9m/s and 7.3m/s in April and March at heights of 10m and 20m respectively.

Developing a Typology of Informal Skills Learning Places in Nepal

The dominant category of the labour forces of Nepal are the workers from the informal sectors where basically informal skills learning occurs during the work. However, informal skills learning is not only limited to informal sector jobs. It can take place in all types of organizations, enterprises, and institutions of both formal and informal sectors. It is estimated that more than eighty percent of workers in Nepal acquire their occupational skills during their work. However, it is not evident what are the typologies of working places of those informal skills learners. Taking a qualitative approach of inquiry, this paper analyses the existing legal frameworks and literature from domestic cultural practices. Based on this analysis, it presents a typology of informal skills learning places in Nepal developed mainly considering the points prescribed by Bailey (1994). It is claimed that the typology provides a sound conceptual basis for the identification of main categories and sub-categories of informal skills learning places in Nepal.

Continuing the Journey of Education, Training and Research

The Journal of Training and Development has come up with issue 5, Volume 5 with the objectives of sharing the recent research findings in the field of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in research, training and development. This publication has a collection of valuable articles from TVET experts, scholars and educationalist. This training and development journals are considered to be valuable resources for the scholars, educationist and TVET experts and stakeholders.
 
 This issue consists of seven articles on different aspects of Training and Development.
 The article by Durga prasad Baral describe informal skills learning places in Nepal and tries to provides a typology that helps to understand the informal skills learning places and their formality. This paper analyses the existing legal frameworks and literature from domestic cultural practices adapting qualitative approach of inquiry. The paper concludes that the typology provides a sound conceptual basis for the identification of main categories and sub-categories of informal skills learning places in Nepal.
 
 The paper by Manoj Sharma Neuane scrutinizes the access and relevancy of presently available long term TVET programs and identify its gap with the market demand. The paper is the quantitative analysis of micro data is also adopted as a major basis and document review was also carried out while preparing the paper. The analysis shows that health-related programs are over-accessed while a clear gap is observed in the supply mechanism of TVET in the tourism and agricultural sectors. The paper revealed to promote agriculture and tourism sectors to promote TEVT programs both in quality and quantity in order to alleviate existing mismatch between demand and supply.
 
 The article by Kushmakar Bhatta highlight the positive effects that contributed by the Vocational Education and Training (VET) programs in socio-economic development of the disadvantaged and unemployed population of Nepal. The primary data collected from questionnaire and some field survey from the purposively sampled respondents- 405 VET graduates who after training are employed in their occupational sector. The study revealed that VET plays constructive role in employment and economic growth. However, it concludes with the recommendation that post training support to the participants is a must for functional VET and getting sustainable and decent employment in the labor market.
 
 survey for Vocational Education and Training (VET) graduates trained from different institutions purposively selected from the list of the VET graduates and interview questionnaires were sent to them. Apart from the questionnaire, some field survey was also administered for the qualitative data on role played by VET in employment, income and socio-economic development.
 
 
 
 
 The article by Surya Prasad Newpane discuss the stories of women who uses their vocational skills to run a homestay in their community which is run by the Tharu and Bote of Nawalparasi. The qualitative approach was applied for carrying out this research and Amaltari homestay was selected as the research site. The stories of these women reveal that they have been using their skills in the area of hospitality, cooking traditional foods and crafting bamboo and wooden goods related skills to serve guest. Despite of many barrier homestay contributed to the indigenous practice and supportive in enriching the Tharu and Bote women socially and culturally by using the vocational skills. 
 The article by Narbikram Thapa assess the performance of private paravets in terms of quality of technical services. The qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted during field study where questionnaire survey, focus group discussion, direct field observation, force field analysis and score ranking was implemented. He concludes that the quality of the Private Paravets have found to be effective in terms of relevance, appropriateness, targeting, and sustainability issues. Project activities associated with Private Paravets promotion were observed appropriate in line with the needs and priorities of rural people of Nepal.
 
 Finally, the editorial team would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to all the authors who have contributed by providing their relevant and valuable creations. We would also like to express gratitude to the reviewers and TITI management team for their continuous support in publishing this journal. The team would also like to welcome articles from TVET experts, trainers and stakeholders in the field of training, development and research. We are also grateful to Tribhuvan University Central Library (TUCL) for providing their professionals support and encouragement to publish this journal online. Last but not least, we are thankful to the publisher for the publication of the print version of this journal.

Distribution and habitat modeling of Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo, Paris polyphylla Sm. and Taxus species in Nepal Himalaya

Medicinal plants are key components of the livelihoods of rural people, who rely on forest resources in the Nepal Himalaya, and this reliance is particularly high in hills and mountainous areas. Persistent premature and overharvesting, and inadequate knowledge of sustainable harvesting are additional threats to medicinal plants, acerbated by land use- and climate change. The data and knowledge regarding the current and potential future distribution of high value medicinal plants in Nepal is relatively sparse. We carried out predictive distribution and habitat modeling for Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo, Paris polyphylla Sm. and Taxus species to understand their potential distribution, and to examine challenges affecting the natural habitat of these species, which are exposed to a rapidly changing physical and biological environment. The studied species are over-exploited, although conservation initiatives are in place in Nepal. Our predictions show that the potentially suitable habitats of these medicinal plants will expand northward, indicating that more suitable habitats will be available in the future, might be corroborated with climate change effects. We do believe that the findings of this study are highly instrumental for demarcating the future distribution range of high value medicinal plants, to pursue an effective and sustainable management. However, both distribution and habitats of medicinal plants will face a high risk of habitat loss in response to increasing human population, herbal demand and lack of knowledge of sustainable harvesting.

Leadership Crisis in Nepali Politics: Specific Focus on National Parties in the Context of Declaration of the Republic

The article reflects upon different political movements that took place in Nepal before Nepal was declared a republic and argues that all the earlier political movements failed to declaration of republic, because of the crisis of leadership and leaders’ dilemma to make decisions in the right time. The article is prepared based on the survey of literature on Nepali political transition ranging from the Rana regime, a close study of Nepali politics till the declaration of republic in 2008 mapping of literature related with leadership skills and qualities. After a comprehensive study, I have come to a conclusion that Nepali political movements have repeatedly failed due to the failure and crisis of leadership because of indecisiveness. Right decision in right time is make sense of leadership quality.

Savings, investment, and growth in Nepal: an empirical analysis

This study analyzes the relationship between savings, investment, and economic growth in Nepal over 1975–2016. The structural breaks in the variables have been accounted for using the (Zivot and Andrews’s, J Bus Econ Stat 10: 251–270 1992) unit root test along with (Gregory and Hansen’s, Oxf Bull Econ Stat 58: 555–560, 1996) cointegration approach. The ARDL approach to cointegration in the presence of structural breaks has also been utilized to analyze the long-and short-run dynamics of savings, investment, and growth in Nepal. The results show structural breaks in the real GDP per capita during 2001 when the Royal Massacre and a state of emergency have taken place in Nepal. After allowing for this structural break, evidence of a cointegration relationship amongst savings, investment, and economic growth was identified. The estimates of the ARDL approach suggest that investment has a significant and positive impact on economic growth. However, gross domestic savings have a negative impact on growth in the long run. These results clearly show weaknesses of the economy in mobilizing savings into productive sectors.

Finance–Growth Nexus in Nepal: An Application of the ARDL Approach in the Presence of Structural Breaks

Executive Summary A healthy financial system is important for the growth process of an economy. It affects growth by influencing the saving, investment and technological innovations. In fact, researchers argue that low-income countries like Nepal need a much more robust and active financial system when compared to the developed world. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between financial development and economic growth using annual time series data for Nepal during the period 1984–2014. Because Nepal has a bank-based economy, the study used credit issued by banking and financial institutions to the private sector as the proxy for financial development. The economic growth has been measured using real gross domestic product (GDP) growth and real GDP per capita growth (constant 2005 US$). The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach is used to investigate the cointegration among variables in the presence of structural breaks. The study used Zivot and Andrews’ (ZA) unit root test in order to find the structural breaks in the variables. The study finds that the structural change in private credit took place in 2007 when the government of Nepal and Maoists (the then rebels) signed a Comprehensive Peace Agreement and the Maoist rebels joined the interim government, which formally ended the 10 years long civil war in Nepal. Similarly, the study observes break points in real GDP growth and per capita growth in 2001 when the Royal Massacre and a state of emergency took place in Nepal. After allowing for structural breaks, the study finds evidence of a cointegration relationship between financial development and economic growth when economic growth is used as the dependent variable. Thus, it can be argued that the long-run causality is unidirectional from financial development to economic growth in Nepal. The estimates of the ARDL approach suggest that financial development has a significant positive impact on economic growth in both long run and short run. However, the estimates show that gross domestic saving, a control variable, has a negative impact on economic growth in Nepal. It clearly indicates that Nepal has long not been able to utilize the savings in the productive sector. The political instability, poor investment policies and securities and hence the lack of foreign investment and lack of technological innovations could be the causes for Nepal not benefiting from the country’s savings. It is also found that trade openness has a negative relationship with economic growth in the long run: possibly the cause of the persistent trade deficit of Nepal with the rest of the world. However, in the short run, the result shows a positive relationship between trade openness and growth. In fact, it is found that the magnitude of the positive impact of trade openness in the short run is higher than the magnitude of its negative impact in the long run. Thus, the policymakers should give more emphasis on trade and investment policies that could reduce the prolonged trade deficit and help the nation in getting long-term benefits from international trade.

Milling, Nutritional, Physical and Cooking Properties of Four Basmati Rice Varieties

Rice is one of the most popular staple foods produced contributing higher most in agriculture gross domestic production in Nepal. Thus, nutritional, physicochemical, and cooking properties of rice might interplay important roles in their production and farming practice, therefore, it is inevitable to understand these characteristic features. However, there has been only limited information available on such properties, therefore we aimed to examine nutritional, physicochemical and cooking properties of four Basmati varieties of rice namely Red Basmati, White Basmati, Black Basmati and Pokhareli Basmati. These rice varieties were purchased from different places in Nepal in paddy form. In this study various parameters associated with milling, nutritional, physical and cooking properties were evaluated. To measure protein contents in rice, Kjeldal method was implied. Among the varieties, the protein content was maximum in Red Basmati (7.74%) and minimum in Black Basmati (6.51%). The milled rice percentage and head rice recovery were maximum in Pokhareli Basmati represented by 72.02±0.10 and 67.46±0.42, respectively, while and minimum in White Basmati represented by 68.17±0.50 and 65.11±0.28, respectively. The kernel elongation ratio and volume expansion ratio was maximum in Red Basmati represented by 1.62 and 2.85 respectively. Water uptake ratio was maximum 3.11 in Black Basmati and minimum of 2.18 in Red Basmati. Gruel loss was found lowest 1.05% in Red Basmati and highest represented by 2.40% in Black Basmati. The highest starch iodine blue value of 0.21 was observed in Red Basmati and lowest of 0.12 in Black Basmati. The Red Basmati was found to have the better cooking quality among all varieties.

Ontology-Based Multi-Document Summarization.

Ontology is defined as conceptual representation data and relationships between this data.In this paper, we propose to use this ontology for summarization of multiple documents related to a specific domain. We explore various techniques that can be used for summarization. We then focus upon a particular approach for summarization of documents belonging to a particular domain.The domain that we have considered is disaster management.As an example we will be taking the earthquake that took place in Nepal in April 2015.Using this example we will demonstrate summarization of multiple documents.