PLA Testing Research Articles

Dermoscopic features associated with 3-GEP PLA: LINC00518, PRAME, and TERT expression in suspicious pigmented lesions.

Utilization of dermoscopy and novel molecular triage technologies augments visual triage of pigmented skin lesions, promoting early detection of melanoma. One emerging in vivo genomic test, 3-GEP pigmented lesion assay (3-GEP PLA) aids in pigmented lesion triage by noninvasively detecting the presence of three genes associated with melanoma: LINC00518, PRAME, and TERT. The purpose of our retrospective case-control study was to identify dermoscopic features uniquely associated with the presence of LINC00518, PRAME, or TERT in the stratum corneum as determined by 3-GEP PLA testing. Images of suspicious pigmented lesions that had undergone 3-GEP PLA testing and received a definitive positive or negative result (n = 393) were evaluated for the presence of specific clinical and dermoscopic features associated with melanoma. We found that asymmetry of color was a significant predictor for PRAME expression (Odds Ratio (OR) 5.5, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.6-34.5, p = 0.004), blue color and negative pigment network were significant predictors for LINC00518 expression (adjusted OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2-5.5, p = 0.014 and adjusted OR 5.4, 95% CI 1.6-16.9, p = 0.010, respectively), and atypical polymorphous vessels present in a pigmented skin lesion were a significant predictor for TERT promoter mutations (OR 5.8, 95% CI 1.3-23.4, p = 0.022). The results presented suggest a hierarchy in the significance of these dermoscopic features and may help guide evaluation and management of pigmented skin lesions.

Experimental testing of PLA biodegradable thermoplastic in the frame of 3D printing FDM technology

In the present time there are many different plastic materials and composite materials suitable for 3D printing by deposition of semi-melted material. The proper selection of correct material with suitable material properties is dependent on the situation how the produced 3D model should be used. If we need to take into account just the visual look of used material or also the mechanical properties as strength is important for loaded models for final use. The aim of this paper is to publish outputs of experimental testing for 3D models from selected materials with regards to mechanical properties of produced testing parts. Produced 3D models are from PLA biodegradable thermoplastic. Models are prepared on Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D printer. Testing is based on prepared full factors experiment with four factors on its two levels. Measured values are Tensile strength of PLA testing 3D models. In the same time there are gathered information regarding the 3D printing process and compared to measured tensile strength values for each sent of testing parts. All the measured data are statistically evaluated also by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA method).

Fault analysis and automatic test pattern generation for break faults in programmable logic arrays

The conventional fault models of PLAs are crosspoint, stuck-at and bridging fault models. Many techniques for PLA testing based on these fault models have been proposed in the past. However, these techniques cannot be applied to the break fault model due to the memory behaviour. Unfortunately, it has been shown that break faults occur frequently. Thus, considering a break fault model is important to enhance the quality of PLA testing. The behaviour of break faults in PLAs is analysed in detail and a complete PLA break fault ATPG system, PLABEK, is proposed. PLABEK contains four main parts: break fault collapsing: pruning algorithm based test pair generation; serial-fault-injection parallel-bit-operation event-driven break fault simulation; and testability-measure-based fault ordering. Experimental results show that PLABEK can generate very compact complete test sequences for break faults of PLAs very fast.

PART: Programmable Array Testing Based on a Partitioning Algorithm

PART is a system for PLA testing and design verification, intended to be properly interfaced with other existing tools to generate a comprehensive design environment. To this purpose, it provides several facilities, among which the capability of generating a fault population on the basis of layout information. PART aims at producing a very compact test set for all detectable crosspoint defects, using limited amounts of run time and storage. This is achieved by means of an efficient partitioning algorithm together with powerful heuristics. Test minimality is ensured by a simple procedure. In the present paper these are discussed, experimental results are given and a comparison with competing strategies is made.